金矿采场环境因素变化分析及灰色聚类评价

为改善地下采场环境状况,保护作业人员安全与健康,利用灰色聚类模型(GCM),研究山东某金矿地下采场环境质量随采深的变化。监测并调查金矿-30、-70、-110、-150、-190、-230和-300 m水平的7个采场中O2、CO2、温度、相对湿度、粉尘、有毒气体、噪声及照度等采场环境指标,研究采场环境中单一指标随采深增加的变化趋势;运用GCM及G1法定权综合评价采场环境并分级;对该矿生产人员进行采场环境主观满意度问卷调查。结果表明:采场综合环境质量等级(EQGs)随采深增加而降低;问卷调查结果与灰色聚类评价结果有较好的一致性。     

建筑室内环境安全灰色评价模型及应用

人们在重视治理大气和江河湖海等大环境安全问题的时候 ,却忽视了直接危害人身健康甚至生命的室内环境安全问题。在现代社会 ,室内环境安全已经成为影响人们身心健康与安全的重要因素。由于影响室内环境安全的因素复杂 ,科学合理地评价其安全状况对改善室内环境安全具有重要意义。笔者针对建筑室内环境安全系统特征 ,在合理确定评价指标体系的基础上 ,建立了基于灰色关联理论的室内环境安全评价模型 ,并给予了实例验证 ,为室内环境安全评价提供了具有指导意义的技术和方法。     

大冶铁矿东露天采场作业岗位环境观测与综合分析评价

此次除了对作业岗位的粉尘浓度,部分有毒有害气体进行了观测外,对影响岗位环境的噪声和振动这两个因素也进行了观测,由此可以对大冶铁矿东露天采场的主要作业岗位环境的污染状况进行综合分析评价。1 影响作业岗位环境诸因素的观测结果 (1)粉尘浓度的观测值（见表1）。     

机场机坪风险管理研究

民用机场机坪具有范围小,保障单位和人员多而杂等特点,是航空地面事故的多发环节。本文针对国内某国际机场近五年的机坪事故数据进行统计分析研究,运用事故树的方法定性分析原因,再通过分析影响机坪安全的作业人员、设备设施、环境、管理四大因素中的13项指标,采用灰色关联定量评价方法,系统建立了机场机坪安全评价指标体系,实现机坪安全影响因素的安全状况分级,最终在定性定量方法的结合下,实现对机场机坪区域的整体风险评价,并根据评估结果提出风险控制措施,最终提出可行性建议：管理好机坪车辆和机坪资源的矛盾;管理好车辆违规现象,如超速行驶,乱停乱放;机坪地面的标志标线清晰,为工作人员提供良好的作业环境;加强监督力量,严格把关员工业务水平及执照。     

校园安全灰色关联评价模型及应用

通过对影响校园安全的因素分析和灰色关联理论在校园安全评价中的适用性分析,得出校园安全存在与灰色系统理论相耦合的特征。应用灰色关联理论建立校园安全灰色关联评价模型,合理确定标准数据序列,对非线性、离散以及动态的校园安全数据进行量化分析和评价,根据关联度大小来判断校园的相对安全性程度,并结合湘潭市5所学校的校园安全状况进行实例验证。其评价结果与实际情况相一致,该模型能有效地解决校园安全影响因素中的非线性关系和不确定性问题,可作为校园安全相对安全等级划分的重要理论依据,具有可操作性和可行性。     

基于灰色多层次的航空公司飞行安全评价研究

针对影响航空公司飞行安全诸多因素具有的灰色性,引入灰色理论对航空公司飞行安全进行风险评价,从机组、飞机、环境和管理4个因素,提出航空公司飞行安全风险评价的指标体系,采用层次分析法(AHP)确定评价指标权重,建立基于灰色多层次的航空公司飞行安全风险评价模型。根据建立的模型,对国内某航空公司飞行安全状况进行评价,通过分析认为该航空公司的飞行安全介于高风险与较高风险之间,急需加强安全防范,尤其应该加强对飞行安全管理。综合评价的结果为航空公司制定飞行安全措施及预防对策提供科学的依据。     

机坪安全风险的多级模糊综合评价研究

针对机坪安全风险较为严峻的问题,通过剖析机坪作业安全影响因素及事故原因,从机坪设施设备安全状况、空防保障系统安全状况、机坪作业人员管理状况、机坪车辆管理状况、机坪现场指挥协调状况、机坪安全综合管理系统状况6个方面构建了机坪安全风险评价指标体系.根据模糊数学理论建立了机坪安全风险多级模糊综合评价模型,并对模型进行了实例验证.该方法可以给出机坪的整体安全风险等级和各评价指标对机坪安全风险性的影响及大小.     

