Chemical composition and physical properties of filter fly ashes from eight grate-fired biomass combustion plants

For the handling, treatment and utilization of fly ash from biomass combustion its chemical composition and physical properties are important. In this study eight filter fly ashes from different grate-fired biomass combustion plants were investigated. In fly ash from straw combustion high concentrations of(K) were found, whereas in the fly ash from wood combustion the concentrations of Ca and Mg were higher. The average concentration of PO3-4was similar in both types of fly ashes. In all wood fly ashes some measured heavy metal concentrations were above the limits for utilization. The straw fly ashes were much less contaminated and can be utilized. For wood fly ash most parameters showed little variation, except from one fly ash where the dust pre-separator is in poor condition. The average values were: mass median diameter 4.3 ± 0.8 μm, spread of particle size distribution19 ± 11, particle density 2620 ± 80 kg/m3 and angle of repose 50°± 1°. The density of the straw fly ashes is lower(2260 ± 80 kg/m3) and the spread of the size distribution is higher(72 ± 24).For one straw combustion fly ash the values of the mass median diameter and the angle of repose were similar to the values of wood combustion fly ash, for the other straw fly ash the values differed considerably. While the particle size of this fly ash was much smaller,surprisingly the angle of repose was also lower. This can be attributed to the formation of small agglomerates in this fly ash, which were not disintegrated without a certain stress.     

Uptake of radioiodide by Paenibacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Burkholderia sp. and Rhodococcus sp. isolated from a boreal nutrient-poor bog

Radionuclides, like radioiodine(~(129)I), may escape deep geological nuclear waste repositories and migrate to the surface ecosystems. In surface ecosystems, microorganisms can affect their movement. Iodide uptake of six bacterial strains belonging to the genera Paenibacillus,Pseudomonas, Burkholderia and Rhodococcus isolated from an acidic boreal nutrient-poor bog was tested. The tests were run in four different growth media at three temperatures. All bacterial strains removed iodide from the solution with the highest efficiency shown by one of the Paenibacillus strains with 99% of iodide removed from the solution in one of the used growth media. Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus and one of the two Paenibacillus strains showed highest iodide uptake in 1% yeast extract with maximum values for the distribution coefficient(K_d) ranging from 90 to 270 L/kg DW. The Burkholderia strain showed highest uptake in 1% Tryptone(maximum K_d170 L/kg DW). The Paenibacillus strain V0-1-LW showed exceptionally high uptake in 0.5% peptone + 0.25% yeast extract broth(maximum K_d 1,000,000 L/kg DW). Addition of 0.1% glucose to the 0.5% peptone + 0.25% yeast extract broth reduced iodide uptake at 4℃ and 20℃ and enhanced iodide uptake at 37℃ compared to the uptake without glucose. This indicates that the uptake of glucose and iodide may be competing processes in these bacteria. We estimated that in in situ conditions of the bog,the bacterial uptake of iodide accounts for approximately 0.1%–0.3% of the total sorption of iodide in the surface, subsurface peat, gyttja and clay layers.     

铜绿假单胞菌对白腐菌产木质纤维素降解酶的影响

采用固态发酵的方法,考察了两株不同型号的铜绿假单胞菌（AB93066和ATCC9027）对白腐菌（黄孢原毛平革菌）产木质纤维素降解酶（木素过氧化物酶LiP、锰过氧化物酶MnP和羧甲基纤维素酶CMCase）的影响,并对酶提取液的pH值、表面张力及稻草降解残渣中挥发性有机质含量的变化进行了分析.结果表明,添加5.72%的A...     

Enhancement of Rhodobacter sphaeroides growth and carotenoid production through biostimulation

Bacillus thuringiensis/cereus L2 was added as a biostimulant to enhance the biomass accumulation and carotenoid yield of Rhodobacter sphaeroides using wastewater as the culturing medium. Results showed that biostimulation could significantly enhance the R. sphaeroides biomass production and carotenoid yield. The optimal biostimulant proportion was 40 μL(about 6.4 × 105CFU). Through the use of biostimulation, chemical oxygen demand removal, R. sphaeroides biomass production, carotenoid concentration, and carotenoid yield were improved by 178%, 67%, 214%, and 70%, respectively. Theoretical analysis revealed that there were two possible reasons for such increases. One was that biostimulation enhanced the R. sphaeroides wastewater treatment efficiency. The other was that biostimulation significantly decreased the peroxidase activity in R. sphaeroides. The results showed that the highest peroxidase activity dropped by 87% and the induction ratio of the RSP_3419 gene was 3.1 with the addition of biostimulant. The enhanced carotenoid yield in R. sphaeroides could thus be explained by a decrease in peroxidase activity.     

