基于动力学分析提高黑木耳多糖产量的pH控制策略

为了实现黑木耳(Auriculariaauricula)深层发酵生产胞外多糖的高产量和高生产强度的统一,在7L发酵罐中研究不同pH对A.auricula分批发酵生产黑木耳多糖的影响.A.auricula细胞生长的最适pH为5.0,而黑木耳胞外多糖合成的最适pH为5.5.恒定pH有利于合成黑木耳多糖,但降低了黑木耳多糖的生产强度.发酵液中较高的pH不利于葡萄糖的消耗,使得发酵结束时的残余葡萄糖含量随pH的升高而升高.分析不同pH条件下A.auricula发酵生产黑木耳多糖动力学参数,发现较低pH有利于加快底物消耗,而较高的细胞生长速率则出现在pH5.0,pH5.5时细胞则具有较高的胞外多糖合成速率和对葡萄糖的得率.在此基础上提出了A.auricula发酵生产黑木耳多糖的两阶段pH控制策略:0~48h控制发酵液pH5.0,48h后控制pH5.5.实验结果表明,采用两阶段pH控制策略,A.auricula胞外多糖产量比控制pH5.5时提高了8.1%,残留葡萄糖含量降低了15.2%,产生最大胞外多糖的时间缩短至96h,且黑木耳多糖的生产强度比pH5.5时提高了35.1%.图4表1参21     

Streptomyces sp. WJS-825产谷氨酰胺转胺酶发酵条件优化及中试

应用五因子二次正交旋转回归试验设计,建立了微生物谷氨酰胺转胺酶 (TG)发酵生产过程中以酶活力和菌体细胞生长量作为目标函数的数学模型,并以此模型对链霉菌 (Streptomycessp. )WJS-825菌株发酵生产TG的培养条件进行优化,确定了影响TG生产的主要因子及其最适取值为多价胨 2. 1%、可溶性淀粉 1. 5%、初始pH 7. 0及培养温度 30℃.以该优化工艺条件进行了 5L发酵罐小试和 200L发酵规模的中试生产.结果表明,在中试发酵生产中使用以豆饼粉部分替代多价胨的经济性发酵优化培养基,以及发酵过程中在线监控pH、溶氧系数等多项发酵调控参数,并分段控制pH、温度、通气量和搅拌转速以及进行适时的流加补充碳源,该菌株生长繁殖能力强、产酶效果好,TG活性达 3. 2u/mL,而且连续重复的中试发酵生产试验的TG产量均稳定在 3. 2u/mL以上. 图 2表 3参 15     

餐厨垃圾与污泥联合两步厌氧发酵产酸阶段条件优化试验

以污水处理厂活性污泥为接种物,以餐厨垃圾为发酵底物进行两步厌氧发酵产气试验,考察了产酸阶段初始pH值、温度及发酵物的预处理方法对两步发酵产气的影响.结果表明,产酸阶段的初始pH值以5.0最佳,气体的累计产气量最大,为13.69 mL·g-1TVS,产酸阶段的温度以65℃最佳,产气的累计产气量最大,为74.35 mL·g...     

利用纤维二糖的酵母工程菌构建

以扣囊复膜孢酵母染色体DNA为模板,通过PCR方法扩增到其β-葡萄糖苷酶基因bgl1,经EcoRⅠ、BamHⅠ双酶切并和经相同酶切的穿梭表达载体pYX212连接,构建了重组质粒pYX-sbgl,转化酿酒酵母W 303-1A,bgl1基因获得了活性表达,β-葡萄糖苷酶活力为0.504 IU/mL.转化子能以纤维二糖为唯一碳源生长,并能应用于同时糖化和发酵纤维素底物生产乙醇,使乙醇产量较宿主酵母有了一定的提高.图6表1参14     

