Biosorption of Cr（VI） by carbonized Eupatorium adenophorum and Buckwheat straw： thermodynamics and mechanism

High quality and low cost carbon can be prepared from Eupatorium adenophorum （E. adenophorum） and Buckwheat straw. The biosorbent was used for Cr（VI） removal. The effect of experimental parameters, such as pH, sorbent dosage and temperature were examined and the optimal experimental condition was determned. Solution pH is found influencing the adsorp- tion. Cr（VI） removal efficiency is found to be maximum （98%） at pH= 1. Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms were applicable to the adsorption process and their constants were evaluated. The adsorption data obtained agreed well with the Langmuir sorption isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacities for Cr（VI） ranged from 46.23 to 55.19mg.g^-1 for temperature between 298 K and 308 K under the condition of pH = 1.0. Thermodynamic parameters such as free energy change （AG）, enthalpy （AH） and entropy （AS） indicate a spontaneous, endothermic and increased randomness nature of Cr（VI） adsorption. Studies found that the raw E. adenophorum and buckwheat straw mixed materials with simple treatment had a high efficiency for the removal of Cr（VI） and would be a promising adsorbent.     

Preparation and characterization of β-FeOOH-coated sand and its adsorption of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions

Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to explore the adsorption of Cr(VI) in aqueous solutions by β-FeOOH-coated sand. We investigated the key factors which affected the adsorption process such as adsorbent dosage, initial pH, initial Cr(VI) ion concentration, contact time and temperature. The uptake of Cr(VI) was very rapid and 44.3%, 51.6%, 58.9% of the adsorption happened during the first 180 minutes at 293K, 303K and 313K, respectively. The pseudo-second-order rate equation successfully described the adsorption kinetics. To study the adsorption isotherm, two equilibrium models, the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, were adopted. At 293K, 303K and 313K, the adsorption capacities obtained from the Langmuir isotherm were 0.060, 0.070 and 0.076 mg Cr(VI) per gram of the adsorbent, respectively. Thermodynamic parameters such as the change of energy, enthalpy and entropy were calculated using the equilibrium constants. The negative value of ΔG0 and the positive value of ΔH0 showed that the adsorption of Cr(VI) in aqueous solutions by β-FeOOH-coated sand was spontaneous, endothermic and occurred by physisorption.     

Copper and lead ion removal from wastewater using fava d’anta fodder (Dimorphandra gardneriana Tulasne)

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - The contamination of bodies of water by potentially hazardous elements has in recent decades become an environmental problem that poses serious risks to...     

The concentration of Cu and Pb in the funnel spider Eratigena atrica (C. L. Koch 1843) (Araneae: Agelenidae) and its web

Studies on the heavy metal concentrations on spider webs in relation to the pathways of pollution penetration (external and internal) have yet to be performed. This work assesses the concentration levels of two heavy metals: essential copper (Cu) and toxic lead (Pb) in spider webs and spiders (females, males and juveniles). Spiders divided into three treatment groups were exposed to the heavy metals in their diet as prey (fruit flies and mealworms larvae) were artificially contaminated with Cu and Pb. In general, we found higher rates of Cu compared to Pb concentrations in spiders and their webs. A positive correlation between levels of Cu and Pb in webs and spiders was found. Males had higher concentrations of both metals Cu and Pb in their bodies and webs compared to females. In an additional experiment, washed webs had significantly less metals than unwashed suggesting the dominance of external pollution in the contamination pathway.     

胶原纤维固化黑荆树单宁吸附Cr(VI)的研究

研究了胶原纤维固化黑荆树单宁对Cr(VI)的吸附.采用不同温度、pH值等条件进行吸附研究,并进一步探讨了固化黑荆树单宁的吸附动力学和吸附柱动力学及其吸附机理.结果表明,该材料对Cr(VI)的吸附平衡符合Freundlich方程,温度对吸附平衡的影响不明显;吸附动力学可用拟二级速度方程来描述,该材料同时具有良好的柱动力学特性;Cr(VI)的吸附过程可能存在3个反应,即Cr(VI)与吸附剂之间发生氧化还原反应生成Cr(III),Cr(III)和-COOH之间发生离子交换反应,以及Cr(III)与单宁的邻位羟基发生螯合.图8表2参10     