污泥合成燃料的研制及燃烧特性研究

为实现污泥的资源化利用,提出了一种无需干化就可直接将脱水污泥制成合成燃料的技术,并对污泥合成燃料的制备条件和性能进行了研究.结果表明,当污泥(含水率为80%)、Fe3+、Ca2+、飞灰、木屑的质量比为40:0.24:0.8:10:1时,在1.2MPa压强下压滤1h制成的污泥合成燃料无刺激性气味,含水率为38.76%,抗...     

模拟自然水体中藻-溞-草间的相互作用研究

为了解氮磷浓度对生物操纵效果及同时恢复水生植被的影响,以小球藻、大型溞和金鱼藻分别作为浮游植物、浮游动物和大型沉水植物的代表,模拟自然条件研究了不同氮磷浓度对三者生长和相互作用的影响.结果表明:金鱼藻和小球藻共培养时,在氮浓度介于2.92～12.60mg·L-1、磷浓度介于0.06 ～0.85 mg·L-1,金鱼藻增长不明显,甚至出现负增长;而小球藻的增长率则远高于金鱼藻.小球藻和大型溞共培养时,氮、磷浓度分别为1.26～ 10.53 mg·L-1和0.04～1.16 mg·L-1时均占据优势,对小球藻的抑制效果显著,抑藻及氮磷去除效果明显好于金鱼藻和小球藻共培养,而且磷的去除效果优于氮.三者共培养时,在氮浓度介于3.15 ～23.92 mg·L-1、磷浓度介于0.07 ～0.64 mg·L-1时,大型溞与金鱼藻的增长率都较高,而小球藻则维持在较低的增长水平,水质改善效果较好;当氮、磷浓度分别升至25.95 mg·L-1和1.18 mg·L-1时,大型潘和金鱼藻的增长率均下降,水质变差.大型溞和金鱼藻的联合控藻效果好于其单一的控制效果,该效果明显受到氮磷浓度的影响.     

凤眼莲化感物质对铜绿微囊藻、斜生栅藻生长及细胞数相对比例的影响

为探索化感物质在蓝藻水华治理方面的应用潜力,选取在凤眼莲根系分泌物中发现的5种化感物质（亚油酸、亚油酸甘油酯、丙酰胺、N-苯基—2-萘胺和壬酸）,研究了3种剂量下（0.1、1.0、10.0mg.L-1）其对单一、混合培养铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻生长的影响.结果发现,化感物质成分、剂量和藻类培养方式对铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻生长...     

农业废物好氧堆肥中环境因子对nirK、nirS和nosZ数量的影响

应用定量聚合酶链式反应(real-time PCR)技术对农业废物好氧堆肥过程中参与反硝化过程的功能基因(nirK、nirS和nosZ)丰度在堆体不同位置处随时间的变化情况进行了研究.结果表明,随着堆肥进程,3种基因数量整体呈现出先升后降的变化规律,且不同位置处的反硝化基因数量之间存在着显著的差异性.使用Canoco 4.5软件对获得的反硝化功能基因丰度数据与不同时期不同层次堆体温度、pH、含水率、NH4+-N、NO3--N和水溶性有机碳(WSC)等环境因子的相关性进行冗余分析(redundancy analysis,RDA).基于手动选择的RDA分析结果表明,WSC、NH4+-N和堆体温度对反硝化基因丰度有着显著的影响(P<0.05),且前2个因子达到了极显著水平(P<0.01).应用t-value回归分析方法单独分析每种环境因子与3种基因的相关性,其中nirK与温度和pH显著正相关(P<0.05),nirS与温度显著正相关(P<0.05),nosZ与NH4+-N显著正相关(P<0.05)、与WSC显著负相关(P<0.05).     