不透明红球菌转化合成α-酮异己酸的培养条件优化

利用基于非完全平衡块原理的Plackett-Burman法和响应面法对不透明红球菌(Rhodococcus opacus DSM 43250)转化合成α-酮异己酸(KIC)的培养条件进行优化,以提高KIC的产量.首先采用Plackett-Burman(PB)设计对影响KIC产量的6个因素的效应进行评价,筛选出具有显著影响的关键因素——接种量、装液量和初始pH,然后通过最陡爬坡实验和Box-Behnken实验设计对关键因素的最佳水平范围进行研究,并利用SAS软件回归分析建立了二次多项式模型,通过模型求解确定最佳培养条件为:接种量6.93%,装液量33.38 mL,初始pH 7.6.在优化后的培养条件下,KIC的理论最高产量为31.08 mg/L,在验证实验中KIC最高产量为30.97 mg/L,比初始产量23.93 mg/L提高了29.42%,为进一步的发酵放大奠定了基础.图3表7参16     

农业秸秆在杏鲍菇生产中的应用

利用花生秸、玉米秸、甘薯藤配以棉籽壳、麸皮作为杏鲍菇栽培基质,以w(棉籽壳)=80%、w(麸皮)=20%作为对照配方,研究了 6种秸杆配方的培养料对杏鲍菇生长发育和产量的影响.结果表明:不同配方培养料对杏鲍菇的菌丝生长速度和生长势、生产周期、产量和生物学效率均有较大影响;玉米秸、花生秸是杏鲍菇优良的营养基质,其中,以玉米秸粉和棉籽壳为主料的培养料更适合杏鲍菇生长,其菌丝生长速度快,生长势最强,出菇较快,且产量最高,生物学效率町达60%以上.综合出菇后菌渣作为动物饲料原料的适口性来考虑,以w(棉籽壳):30%、w(玉米秸粉)=50%、w(麸皮)=20%的配方为最佳.     

紫外诱变选育高产丁二酮乳酸菌株及其低成本发酵优化

2,3-丁二酮是一种常用的安全食品添加剂,为了提高微生物发酵中菌株的丁二酮产量,从泡菜水样品中分离筛选出一株野生型高产丁二酮菌株,并进行紫外诱变选育以及发酵条件优化.筛选获得高产丁二酮野生型乳酸菌株(1)-2,产量为67.02 mg/L,经16S r DNA分子鉴定为植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum).紫外诱变获得高产丁二酮突变株U13,产量为127.88 mg/L.对突变前后菌株几种丁二酮代谢相关酶酶活变化的比较结果显示,突变株丁二酮产量的提高是因为乳酸脱氢酶减少及乙酰乳酸合成酶增加.正交实验优化突变株U13的最佳丁二酮发酵条件为接种量3%,初始pH 6.6,葡萄糖30 g/L,组合氮源(蛋白胨:酵母粉:牛肉膏=2:1:2)20 g/L,柠檬酸氢二铵3 g/L,乙酸钠2 g/L,吐温-80 1 m L/L,K_2HPO_4 2 g/L,Mg~(2+)2 mmol/L,Mn~(2+)0.7 mmol/L,Cu~(2+)2 mmol/L,温度为37℃.利用廉价碳氮源淀粉及小麦麸皮替代原有碳氮源,淀粉替代率不超过20%、小麦麸皮替代率不超过40%时,丁二酮产量降幅比较低.本研究通过诱变选育和发酵条件优化,提高了菌株丁二酮产量,并通过廉价碳氮源替换降低了成本,可为丁二酮的微生物工业发酵提供参考.     

微杆菌3-28对萘、菲、蒽、芘的降解

研究了以多环芳烃为唯一碳源富集培养的微杆菌3-28对不同多环芳烃化合物(Polycyclic aromatichydrocarbons,PAHs)及混合PAHs的降解能力,以及在无机基础培养基中生长时PAHs浓度与一些主要环境因子如pH值、盐度、温度对细菌降解PAHs的影响.结果表明,微杆菌3-28X对萘、菲、蒽和芘均有较高的降解能力,112 h后萘与菲完全降解,而蒽和芘28 d的降解率分别为97.54%、90.2%.初始底物浓度会影响细菌生长速率,底物浓度过高不利于细菌生长.相同培养时间下多底物培养液中的菌群浓度明显高于单底物系统.微杆菌3-28能够在pH 6.0-9.0、盐度10～30g/kg,温度40～55℃的环境下生存,并保持较高的降解能力.图8参33     

丙酮丁醇梭菌Clostridium acetobutylicum CICC 8012发酵鲜芭蕉芋生产丁醇

以非粮作物鲜芭蕉芋为原料,利用丙酮丁醇梭菌CICC 8012发酵生产丁醇.采用中心组合实验设计(CCD),选取初始糖浓度、接种量、中性红、乙酸铵为主要影响因素,对发酵条件进行优化,建立以丁醇产量为响应值的数学模型.对模型求解得到:初始糖浓度62.25 g/L,接种量为10.81%,中性红为0.81 g/L,乙酸铵为0.574 g/L时,最终的丁醇产量为12.83 g/L.验证实验结果表明,在优化条件下丁醇发酵产量达到12.73 g/L,证明了模型可靠有效.     

