我国维生素C生产过程甲醇挥发损失的估算

通过对我国主要维生素C生产厂家的生产工艺及主要VOCs甲醇的排放节点(包括酯化反应、离心机排气、精馏塔尾气、储罐呼吸)的调研和分析,结合行业协会和国家统计局统计的数据,利用生产过程物料衡算和中国石油化工系统经验公式,估算了生产单位质量(103 t)维生素C各排放节点甲醇的挥发损失量,并且建立了2007—2011年主要维生素C生产厂家甲醇的年挥发损失清单. 结果表明:生产单位质量维生素C时,酯化反应节点甲醇的挥发损失量为4.25 t/103　t,离心机排气为3.36 t/103　t,精馏塔尾气为0.63 t/103　t,储罐呼吸为0.35 t/103　t;甲醇挥发损失主要集中在酯化反应和离心机排气2个排放节点,二者挥发损失量各占排放节点挥发损失总量的50%和39%;2007—2011年我国10家主要维生素C生产厂家甲醇的年挥发损失总量已达1 000 t以上.      

黄磷尾气净化方法探讨

黄磷尾气的主要成分是CO，可作为燃料和碳一化工原料。综合论述了黄磷尾气的几种净化方法，对其净化效果进行比较，并对净化后的尾气用途作了简单介绍。分析了黄磷尾气净化的难点。     

提高柴油/甲醇组合燃烧尾气排放质量的研究

对原机、柴油/甲醇组合燃烧,以及带氧化催化转化器的柴油/甲醇组合燃烧3种情况下的尾气排放进行了比较和研究.针对柴油/甲醇组合燃烧可以使NOx、烟度大幅度下降,但同时PM、CO和HC的排放浓度与原机相比反而增加的现状,通过加装氧化催化转化器,对废气进行处理后,发现HC、CO和PM排放明显减少.与原机相比,不仅可以实现大幅度降低NOx,而且PM排放也有较大幅度下降.采用透射电子显微镜观察发现,与原机相比,柴油/甲醇组合燃烧的PM排放中干炭烟(DS)减少,但是可溶有机物(SOF)增加.经过氧化催化转化器处理后,尾气的PM中大量SOF和HC化合物被消除,致使PM的质量明显减少.     

废物处理与综合利用 一般性问题

X701200701031提高柴油/甲醇组合燃烧尾气排放质量的研究/姚春德…(天津大学内燃机燃烧学国家重点实验室)∥环境科学学报/中科院生态环境研究中心.-2006,26(8).-1235~1239环图X-9对原机、柴油/甲醇组合燃烧,以及带氧化催化转化器的柴油/甲醇组合燃烧3种情况下的尾气排放进行了比较和研究.针对柴油/甲醇组合燃烧可以使NOx、烟度大幅度下降,但同时PM、CO和HC的排放浓度与原机相比反而增加的现状,通过加装氧化催化转化器,对废气进行处理后,发现HC、CO和PM排放明显减少.与原机相比,不仅可以实现大幅度降低NOx,而且PM排放也有较大幅度下…     

黄磷尾气的综合利用及净化途径探讨

对黄磷尾气综合利用的途径和生产的技术进行了探讨,应用变温吸附和变压吸附分离技术处理黄磷尾气,净化效果较好,再生容易,各种杂质脱除率高.     

阜新市机动车尾气污染物排放现状分析

文中对阜新市的机动车尾气监测结果进行了统计分析，结果表明，汽油机动车一氧化碳排放浓度平均值为1．2％，碳氢化合物排放浓度平均值为355．0ppm；汽油机动车尾气排放超标率为6．09％；不同车型的统计结采表明，一氧化碳和碳氢化合物排放浓度平均值；柴油机动车的烟气黑度平均值为3．87，柴油机动车尾气排放超标牢为24．11％，明显高于汽油机动车（6．09％）；柴油机动车不同车型的统计结果表明，烟气黑度平均值，轿车〈货车〈客车。排放尾气的烟气黑度超标率为轿车〈客车〈货车；相关分析结果表明，汽油机动车尾气中一氧化碳排放浓度与碳氢化合物排放浓度有极显著的正相关，轿车、客车、货车的相关系数分别为0．5518、0．4059、0．4714。     

氧化催化转化器对甲醇压燃尾气中甲醛排放的影响

在一台经过改装的压燃式发动机上,采用柴油/甲醇组合燃烧(DMCC)模式进行了台架实验,利用气相色谱分析技术检测了1800r·min<'-1时发动机尾气中甲醛的排放特性,对比研究了负荷、甲醇掺烧比、排气温度.催化转化器对甲醛排放的影响.研究结果表明,在压燃式发动机上采用DMCC模式,低负荷运行时,尾气中甲醛含量随甲醇掺烧比的增加而增多,在甲醇掺烧比为46%时.甲醛排放量达到180 x 10<'-6(体积分数),催化后可以减少25%～45%;在中,高负荷运行时.甲醛排放量随甲醇掺烧比的变化基本不变,高负荷比中负荷运行时甲醛排放稍高.但尾气经催化处理后,甲醛排放反而增加,最高增加1倍.催化转化器的转化效果与排气温度密切相关,当排气温度在大约300°C以下时,催化转化器可以降低甲醛排放量;当温度为300°C～410°C时,催化后尾气中的甲醛排放较催化前有所增加;当排气温度高于425°C时.催化后尾气中甲醛排放显著减少.     

生物质能的绿色效能分析

本文对生物质原料特性及其应用进行了分析,并通过生命周期法(LCA)对生物质和煤气化合成二甲醚料的过程进行对比评价.每生产1千克二甲醚,使用前者比后者可减少排放CO2924.11克、NOx25.01克、SOx70.93克,痕量金属排放量也大大减少.由此可见,利用生物质对减少有害气体的排放意义重大,并能从源头上保证整个过程的环境友好性.     

利用废氨水和甲醇洗尾气生产碳胺的技术探讨

利用化肥厂副产氨水和甲醇洗后排放的尾气生产含氮＞１７％，含水＜４％的碳酸氢胺。该生产工艺较成熟，投资省，成本低，具有较好的经济效益和环境效益。     

黄磷尾气的净化

综述了黄磷尾气的几种净化方法，对其净化效果进行了比较，并对净化后的尾气用途作了简单介绍；分析了黄磷尾气净化的难点。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.