Granulation of anammox microorganisms for autotrophic nitrogen removal from wastewater

Excessive discharge of nutrients in waters induces pollution such as such as eutrophication. Conventional methods to treat waters are expensive. Alternatively, anaerobic ammonium oxidation, termed “anammox”, has been recently developped with benefits such as low sludge production, 50% less aeration demand, no external carbon supply, 60% less power consumption, and 90% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. However, anammox is limited by long start-up periods due to the low growth rate of anammox bacteria. This issue can be solved by complete retention of biomass by reactor modification or by formation of anammox granules. This article reviews the mechanisms of anammox granulation and biogranulation models. We present factors involved in the granulation processes such as hydrodynamic shear force, extracellular polymeric substances, hydraulic retention time, seed sludge and bioreactors. We also discuss the interaction of proteins and polysaccharides in anammox granules.     

碱性介质中还原高浓度Cr(VI)细菌的分离及其特性

目前国内外处理含铬废水的微生物仅局限于酸性或中性环境,且处理Cr(VI)的浓度仅为200mgL-1左右,难以工业化应用,尤其是不可能处理诸如铬渣渗滤液之类的碱性含铬废水及铬渣.本研究从铬渣堆埋场附近取得菌样,经富集、分离、驯化,得到能在碱性介质中高效还原Cr(VI)的无色杆菌属(Achromobactersp.)菌株,该菌为G-,具有周身鞭毛及可运动性.对其生理及还原Cr(VI)的特性进行了研究,结果表明:该菌嗜碱,好氧,耐盐及高Cr(VI),在有氧、pH为10.30、30℃等条件下,含Cr(VI)1570mgL-1的废水经该菌处理16h后浓度降至0.6mgL-1.处理后的沉淀物中铬以Cr(OH)3的非晶形态存在,其中总铬含量为21.44%,Cr(VI)检测不出,具有很大的回收价值.图4表3参16     

生物硫铁复合材料对Cr(VI)污染水体中斑马鱼的保护作用

目前铬污染已经成为世界性的环境问题.为探究生物硫铁复合材料(生物硫铁,BISC)在Cr~(6+)污染水体中对鱼类的保护作用,以斑马鱼为实验载体,在测定Cr~(6+)对斑马鱼的半数致死浓度(LC50)的基础上,研究生物硫铁对Cr~(6+)污染水体的处理效果,以及生物硫铁投加比(生物硫铁与Cr~(6+)的摩尔浓度之比)、投加时间和水体p H对Cr~(6+)污染水体中斑马鱼保护作用的影响.结果显示,在79.30 mg/L(24 h-LC50)Cr~(6+)污染水体(p H=6.98)中,生物硫铁的投加能够快速降低水体Cr~(6+)的浓度.当生物硫铁投加比达到3时能将Cr~(6+)快速去除,15 min后Cr~(6+)去除率达到84.01%,96 h后达到99.99%.斑马鱼存活率随生物硫铁投加比的增加和投加时间的减少而增大,最佳投加比为0.5;最佳投加时间为0-4 h,此时能将斑马鱼存活率提高90%以上,24 h时投加,作用96 h后亦可使斑马鱼存活率提高约3倍.在p H 6-9内,生物硫铁的投加可显著提高斑马鱼的存活率,且对斑马鱼的保护作用随p H降低而逐渐增强.本研究表明生物硫铁对Cr~(6+)污染水体中的斑马鱼保护效果显著,在Cr~(6+)突发污染治理方面具有广阔的应用前景.     

Preparation and characterization of <Emphasis Type="Italic">β</Emphasis>-FeOOH-coated sand and its adsorption of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions

Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to explore the adsorption of Cr(VI) in aqueous solutions by β-FeOOH-coated sand. We investigated the key factors which affected the adsorption process such as adsorbent dosage, initial pH, initial Cr(VI) ion concentration, contact time and temperature. The uptake of Cr(VI) was very rapid and 44.3%, 51.6%, 58.9% of the adsorption happened during the first 180 minutes at 293K, 303K and 313K, respectively. The pseudo-second-order rate equation successfully described the adsorption kinetics. To study the adsorption isotherm, two equilibrium models, the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, were adopted. At 293K, 303K and 313K, the adsorption capacities obtained from the Langmuir isotherm were 0.060, 0.070 and 0.076 mg Cr(VI) per gram of the adsorbent, respectively. Thermodynamic parameters such as the change of energy, enthalpy and entropy were calculated using the equilibrium constants. The negative value of ΔG ⁰ and the positive value of ΔH ⁰ showed that the adsorption of Cr(VI) in aqueous solutions by β-FeOOH-coated sand was spontaneous, endothermic and occurred by physisorption.     