利用豆粕和小麦秸秆生产多肽的固体发酵工艺条件优化

以豆粕、小麦秸秆和糖渣为主要原料,以产脂肽细菌解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)XZ-173为接种剂进行一系列固体发酵试验.通过基质筛选和单因素试验研究固体发酵基质组成、装料量、发酵温度、初始pH、发酵时间、含水率和接种量对多肽产量的影响,通过响应面优化法优化氮源和碳源及二者比例.结果表明:(1)固体发酵产多肽最佳基质组成为豆粕63.03%,小麦秸秆粉33.00%,糖渣1.93%,酵母提取物2.04%,外加无机盐溶液10.18%(V/m);(2)最佳发酵条件为含水率50%(用pH 7.5的去离子水配制),接种量10%(V/m),发酵温度30℃,恒温发酵48 h;(3)在最优条件下多肽实际产量为110.06 mg/gds(gds表示每克初始干物质),与预测值109.85 mg/gds吻合(R~2=0.9742).本研究在实验室水平上得到的以农产品加工副产品和作物秸秆为主要原料生产多肽的固体发酵优化工艺可为农业废弃物的资源化和多肽的工业化生产奠定基础.     

Extracellular amylase(s) production by fungi Botryodiplodia theobromae and Rhizopus oryzae grown on cassava starch residue

The fungi Botryodiplodia theobromae and Rhizopus oryzae produce extracellular amylase when grown on a liquid medium containing 2% (WN) soluble starch or cassava starch residue(CSR) (as starch equivalent), a waste generated after extraction of starch from cassava, as the sole carbon source. Using CSR as the sole carbon source, the highest amylase activity of 3.25 and 3.8 units (mg, glucose released x ml(-1) x h(-1)) were obtained in shake flask cultures during the late stationary phase of growth of B. theobromae and R. oryzae, respectively. These values were slightly lower than the values obtained using soluble starch as the carbon source. Maximum enzyme synthesis in CSR incorporated medium occurred at the growth temperature of 30 degrees C and pH 6.0. Presence of inorganic NH4+ salts like ammonium acetate and ammonium nitrate in culture medium yielded more amylase than the other nitrogen sources. Amylase(s) production in the controlled environment of a Table-Top glass Jar Fermenter (2-L capacity) was 4.8 and 5.1 units for B. theobromae and R. oryzae, respectively using CSR as the carbon substrate. It is concluded that CSR, a cheap agricultural waste obtained after starch extraction from cassava could replace soluble starch as carbon substrate for commercial production of fungal amylase(s).     

Impact of Ni(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) on biogassification of potato waste

A study was conducted on anaerobic digestion of potato waste and cattle manure mixture, inoculated with 12% inoculum and diluted to 1:1 substrate water ratio at 37 +/- 1 degrees C. Initially pH of substrate was found to be 4.5 to 5.0. Lime and sodium bicarbonate solutions were employed to adjust the pH to 7.5. Biogas production continued up to 10 and 7 days, when lime and sodium bicarbonate solutions were used to adjust the pH, respectively. Biogassification potential was studied in response to different ratio of waste and cattle manure. Biogas production rate was higher when potato waste and cattle manure were used in 50:50 ratio. Effect of two different concentrations (2.5 and 5.0 ppm) of three heavy metals viz. (Ni (II), Zn (II) and Cd (II)) on anaerobic digestion of substrate (potato waste--cattle manure, 50:50) was studied. At 2.5 ppm, all the three heavy metals increased biogas production rate over the control value. The percentage increase in biogas production over the control was highest by Cd, followed by Ni and Zn. In all the treatments, methane content of biogas increased with increase in time after feeding. Various physico-chemical parameters viz. total solids, total volatile solids, total organic carbon and chemical oxygen demand considerably declined after 7 days of digestion and decline was greater in presence of heavy metals as compared to control. The physico-chemical parameters revealed maximum decrease in the presence of 2.5-ppm concentrations of heavy metals with the substrate. Among all the three heavy metals employed in the study, Cd++ at 2.5 ppm was found to produce maximum biogas production rate. The use of three heavy metals to enhance biogas production from potato and other horticultural waste is discussed.     