灰关联分析在城市生态安全评价中的应用

城市生态安全评价是实现城市环境管理、协调城市经济发展与生态环境保护,实现城市可持续发展的重要手段.城市生态系统是一个灰色系统,受自然、环境和社会经济等各方面因素影响.基于灰关联原理,运用层次分析法建立城市生态安全评价体系并确定各影响因素的权重; 结合动态趋势分析法,对郑州市2000-2004年的城市生态安全状况作了评价.结果表明,2000-2004年郑州市城市评价指标与理想状态指标的灰色关联度依次为0.635 3、0.654 7、0.642 3、0.656 0、0.677 1.依据与关联度对应的城市安全等级划分标准,郑州市的安全等级为差.从动态趋势分析,郑州市的城市生态系统相对稳定,为可改善的不安全状态.     

井下运输人—机—环境系统安全性灰色多层次综合评判

为了分析与评价井下运输系统的安全状况,笔者基于灰色关联分析理论,确定了井下运输系统安全状况综合评判的指标体系,建立了灰色多层次安全综合评判模型。通过对影响井下运输系统安全的人、机、环境的１１ 种因素进行的实际分析与计算,指出了井下不同运输子系统的安全状况及其薄弱环节。该方法使评判结果更具科学性、可比性和实用性,而且为进一步搞好安全评价工作提供了理论依据。     

低温环境对作业人员的影响及评价

低温环境在许多行业中都存在,它能影响作业人员的工作效率,甚至危害其身体健康,是劳动保护和劳动安全不可忽视的一个方面。本文主要从工程及生理学角度介绍不同的低温环境对作业人员的影响及相应的生理学反应;讨论对低温环境影响的评价方法及其应用,为低温环境作业人员的劳动保护及劳动安全提供一定的生理学依据。     

欧美、日本与中国个体防护标准比对

个体防护装备,以往称劳动防护用品,是以保护劳动者安全和健康为目的,并且直接与人体接触的装备或者用品。从某种意义上讲,它是保障劳动者安全和健康的最后一道防线,在保护劳动者和确保安全生产方面有着重要意义。经过多年努力,我国在个体防护装备的技术标准方面制定并颁布了一系列国家标准和行业标准,并形成了初步的标准体系,本文研究了ISO、CEN、JIS的个体防护标准体系,并着重对其体系和有代表性的标准进行比对分析,从而归纳出我国个体防护及检测技术标准存在的问题,对制定和提高我国个体防护装备的体系建设具有一定的参考意义,并为个体防护及检测领域的相关国际标准的研制工作提出一些建议。     

高频焊接场所电磁辐射屏蔽与防护研究

焊接过程产生的电磁场对操作人员健康的影响已得到日益广泛的关注,对高频的防护问题,已成为改善劳动条件、保护劳动力的重要课题.在研究焊接生产电磁辐射环境、劳动者健康与安全现状的基础上,通过试验分析了电磁辐射屏蔽效率及导致屏蔽效率差异的因素.通过对不同部门制定的安全限值的比较分析,提出高频焊机安全使用建议.对控制高频焊接场所电磁辐射,尽可能降低从业人员电磁暴露的影响具有重要意义.     

Occupational and public health and safety in a changing work environment: An integrated approach for risk assessment and prevention

During recent years the work environment has undergone significant changes regarding working time, years of employment, work organization, type of employment contracts and working conditions. In this paper, consequences of these changes on occupational and public health and safety are examined. These include the disruption of human biological rhythms, the increase of workers fatigue due to changes in patterns of working hours and years of employment, job insecurity and occupational stress, which have a serious impact on workers’ health and may result in an increase in occupational accidents. Unsafe work practices related to workload and time pressure, the impact of work changes on public safety and the deterioration of workers’ living conditions with respect to income, social-family life, health and insurance benefits, are also described. In this context, difficulties that occur due to the changing work environment in conducting effective occupational risk assessments and implementing OSH measures are discussed (for example, frequent changes between tasks and workplaces, underreporting of occupational accidents and diseases, lack of methodological tools, etc.). A fundamental criterion used while studying consequences on health and safety and the relative preventive measures is that health and safety must be approached as ‘the promotion and maintenance at the highest degree of the physical, mental and social well-being of workers’ and not only as retention of their work ability. Limits in combining “flexibility” at work and overall protection of occupational and public safety and health in a competitive market are put forward for discussion.     

Risk Assessment in the Working Environment in Estonia

The first step to chart hazards in the working environment in Estonia (labour force: 0.65 million) was taken by the National Board of Health Protection in the beginning of 1996.

The existing chemical, physical, and biological agents in the working environment were investigated with the help of local health inspectors in all counties. An identification of hazards and workers at risk was carried out. The results of the analysis showed that 16% of Estonian industrial workers are exposed to different hazards: 20,000 persons are exposed to noise, 11,000 are working in the conditions of vibration, 10,000 are affected by unsatisfactory microclimate, 6,000 complain about long-lasting work in a compulsory posture, the overexertion of eyes is suffered by 5,500 persons, and physical overload by 3,500 workers. In the group of chemical hazards the greatest numbers of workers are exposed to organic dust (6,500) and welding aerosols (5,400), followed by petroleum products (2,700), and oil-shale dust (4,300). The measurements of working conditions showed that an average of 30.3% of the results are above the standards. Proposals for the improvement of the situation in occupational safety and health are presented.     