Removal of selenite using ‘waste’ Fe(III)/Cr(III) hydroxide: Adsorption kinetics and isotherms

Removal of selenite [Se (IV)] from aqueous solution on to industrial solid ‘waste’ Fe(III)/Cr(III) hydroxide as adsorbent was investigated in the present article. Maximum adsorption was found to be at pH 4.0. Pretreated Fe(III)/Cr(III) hydroxide was found to be more efficient for the removal of selenite compared to untreated adsorbent. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms have been studied. The Langmuir adsorption capacity (Q ₀) of the pretreated and untreated adsorbents was found to be 15.63 and 6.04?mg?g^?1, respectively. The adsorption process fit into the second-order kinetics. Thermodynamic parameters show that the adsorption process is spontaneous and endothermic in the temperature range 32 to 60°C. Coexisting anions vanadate and phosphate significantly affect the adsorption of selenite for both the pretreated and untreated adsorbents. Molybdate, thiocyanate, sulphate, nitrate and chloride do not significantly affect the removal of selenite for pretreated adsorbent.     

Effects of phosphorus concentration on Cr（VI） sorption onto phosphorus-rich sludge biochar

To investigate effects of phosphorus content on Cr（VI） sorption onto phosphorus-rich biochar, sewage sludge of different phosphorus concentrations from 4 to 60 mg.g-1 by dry weight were prepared and carbonized to make biochar for batch sorption experiments. Test results revealed that different phosphorous concentration of raw sludge had respective impacts on surface area, pore surface area, average pore diameter and pH value of derived biochar. The adsorption kinetics of phosphorus-rich biochar could be described by the pseudo-second-order model. The sorption isotherm data followed Langmiur model better than Freundlich model. Biochar produced from sludge with phosphorus concentration of 20 mg. gl gave the largest chromium sorption capacity, which could be attributed to its largest surface area and pores surface area comparing with those of＇biochars from sludge with other phosphorus concentrations. The chromium loaded biochar was analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and X-ray Diffraction measurement. The results indicated that chemical functional groups hydroxyl and methyl on surface of biochar were involved in Cr（VI） binding and its reducing to Cr（III）. Then, a portion of Cr （III） in form of various phosphate precipitates was bound onto biochar surface and the rest was released into the solution. The experimental results suggested that phos- phorus played an important role in pore and surface area development of sludge biochar during pyrolytic process. It also could react with Cr（III） on the biochar surface that impacted on capacity of Cr（VI） removal from solution by sludge biochar. Therefore, phosphorus concentration in sludge should be considered when sludge pyrolytic residue would be reused for heavy metals sorbing.     

Printed in great Britain Cr(VI) and other metallic mutagens in fly ash and welding fumes†

Particulate samples taken from both the indoor (working) and outdoor (community) environments contain a wide range of metallic trace elements most of which are mutagenic in at least one of the short term tests for genotoxicity currently in use. Because of the demonstrated presence of a short lived biologically active species (Cr(VI)), and the uncertainty with which the results of the screening of metallic compounds in short term tests can be interpreted in terms of human risk, great care must be taken to assure the appropriate collection, storage, and chemical and biological assay of such material. The sensitivity of the results for fly ash and welding fumes to variations in these protocols is demonstrated and discussed.     

Estimation of abundance from presence–absence maps using cluster models

A presence–absence map consists of indicators of the occurrence or nonoccurrence of a given species in each cell over a grid, without counting the number of individuals in a cell once it is known it is occupied. They are commonly used to estimate the distribution of a species, but our interest is in using these data to estimate the abundance of the species. In practice, certain types of species (in particular flora types) may be spatially clustered. For example, some plant communities will naturally group together according to similar environmental characteristics within a given area. To estimate abundance, we develop an approach based on clustered negative binomial models with unknown cluster sizes. Our approach uses working clusters of cells to construct an estimator which we show is consistent. We also introduce a new concept called super-clustering used to estimate components of the standard errors and interval estimators. A simulation study is conducted to examine the performance of the estimators and they are applied to real data.     