Spore inhibition-based enzyme substrate assay for monitoring of aflatoxin M1 in milk

A spore germination-based concept and its transformation into a field level prototype for monitoring aflatoxin M₁ (AFM₁) in milk was developed. Initially, 15 strains of Bacillus spp. procured from different culture collection were screened for AFM₁ sensitivity using spot assay and marker strain showing inhibition at 0.5 ppb was selected based upon maximum zone of inhibition. The selected strain B. megaterium 2949 was further screened for different enzymes activities and subsequently its spores were produced to an extent of 73.13% ± 3.197% in newly developed sporulation medium containing beef extract (0.0075% ± 0.0004%), yeast extract (0.015% ± 0.001%), peptone (0.0375% ± 0.0016%), and sodium chloride (0.0375% ± 0.0018%). A spore germination-based concept/ assay was optimized by immobilizing spores in eppendorf with pretreated milk (80°C/15 min) containing germinant and chromogenic substrate followed by incubation at 37°C. The appearance of sky blue color within real time of 45 min indicated spores germination and release of specific marker enzyme such as acetyl esterase and its specific action on chromogenic substrate which demonstrates absence of AFM₁ in milk. However, if there was no color change, presence of AFM₁ at 0.5 ppb MRL was denoted by Codex. The developed concept on AFM₁ detection was validated and a correlation of 0.97 was established with AOAC approved Charm 6602 and ELISA at Codex MRL with minimal false positive and negative results. The cost effective test has potential application in dairy farms, manufacturing, and R&D units for routine monitoring of AFM₁ in milk.     

Biosorption of Cu(II) and Zn(II) onto a lignocellulosic substrate extracted from wheat bran

We studied the removal of copper and zinc ions from aqueous solutions using a lignocellulosic substrate obtained by an acido-basic treatment of wheat bran. The sorption capacity of this material was investigated through batch and column experiments. Batch experimental results showed that the retention capacity of the lignocellulosic substrate was 0.20×10^–3 mol g^–1 at pH 4.5 for copper(II) and 0.24×10^–3 mol g^–1 at pH 6.5 for zinc(II). Column experiments showed a reduced sorption capacity for both ions compared to batch experiments. Batch and column data were analysed using the Langmuir equation in order to determine the affinity constant and the binding capacity of the sorbent and to compare both retention processes.     

Survival and recovery of resting spores and resting cells of the marine planktonic diatom Chaetoceros pseudocurvisetus under fluctuating nitrate conditions

Of the two resting life-forms of the planktonic diatom Chaetoceros pseudocurvisetus Mangin formed during periods of nitrate depletion, resting spores survived at least 1 month after spore formation at 24 °C, while resting cells survived only for about 10 d at the same temperature. Under nitrogen limitation, resting cells exhibited higher specific death rates than resting spores at temperatures ranging from 5 to 30 °C. After nitrogen replenishment, resting spores required a certain lag period of about 1 d to initiate vegetative growth at levels of nitrate supply from 0.5 to 20 M, while resting cells initiated vegetative growth almost immediately. Resting spores exhibited an intracellular accumulation of the supplied nitrate during germination and initial vegetative growth. The resting cells, however, exhibited more active vegetative growth, closely coupled with the uptake of the supplied nitrate. The resting spores and resting cells appear to play different roles in the maintenance of populations under nutrient fluctuations depending on the interval length between nutrient fluxes in natural waters. Received: 27 April 1998 / Accepted: 1 March 1999     

Growth and amylase production by Aspergillus oryzae during solid state fermentation using banana waste as substrate

Aspergillus oryzae, isolated from the starch rich litter soil, produced amylase when banana fruit stalk was used as substrate in a solid state fermentation system. The effects of incubation period, pH, temperature and various carbon sources on the production of amylase were studied. A maximum yield of 380U/mg was recorded on 96th hour of incubation. The amylase is tolerant to wide range of initial culture pH values (3 to 8) and temperature (25 to 35 degrees C), with an optimum pH of 5 and temperature of 35 degrees C. In SSF addition of starch (1%) increased the amylase production, when compared with other carbon sources used.     