底泥对洋河水库微囊藻和鱼腥藻生长影响的研究

采用批量培养的方法研究洋河水库底泥浸出液对洋河水库微囊藻和鱼腥藻生长的影响.结果表明,厌氧条件底泥浸出液对鱼腥藻生长速率有促进作用,添加2%、20%、50%的厌氧底泥浸出液的鱼腥藻生长速率比M11培养基中分别高出36.6%、47.2%、36.0%;而添加厌氧底泥浸出液对微囊藻生长有抑制作用,微囊藻最大生物量随底泥浸出液的添加量增加而减小.与添加厌氧底泥浸出液相比,添加好氧条件的底泥浸出液对鱼腥藻生长速率也有一定的促进作用,添加20%的好氧底泥浸出液的鱼腥藻生长速率比M11培养基中高出37.2%;而添加好氧底泥浸出液对微囊藻生长影响不明显.在添加厌氧底泥浸出液的培养基中增加铁,则微囊藻的最大生物量显著增加,表明底泥浸出液对微囊藻生长的影响可能是较高浓度的有机质与铁的结合影响了微囊藻对铁的利用.     

荔枝落叶对铜绿微囊藻生长和光合作用的影响

利用浮游植物荧光分类仪对暴露于不同浓度荔枝落叶浸出液下铜绿微囊藻的生长、最大光合作用效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光合作用效率(YⅡ)、光能利用效率(α)、最大相对电子传递速率(r ETRmax)和光饱和系数(Ik)进行了为期15 d的检测,研究浸出液对铜绿微囊藻生长和光合作用的影响.结果发现,浸泡5 d的荔枝落叶浸出液可以抑制藻的生长,呈明显的浓度抑制型变化,随着时间的延长,抑制作用下滑.荧光参数Fv/Fm、YⅡ和α与浸出液浓度由负相关转为正相关或保持正相关关系,浸出液可能早期对藻光合作用发生胁迫,或通过提高光能利用效率来度过胁迫环境,r ETRmax、Ik和叶绿素a浓度与浸出液浓度由负相关转为显著负相关关系.三维荧光图谱结果表明,第15 d时,在投量为2.0 g·L-1时,色氨酸及酪氨酸荧光峰强度约为1.2g·L-1投量情况下的1/3,同时腐殖酸的荧光峰强度减弱.进一步研究藻细胞生长的半抑制浓度EC50值表明,与传统的农作物秸秆控藻比较,其EC50值较低,可能荔枝落叶化感控藻效果较强,只需较低的浸出液浓度而能达到较好的控藻效果.     

胶质芽孢杆菌对印度芥菜富集土壤Cd及土壤pH的影响

采用根袋法盆栽试验,研究接种活菌量浓度分别为1×1010 cfu·kg-1 (T1)和2×1010 cfu·kg-1(T2)的胶质芽孢杆菌,对印度芥菜富集土壤Cd、土壤有效态Cd含量及土壤pH的影响.结果表明,以不接种菌液作为对照,处理T1、T2地上部分生物富集系数分别为13.58、16.83,与对照相比分别提高42.95％、77.16％;地下部分生物富集系数分别为4.35、4.83,分别比对照提高24.64％、38.40％;土壤的净化率分别是对照的1.73、2.20倍.对照组土壤有效态Cd含量随着时间的延长而降低,根际和非根际土壤分别降低32.93％和45.54％;但T1和T2处理中,根际、非根际土壤有效态Cd含量分别提高15.15％、31.73％和36.54％、45.28％.收获时,处理T1、T2根际土壤pH降低率分别是对照的1.08、1.10倍.不同浓度胶质芽孢杆菌处理下土壤pH与有效态Cd含量均呈显著负线性关系.综上,胶质芽孢杆菌主要是通过改变土壤pH来影响土壤Cd生物有效性,从而促进超富集植物的修复效果.本研究可为微生物辅助植物修复重金属污染土壤提供一定理论依据和实践指导.     