Developed fungal–bacterial biofilms as a novel tool for bioremoval of hexavelant chromium from wastewater

Remediation measures for hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] are required for a safe environment. As a recent development in microbiology, bacterial biofilms are being studied as effective bioremediation agents. When bacteria are in fungal surface-attached biofilm mode, they are called fungal–bacterial biofilms (FBBs). They have not been tested for bioremediation so far. Hence, this study was conducted to develop FBBs and glass-wool-attached bacterial biofilms (BBs), and to evaluate Cr(VI) tolerability and removal of bacterial monocultures, BBs and FBBs. FBBs showed a significantly high level of Cr(VI) tolerance and resistance compared with its BBs or monocultures. After 10 days, up to 90% of Cr(VI) had been removed, which was significantly higher than that of BBs or its monocultures. Thus, it is clear that FBBs can be used as a novel tool to decontaminate Cr(VI) both in situ and ex situ.     

重金属Cr(VI)、Pb及Cu胁迫对双齿围沙蚕体腔细胞的DNA损伤

为探讨重金属Cr(VI)、Pb以及Cu对沙蚕体腔细胞DNA的毒性效应,以双齿围沙蚕为受试动物,重金属按不同剂量水平,Cr(VI):10、100和200 mg·L~(-1),Pb:5、50和100 mg·L~(-1),Cu:1、10和20 mg·L~(-1),分别胁迫沙蚕24 h,以不加任何重金属离子的海水为对照,采用单细胞凝胶电泳技术,检测其体腔细胞DNA损伤程度。结果表明,与空白对照组相比,3种重金属离子的各浓度组都能引起沙蚕体腔细胞DNA损伤,且3种重金属胁迫浓度与细胞DNA损伤程度之间存在显著的剂量-效应关系。双齿围沙蚕可以作为单细胞凝胶电泳的实验材料用于重金属所致环境污染的生物监测指示生物。     

Adsorption of caesium from aqueous solution using cerium molybdate–pan composite

In this study, a cerium molybdate–polyacrylonitrile (CM–PAN) composite ion exchanger was synthesised and its characteristics were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetry (TGA), specific area measurement (BET), X-ray fluorescence and CHN elemental analyses. The adsorption of caesium from aqueous solutions by CM–PAN composite was investigated under batch and continuous conditions. The distribution coefficient of caesium on the composite sorbent was studied as a function of pH, solution temperature and the presence of interfering cations, and the optimum conditions for a batch system were determined. Pseudo-first- and second-order sorption kinetic models were used to investigate the kinetics of adsorption and the results pointed to the pseudo-second-order model for caesium sorption kinetics. The intraparticle diffusion model was used to the predict rate-limiting step of the ion exchange process in order to specify the sorption mechanism. Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R) isotherm models were fitted to the experimental sorption data, where the Freundlich model showed a good agreement. The adsorption thermodynamic parameters, standard enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs’ free energy were calculated and the reaction was found to be endothermic and spontaneous. Finally, the dynamic sorption capacities of the sorbent at two breakthroughs were calculated from the continuous system.     

钛酸盐纳米片光催化-吸附协同去除水中Cr(Ⅵ)和Cr(Ⅲ)

以锐钛型纳米TiO2为原材料,采用水热法合成了钛酸盐纳米片(TNS),系统研究了Cr(Ⅵ)和Cr(Ⅲ)在TNS上的吸附行为,以及不同pH下TNS光催化协同吸附对水体中Cr(Ⅵ)和Cr(Ⅲ)的同步去除.TEM及XRD表征结果表明,制备的TNS呈现出锐钛矿与钛酸盐混合晶相,这对于其光催化和吸附性能的发挥极为重要.吸附实验证实,TNS对Cr(Ⅵ)和Cr(Ⅲ)的吸附显著受pH影响,高pH利于Cr(Ⅲ)的吸附,而Cr(Ⅵ)在低pH下吸附量更大.Cr(Ⅵ)和Cr(Ⅲ)在TNS上的吸附速度较快,吸附动力学符合准二级动力学模型(R20.99).吸附等温线结果符合Langmuir方程(R20.99),pH 5时,Cr(Ⅲ)的最大吸附量(13.19 mg·g-1)远大于Cr(Ⅵ)(0.63 mg·g-1),因此,单一吸附不是有效处理Cr(Ⅵ)的手段,光催化还原是必要的.光催化-吸附实验表明,随着pH的增加,TNS光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)反应速率逐渐降低,但产生的Cr(Ⅲ)在TNS表面的吸附量显著增加.综合可知,光催化-吸附协同反应最佳pH值为5,Cr(Ⅵ)和总Cr的去除率可达97.6%,且体系中无Cr(Ⅲ)的积累.该研究为同步有效去除水体中的Cr(Ⅵ)和Cr(Ⅲ)提供了一种新的可参照的途径.     

Preliminary toxicity evaluation of water from rice fields using cost‐effective microbiotests

A study was performed in a Protected Area (Natural Reserve of Sado Estuary) in 1996, to evaluate the acute toxicity for aquatic life of surface water from rice fields treated with pesticides, particularly with molinate and quinclorac. As a preliminary assessment, the following rapid toxicity tests were used: “Rotoxkit F”;, “Thamnotoxkit F”; and the recently introduced “Daphtoxkit F magna”; and “Algaltoxkit F”;. Water samples were collected from: a water source for irrigating the rice fields, two rice plots, a drainage channel and from Sado river in which the water is discharged. The results showed that samples from the rice plot treated with molinate were more toxic than those obtained from rice plot treated with quinclorac. Water samples from the river were the most toxic, causing 100% of immobility in all organisms and a substantial inhibition in the algal growth. Water collected from the drainage channel in late July, was also found to be quite toxic. The results obtained until now indicate that some characteristics of these microbiotests, like their rapidity, simplicity and relatively low cost, make them a practical tool to evaluate acute effects of pesticides in freshwater ecosystems. They may also contribute to suggest some changes in pesticides use to promote agricultural practices with lower impact to aquatic life.     

Cr(VI)对脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda)幼虾暴露和恢复期肝胰脏的SOD活性、MDA及MTs含量的影响

为了探索水体中Cr(VI)对脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda)的毒性效应,通过Cr(VI)的暴露(15 d)和清水恢复实验(15 d),研究了Cr(VI)对脊尾白虾肝胰脏的SOD活性、MDA及MTs含量的影响。结果表明,通过15 d的暴露,5 mg·L-1(高浓度)、0.5 mg·L-1(低浓度)实验组肝胰脏的SOD均显著高于对照组水平(p0.05),15 d的清水恢复后,两个浓度实验组均能够恢复到对照组水平(p0.05)。MDA在暴露阶段呈现持续上升的趋势,且在15 d后两个浓度实验组MDA的含量均显著高于对照组水平(p0.05),15 d的清水恢复后,5 mg·L-1实验组的MDA含量依然显著高于对照组水平(p0.05),0.5mg·L-1实验组的MDA含量基本恢复到对照组水平(p0.05)。通过15 d的暴露,两个浓度实验组MTs的含量均显著高于对照组水平(p0.05),15 d的清水恢复后,两个浓度实验组MTs的含量均能够恢复到对照组水平(p0.05)。     

Copper(II) ions’ removal from aqueous solution using green horse-chestnut shell as a low-cost adsorbent

The adsorption of copper(II) ions from aqueous solutions by the green horse-chestnut shell was studied in a batch adsorption system. It was determined how the parameters of the adsorption process, such as time, pH, copper(II) ions concentration and sorbent dose, influence the effectiveness of copper(II) ions’ removal. The adsorption process was fast and equilibrium was established about 10?min, and near 95–97% of Cu(II) ions were removed from aqueous solution. Maximum copper(II) ions’ adsorption occurred at around pH 5. The adsorption kinetics are also described, using pseudo-first-order model and pseudo-second-order model of type 1 and 2. A comparison of the kinetics models on the overall adsorption rate showed that the adsorption system was best described by the pseudo-second-order model of type 1 (r²?=?0.999) for all initial concentrations. Another key part of this study was the use of the Freundlich model to determine the adsorption isotherm and the experimental data were in strong correspondence with this model.