氧化亚铜光催化降解对硝基苯酚

采用生物效应灯模拟自然光源 ,研究氯化亚铜水解法制备的超细颗粒Cu2 O对对硝基苯酚的光催化降解作用 .结果表明 ,1 1 2mg·l- 1 ,2 2 4mg·l- 1 和 44 8mg·l- 1 对硝基苯酚 1 0h的降解率均达到 90 % ,降解反应符合一级反应动力学 ,且 7次重复使用试验显示 ,催化剂的使用寿命比硼氢化钠法制备的催化剂明显延长 ,降解的主要中间产物为对苯醌与对苯二酚 .     

应用流式细胞技术研究种群初始状态对藻类毒性效应的影响

应用流式细胞技术研究种群初始状态的变化及外源种群介入对藻类毒性效应的影响.结果表明:初始细胞密度的增加可以降低Cu2 的毒性效应.当微囊藻初始细胞密度从103上升到105cells·ml-1时,24h Cu2 处理后微囊藻酯酶活性的EC50值从4.4μg·l-1上升到37μg·l-1.而外源种群(栅藻、小球藻)的介入也可降低Cu2 对微囊藻的毒性效应.     

掷孢酵母吸附去除铬的性能研究

通过菌种培养、分离与筛选 ,获得一株对铬具有很强还原与吸附性能的掷孢酵母(Sporobolomycetaceaesp ) .该菌株适宜的吸附pH值是 6— 9,1g培养 60h的菌体在 2 0mlpH 7的 1 5mg·l- 1 铬液中 ,吸附 8h后 ,对铬的去除率最高达到 1 0 0 % .在浓度分别为 1 5 ,30 ,5 0 ,1 0 0 ,30 0mg·l- 1 的铬液中 ,每克菌体对铬的吸附量与对数曲线y=1 72 5 8ln(x) - 2 0 9 49相吻合 ,相关系数为 0 9889,对吸附后菌体破壁测得细胞质内含铬量最高 ,达 65 5 % .通过扫描电子显微镜发现 ,处理 1 5mg·l- 1 铬液 8h后 ,菌体细胞壁的表面结构不发生形态变化     

Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2+对两种单胞藻的毒害作用

分别用不同浓度 (c =0 .0 1～ 2 .34mmol/L)的Cu2 + 、Cd2 + 、Zn2 + 处理亚心型大扁藻 (Plztymonassp.)和小球藻(Chlorelavulagris) ,观察了重金属离子对其生长、呼吸及其被富集的情况 .结果表明 :① 3种离子的毒性强度的顺序为Cu2 + >Cd2 + >Zn2 + ;亚心型大扁藻的耐受力大于小球藻 ;②Cu2 + 对生长的抑制最强 ,两种藻的c(EC50 ,72h)分别为 0 .2 11mmol/L和 0 .2 89mmol/L ;Cd2 + 对生长的抑制稍弱 ,两种藻的c(EC50 ,72h)分别为 0 .4 38mmol/L和 0 .2 4 1mmol/L ;Zn2 + 对生长的抑制最弱 ,其c(EC50 ,72h)分别为 0 .75 4mmol/L和 0 .30 8mmol/L ;③在c(EC50 )毒害浓度下 ,两种单胞藻均提前进入生长静止期 ,缩短了种群生长周期 ;呼吸作用先增强后降低 ;④在c(EC50 )毒害浓度下 ,两种藻对Cu2 + 、Zn2 + 的富集量为 4 5 82～ 4 12 83.7mgkg-1,对Cd2 + 的富集量 5 0 0～ 2 72 3.6mgkg-1.图 2表 3参 8     

Cu2+、Zn2+和Cd2+对蟾蜍蝌蚪的联合毒性

以蟾蜍蝌蚪为试验材料,采用联合指数相加法,研究了重金属铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)和镉(Cd)离子对蟾蜍蝌蚪的急性毒性和联合毒性效应.结果表明,Cu2 、Zn2 和Cd2 对蟾蜍蝌蚪的毒性顺序为Cu2 >Cd2 >Zn2 ,48 h的半致死浓度LC50分别为0.514、9.224、33.56 mg L-1;96 h的半致死浓度LC50分别为0.288、8.142、30.76 mg L-1.联合毒性试验结果表明,Cu2 与Zn2 及Zn2 与Cd2 共存时的联合毒性为拮抗作用;Cu2 与Cd2 共存时的联合毒性为毒性剧增的协同作用;Cu2 、Zn2 与Cd2 三者联合时的毒性为协同作用.表6参18     

土壤Cd污染对跳虫Folsomia candida的生态毒性

采矿及冶炼等行为造成了严重的土壤重金属污染,其中Cd污染及其带来的健康风险近年来引起人们的高度重视。利用弹尾目跳虫开展土壤Cd污染的生态毒理研究,对Cd污染土壤的生态风险评价具有重要意义。本研究将跳虫Folsomia candida(F.candida)暴露在不同Cd浓度污染的人工土壤中,利用跳虫存活数量、繁殖数量及回避行为实验来评价重金属Cd污染对跳虫的生态毒性。结果表明,Cd对F.candida的急性毒性LC50值为2 086.93 mg·kg~(-1),慢性毒性的繁殖抑制(28 d)EC50值为224.95 mg·kg~(-1)。此外,Cd对跳虫回避行为影响的EC50(48 h)为721.26 mg·kg~(-1)。可以看出,慢性毒性的EC50值与Cd对回避行为影响的EC50值近似,但远低于急性毒性LC50值。因此,跳虫F.candida的回避行为和繁殖率对Cd污染土壤有较高的灵敏度,可用来表征土壤中Cd的生态毒性。     