流动人员职业健康监护模式分析与探索

流动人口的职业健康监护是职业卫生工作的重点与难点,是预防控制职业病,是保障流动人口职业健康和公平劳动权益的重要环节。根据对北京、浙江、山东、湖北、内蒙等地的调研,我们对流动人口职业健康监护现有模式进行了分析比较,并提出了新的模式框架与实施条件,以提高流动人口的职业健康监护率,保障流动人口职业健康．     

对乡镇企业职工的职业安全卫生知识、态度、行为的调查

从对某市部分乡镇企业职工的职业安全卫生知识、态度、行为所进行的调查看,不同状况的人群对职业安全卫生知识、态度、习惯有显著性差异。为此,提示职业安全卫生监督管理部门及企业的有关职能部门在职工的职业安全卫生教育中,要加强对文化程度低、年轻、工龄较短的职工的教育,并采用形式多样化手段。另外,职业安全监督管理部门还要加强监督外资企业做好职工的职业安全卫生教育。从职工对职业安全卫生的态度及行为结果看,提出在进行职业安全卫生教育时,要有针对性。不仅要给职工配备劳保用品,更重要的是监督职工经常和正确地使用劳保用品,并养成良好的卫生习惯     

Calculating the benefit to workers of averting a radiation exposure lasting longer than the working lifetime

The J-value method enables health and safety schemes aimed at preserving or extending life to be assessed on a common, objective basis for the first time, irrespective of industrial sector. For this it requires an estimate of the improvement in life expectancy that the health and safety scheme will bring about. This paper extends the range of nuclear-safety-system lifetimes for which it is possible to calculate the increased life expectancy amongst nuclear-plant workers whose radiation exposure the safety system has reduced. Whereas the previous mathematical technique was able to cater for a nuclear-safety-system lifetime up to the working lifetime of the nuclear-plant workers (typically between 45 and 50 years), the new method extends without limit the range of tractable, safety-system lifetimes. This is important now that the design lifetime of nuclear power stations can be up to 60 years. The development will also facilitate the assessment of safety systems and procedures to protect workers on long-term nuclear decommissioning and waste sites; in the latter case, the service life-time could be hundreds of years. The case when the safety-system lifetime is greater than the working lifetime is addressed by splitting the workforce into a set of three cohorts, one for existing workers and two for new recruits. The discounted life expectancy is found for each cohort, and then a weighted average is used to give the overall value. An additional mathematical device is then used to reduce the number of cohorts required from three to two, namely existing workers and new recruits. A similar mathematical device is applied (in Appendix A) to reduce from three to two the number of workforce cohorts needed when the length of the safety system's service lifetime is less than the working lifetime. Finally, a further mathematical instrument is incorporated in the model equations, which allows a unified treatment to be applied to each of the cohorts, existing workers and new recruits, across all possible service lifetimes of a nuclear safety system. Since new results on gain in life expectancy may be fed into a J-value analysis, this development extends significantly the range of nuclear-safety systems for which the J-value technique may be used to measure cost-effectiveness.     

气象灾害的研究和预防是野外职业安全卫生的一个重要领域

从事野外地质勘探的职工常常处于大自然环境中。自然环境灾害(气象灾害、地质灾害等)是造成地质勘探职业伤害的重要原因之一。在诸多的环境灾害中,又以气象灾害的危害最为突出。研究和预防气象灾害,是地质勘探安全卫生工作的重要内容。如果只研究人为职业伤害(一般工业安全卫生中的主要问题),而不研究环境灾害,特别是气象灾害所造成的事故和职业病,那是舍本求末。在地质勘探安全卫生领域中,研究气象灾害及其防护技术,既是保护野外作业职工安全和健康的需要,也是拓宽安全科学外延领域的有益探讨。     

Associations between sleep,risk and safety climate: A study of offshore personnel on the Norwegian continental shelf

The demands and constraints of the offshore working environment can have adverse effects on health, particularly the quality of sleep. Perceived risk and safety are significant psychological stress factors which may interfere with and deteriorate the sleep quality of offshore personnel. The present study explores the relationship between risk perception, safety climate and sleep quality. Data were collected under the auspices of the Petroleum Safety Authorities in Norway using a cross-sectional design. A total of 9601 offshore workers from 52 offshore installations on the Norwegian continental shelf participated in the study. Our findings indicate that both risk perception and safety climate are significantly related to sleep quality. The results of the present study suggest that risk perception and safety climate not only are important aspects of safety performance in the offshore industry, but also have an impact on sleep quality.