Synchrotron micro-scale measurement of metal distributions in Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia root tissue from an urban brownfield site

Liberty State Park in New Jersey,USA,is a "brownfield" site containing various levels of contaminants.To investigate metal uptake and distributions in plants on the brownfield site,Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia were collected in Liberty State Park during the growing season(May–September)in 2011 at two sites with the high and low metal loads,respectively.The objective of this study was to understand the metal(Fe,Mn,Cu,Pb and Zn)concentration and spatial distributions in P.australis and T.latifolia root systems with micro-meter scale resolution using synchrotron X-ray microfluorescence(μXRF)and synchrotron X-ray computed microtomography(μCMT)techniques.The root structure measurement by synchrotron μCMT showed that high X-ray attenuation substance appeared in the epidermis.Synchrotron μXRF measurement showed that metal concentrations and distributions in the root cross-section between epidermis and vascular tissue were statistically different.Significant correlations were found between metals(Cu,Mn,Pb and Zn)and Fe in the epidermis,implying that metals were scavenged by Fe oxides.The results from this study suggest that the expression of metal transport and accumulation within the root systems may be element specific.The information derived from this study can improve our current knowledge of the wetland plant ecological function in brownfield remediation.     

UV-B辐射对青冈凋落叶化学组成和分解的影响

采用模拟UV-B辐射增强方法研究了UV-B辐射对我国亚热带常绿阔叶林顶极种青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)叶片化学组成及其凋落后分解和养分释放的影响.结果显示,增强的UV-B辐射使青冈凋落叶中的N、K和P含量分别显著增加了154.9%、29.8%和9.7%(P<0.05),使凋落叶中的C∶N、木质素∶N和C∶P比分别显著降低了60.5%、61.7%和8.5%(P<0.05),对C和木质素含量的影响不显著.在随后1 a的分解过程中,生长期间接受增强UV-B辐射的凋落叶分解得更快,但与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05).生长期间接受增强的UV-B辐射促进了P元素的释放,减缓了N元素的富集,对K元素释放无影响.本研究结果有助于全面认识UV-B辐射增强背景下我国亚热带森林生态系统的生物地球化学循环特征.     

白洋淀荷茎叶提取液对铜绿微囊藻及四尾栅藻化感效应

本研究探讨了活体荷不同部位(茎和叶)提取出液对铜绿微囊藻、四尾栅藻生长化感效应,为推广荷遏制水华暴发及制作抑藻制剂提供理论基础.实验设计了5个浓度梯度,结果表明,荷叶浸出液对藻类的抑制效果优于荷茎浸出液,当荷叶浸出质量浓度为25 g.L-1时,对铜绿微囊藻及四尾栅藻的抑制率分别为71.33%、78.14%.浸出液成分的GC-MS分析表明,荷叶和茎浸出液都含有丙酰胺,质量浓度分别为1.1 mg.L-1、0.2 mg.L-1.并根据概率计算法,分别计算了两种藻类的半浓度效应.     

海洋细菌Marinobacter adhaerens HY-3分离鉴定及对中肋骨条藻的化感作用

菌藻化感作用是一种极其复杂的生理、生态学现象.从虾蟹混养池分离得到1株海洋细菌,经16S rRNA序列比对确定为Marinobacter adhaerens HY-3,选择我国常见赤潮优势种中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)作为对象,研究海洋细菌与其种间化感效应,利用共培养和添加细菌胞外代谢物,以S.costatum生长量及叶绿素a含量为参数,研究细菌对S.costatum生长及光合作用的影响.结果表明,菌液浓度104以上对S.costatum生长产生抑制,培养至第10 d,104、106、108组藻生长量分别是对照组的70%、23%、22%;叶绿素合成量是对照组88%、62%、60%;抑制效应随菌浓度的增加有逐渐增加的趋势.添加细菌胞外代谢物,对S.costatum生长无影响;因此,M.adhaerens HY-3对S.costatum存在一定的化感作用,对其生长及光合作用均产生较大的影响;S.costatum与M.adhaerens HY-3的种间相互作用,是由菌藻细胞的直接接触进行,代谢物不存在化感作用因子.     

黄连根茎浸提物对隆线溞的急性毒性作用

黄连根茎和制剂具有抗菌等作用,广泛用于水产养殖.试验以隆线溞单克隆生物株为供试生物,研究了不同浓度的黄连根茎浸提物(Coptis chinensis root extracts,CRE)对隆线溞泳动能力、存活率及趋光性的影响.结果表明,黄连根茎浸提物对水溞具有急性毒性,半致死浓度半抑制浓度趋光指数显著改变的浓度,后者仅4.27 mg·L-1(以CRE浓度计),远远低于防治鱼病黄连进入水体的浓度.因此,水产养殖使用黄连药物对水溞存在生物毒性.此外,导致隆线溞趋光指数显著改变的CRE浓度比半致死浓度低30.62~36.51倍,测试时间从48 h或24 h缩短到3 h,且容易观察,利用隆线溞趋光性的改变可快速监测CRE对其的毒害作用.在水产养殖中,如果滥用黄连制剂,会影响水生食物链,导致水生态系统失衡.     

氮负荷升高对螺-附着藻-苦草生态关系的影响

本文设计了双因子(氮负荷升高、有无螺类)受控实验,研究了氮负荷升高(太湖正常氮负荷的3倍)对螺-附着藻-苦草关系的影响.结果表明,氮负荷升高处理明显提高了水体总氮、总溶解氮、叶绿素a等指标的含量,显著增加了附着生物干重,进而抑制了苦草生长;与正常氮负荷处理组相比,3倍氮负荷处理组中苦草的相对生长率、株高和叶片数分别降低了33%、25%和13%.环棱螺降低了附着生物干重和水体叶绿素a含量,明显促进了苦草生长.氮负荷升高和环棱螺存在对水体各项理化指标、附着生物干重和苦草的各项生长指标均无交互作用.此外,氮负荷升高还降低了环棱螺的生长速率.分析认为,氮负荷升高对沉水植物生长的抑制机理主要体现在浮游藻类与附着生物生物量增加的抑制效应;环棱螺的存在虽然在一定程度上减弱了这种效应,但由于氮负荷升高还同时使环棱螺生长率降低,削弱了其对附着生物的牧食压力,从而使得附着生物对苦草生长的抑制作用加强.因此,氮负荷升高使螺-附着藻-沉水植物之间的生态关系失衡,也可能是氮浓度较高的富营养湖泊中沉水植被稀少的重要原因.     

柴油表征燃料在高浓度CO2氛围下燃烧机理的分析

为研究高浓度CO₂在高温高压情况下对柴油燃烧特性的影响,提出了柴油表征燃料在CO₂/O₂氛围下的燃烧反应机理.通过量子化学计算了化学反应路径并对反应路径进行分析,最后进行柴油表征燃料燃烧的仿真.通过搭建定容燃烧弹试验台架和可视化系统进行试验与仿真分析,结果表明：在50% CO₂+50% O₂氛围下,对仿真与实验的火焰燃烧极限长度和火焰纵截面面积进行对比,最小误差分别为0.39%和0.64%,最大误差分别为8.54%和4.94%,说明此机理适用于高浓度CO₂氛围下柴油燃烧特性的研究;CO₂的化学效应在柴油表征燃料燃烧时具有促进作用,CO₂在2600 K时发生热解,热解产物CO与H自由基等发生反应可以生成着火促进剂·OH;柴油在50% CO₂+50% O₂、43% CO₂+57% O₂和35% CO₂+65% O₂氛围下的燃烧效率比空气氛围分别提高了28.2%、30.4%和33.3%.     

黄连根茎浸提物对绿藻的毒理作用

黄连根茎和制剂具有抗菌等作用,广泛用于水产养殖,所造成水生态风险需要评估.试验设置总生物碱为0(CK),0.088(T1)、0.44(T2)和1.76 mg·L-1(T3)的黄连根茎浸提液(CRE)4种处理,研究了对斜生栅藻和蛋白核小球藻的毒理作用.结果表明,T1抑制绿藻生长,T2和T3使绿藻生长和繁殖停止;它们均显著降低绿藻叶绿素和蛋白质含量,说明CRE抑制光合作用和蛋白质合成是绿藻生长繁殖速率降低和死亡的直接原因.CRE使氢离子和胞内物质外流,导致藻液p H值显著降低和电导率提高.在T1和T2处理中,绿藻细胞SOD活性先升后降;在T3处理中,SOD活性显著降低.说明在CRE暴露初期,低中浓度的CRE诱导绿藻细胞产生抗性,随暴露时间增长或直接暴露在高浓度的CRE下,抗氧化酶系统被破坏.同样,随着CRE浓度增大,丙二醛含量增加,意味着绿藻细胞膜结构破坏,透性增加.CRE总体上对蛋白核小球藻的危害作用大于斜生栅藻.在水产养殖中,滥用黄连根茎或制剂,以及大规模集约化种植黄连对水体初级生产力具有潜在的生态风险.