A comparative study of Cu (II) biosorption on Ca-alginate and immobilized live and inactivated Cladosporium sp

Spores of Cladosporium sp. were immobilized into Ca-alginate beads via entrapment. The alginate beads and both entrapped live and inactivated spores of Cladosporium sp. were used for comparison of biosorptive capacity from aqueous solutions. The factors affecting the adsorption ability on Cu (II), such as the contact time, initial pH, temperature were investigated. The results showed that the Ca-alginate beads containing live spores of Cladosporium sp. had the maximum biosorptive capacity. The biosorption equilibrium was established in about 3 h. The maximum biosorption of Cu (II) on Ca-alginate entrapping spores and no spores were obtained between pH 4.0 and 3.5. Temperature over the range of 15-45 degrees C had no significant effect on the biosorption capacity. The biosorptive capacity increased with initial concentrations in the concentration range of 30-800mg/l. The equilibrium was well described by Langmuir biosorption isotherms. The Ca-alginate beads could be regenerated using 0.1M HCl, The biosorbents were reused in three biosorption-desorption cycles with negligible decrease in biosorptive capacity.     

Studies on influence of natural biowastes on cellulase production by Aspergillus niger

The objective of this study was to determine the influence of natural biowaste substrates such as banana peel powder and coir powder at varying environmental parameters of pH (4-9) and temperature (20-50 degrees C) on the cellulase enzyme production by Aspergillus niger. The cellulase enzyme production was analyzed by measuring the amount of glucose liberated in IU ml(-1) by using the dinitrosalicylic acid assay method. The substrates were pretreated with 1% NaOH (alkaline treatment) and autoclaved. The maximum activity of the enzyme was assayed at varying pH with temperatures being constant and varying temperatures with pH being constant. The highest activity of the enzyme at varying pH was recorded at pH 6 for banana peel powder (0.068 +/- 0.002 IU ml) and coir powder (0.049 +/- 0.002 IU ml(-1)) and the maximum activity of the enzyme at varying temperature was recorded at 35 degrees C for both banana peel powder (0.072 +/- 0.001 IU ml(-1)) and coir powder (0.046 +/- 0.003 IU ml(-1)). At varying temperatures and pH the high level of enzyme production was obtained at 35 degrees C and pH 6 by using both the substrates, respectively. However among the two substrates used for the production of cellulases by Aspergillus niger banana peel powder showed maximum enzymatic activity than coir powder as substrate.     

Effect of the endectocide ivermectin on filamentous fungi

We investigated the effect of ivermectin, at environmental concentrations and above, on several strains of filamentous fungi. Ivermectin did not show significant short-term effect on biomass production and germination rate of the spores. By contrast, the spore production was stimulated twofold in Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Mucor racemosus cultures, whereas that endpoint was reduced in Fusarium cultures. A long-term exposure of F. oxysporum to ivermectin reduced both production and germination of fungal spores. Ivermectin was not an inducer of exocellular oxidases.     

Arsenic adsorption on lignocellulosic substrate loaded with ferric ion

We loaded a lignocellulosic substrate extracted from wheat bran with ferric ions. This new low-cost adsorbent was prepared for the adsorption and removal of arsenate and arsenite ions from aqueous systems. The loading process of Fe in this biomaterial was done by hydrolization of a ferric salt while an alkaline solution was added dropwise. The new material obtained has a high sensivity to arsenite and arsenate species. Here, we investigated the effect of contact time, pH, and Fe content on the adsorption of both arsenic ions on the new material. This adsorption was found to be highly pH-dependent, which can be explained on the basis of electrostatic interactions between ionic species in solution and the ≡FeOH surface groups. The maximum adsorption capacity of arsenite and arsenate species vary linearly with the amount of Fe loaded on the lignocellulosic substrate.