重金属离子存在下黏土矿物表面蒽的光化学降解性能

探讨了蒽在Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Ni等重金属离子饱和的黏土矿物表面的光降解行为,研究了重金属离子种类,黏土矿物种类、p H、自由基捕获剂和氧气对黏土表面蒽降解速率的影响.研究表明,不同种类金属离子饱和的蒙脱石表面蒽的降解速率Cu2+Pb2+Zn2+Cd3+Ni2+Na+,其中Cu-蒙脱石表面蒽的光降解速率达78.8%;黏土矿物CEC值越高,可交换的铜离子含量越大,对蒽的光降解速率的促进作用越明显;Cu-蒙脱石表面蒽的光降解速率随p H值增大而逐渐减小,p H≥8.71时,蒽的降解率为0,其变化规律与Cu2+随p H值的存在形态的变化趋势相吻合.此外,蒽在Cu-蒙脱石表面的光降解速率随加入的对苯醌增多而减小,对苯醌含量达2.0 mg·g-1时蒽的降解率为0,无氧条件下蒽的降解率为0,推测该反应体系中有氧化活性自由基(O-2·)的产生,可能为光催化氧化降解起始因素之一.     

碱性条件下日光/FeEDTA/H2O2降解2,4-二氯苯酚的研究

采用日光/FeEDTA/H2O2体系降解2,4-二氯苯酚废水,探讨了pH值,H2O2,FeEDTA以及2,4-二氯苯酚初始浓度对2,4-二氯苯酚去除率以及CODCr去除率的影响,发现该体系可在较宽的pH范围(pH=2-11)降解2,4-二氯苯酚.碱性条件下(pH=9)对250mg·l-1的2,4-二氯苯酚废水,最佳处理条件为:[H2O2]=30mmol·l-1,[FeEDTA]=0.5mmol·l-1,此条件下,反应2h后,2,4-二氯苯酚的去除率高达99%,CODCr去除率达91%.另外,通过对传统Fenton,FeEDTA,草酸铁以及柠檬酸铁四种Fenton体系的对比研究,发现FeEDTA体系在碱性条件下处理2,4-二氯苯酚废水具有明显的优势.     

利用微量热法研究Cd2+和Cu2+对嗜热四膜虫(Tetrahymena thermophila)的毒性效应

利用微量热法研究Cd2 和Cu2 对嗜热四膜虫BF5(TetrahymenathermophilaBF5)生长代谢毒性效应 ,结果表明 :①低浓度的Cd2 (0～ 0 .4mgL-1)和Cu2 (0～ 10mgL-1)对四膜虫的生长有促进作用 ,而高浓度的Cd2 (0 .8～ 3.2mgL-1)和Cu2 (2 0～ 2 0 0mgL-1)则产生抑制作用 ;②Cd2 和Cu2 的半抑制浓度IC50 分别为 2 .0 4mg/L和15 5 .5mg/L ;③联合毒性为协同作用 ;④微量热法所得Cd2 和Cu2 单独作用时的IC10 分别为 0 .96mg/L和 19.9mg/L ,高于种类损伤法结果 ;⑤微量热法所得Cd2 和Cu2 单独作用时的IC10 均高于II级饮用水水质标准 .而Cd2 和Cu2 间的协同作用使Cd2 的IC10 降低为 0 .31mg/L ,高于水质标准 ;Cu2 的IC10 降低为 1.16mg/L ,与水质标准相近 .总之 ,微量热法不仅是一种快速评价污染物毒性效应的新方法 ,而且可用于相关的环境毒理学理论研究 .图 1表 5参 16     

Cu2+和Cd2+对日本青鳉（Oryzias latipes）早期发育阶段的急性毒性效应研究

为探究并比较淡水鱼种日本青鳉早期发育阶段对Cu2和Cd2等重金属胁迫的响应,在实验室通过半静态方式,对日本青鳉受精卵和仔稚鱼分别进行了48 h和96 h急性毒性实验.结果表明:Cu2对日本青鳉胚胎24、48 h-LC50分别为8.164 mg·L-1和6.965 mg·L-1;Cd2+对日本青鳝胚胎24、48 h-LC50分别为63.084 mg· L-1和53.093 mg ·L-1;较低浓度组Cu2+(≤1.97 mg ·L-1)时日本青鳉胚胎的发育速率快于对照组,而较高浓度组(≥3.87 mg·L-1)胚胎的发育速率则慢于对照组;与Cu2略有不同,无论浓度高低Cd2对胚胎的孵化速率均产生抑制作用;Cu2+和Cd2质量浓度分别高于1.97 mg·Lq和19.68 mg· L-1时,两种重金属离子均显著降低胚胎的孵化率(P＜0.05).Cu2对日本青鳉初孵仔鱼24、48、72和96 h-LC50分别为5361 mg·L-1、2.844 mg·L-1、2.020 mg·L-1和1352 mg·L-1;Cd2+对日本青鳉初孵仔鱼24、48、72和96 h-LC50分别为15.907 mg·L-1、10550 mg·L-1、7.986 mg· L-1和6346 mg·L-1;Cu2+对日本青鳉稚鱼24、48、72和96 h-LC50分别为5.732 mg·L-1、4.037 mg· L-1、2A98 mg·L-1和1.955 mg·L-1;Cd2+对日本青鳉稚鱼的24、48、72和96 h-LC50分别为16A19 mg·L、11.745 mg· L-1、8516 mg·L-1和6.776 mg· L-1.与其它淡水水生生物相比,日本青鳉仔稚鱼对铜和镉离子较为敏感.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture