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环境侵权是随着工业化和城市化的发展而出现的新型侵权行为之一。随着中国经济的迅速发展,由环境污染和生态破坏造成的环境污染侵权现象及其救济已成为中国的一大社会问题。中国目前尚缺乏对环境侵权救济法律制度的全面深入研究,有关立法也不完善,而西方发达国家有关环境侵权救济法的理论和实践已经较为成熟。拟借鉴西方国家的环境侵权救济法律制度,并立足中国国情,提出了完善中国环境侵权救济法律制度的若干建议。 相似文献
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市场失灵决定法律作为国家手段必须介入环境污染控制.无论是传统法还是针对具体环境污染问题而制定的单项环境法,都因其"滞后性和片面性",难以收到良好的控制效果.为有效应对环境问题,必须贯彻"事先预防、全面控制"的理念,制定以"计划性、综合性"为特点的环境基本法.鉴于环境基本法在各国控制环境污染的实践中成效显著,应坚持中国《环境保护法》的环境基本法定位,并随着环境问题的发展,不断完善之. 相似文献
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环境保护是我国一项基本国策,是一项全民事业。只有公众的广泛参与,才能实现保护和改善环境的目的。因此,我国非常重视组织广大公众参与环境管理和环境建设。1我国关于公众参与环境管理的法律规定为了保证广大人民群众参与环境管理,我国的有关法律作了明确的规定。根据《宪法》规定,人民有权依照法律规定,通过各种途径和形式管理环境保护事务,并对国家机关的环境保护工作进行监督,对其违法失职行为进行检举或者提出申诉、控告。《中华人民共和国环境保护法》第六条规定:“一切单位和个人都有保护环境的义务,并有权对污染和破坏环… 相似文献
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论生态文明目标下环境影响评价制度的发展方向 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
中国环境影响评价制度历经30年之完善发展,已成为构建和谐社会不可或缺之法律制度."生态文明"的提出,为环境影响评价制度确立了更高的发展目标.在总结分析环境影响评价对控制污染和保护生态作用的基础上,指出环境影响评价制度在立法、执法以及决策方面的不足.并借鉴国外经验.提出生态文明目标下改革环境影响评价制度的构想.从创新环境影响评价法律体系、改革环境执法体制以及提高政府决策执行能力的角度,阐述了环境影响评价制度未来应考虑的发展方向,提出了政策性的建议. 相似文献
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改革开放以来,随着中国农村经济的快速发展,农村环境问题也日益突出,严重影响了社会主义新农村建设的“生产发展、生活宽裕、乡风文明、村容整洁、管理民主”目标和要求的实现,阻碍了农村乃至全国经济、社会和环境的协调发展。加强农村环境保护,是新农村建设的当务之急,是全面建设小康社会和构建和谐社会的迫切要求。文中在现有研究的基础上,考察农村环境问题之现状,从法律视角,深入分析农村环境的问题之所在,提出解决农村环境问题的对策,努力探寻一条与中国农村实际相适合的生态环境保护道路。 相似文献
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固体废物污染与其它环境污染不同,具有综合性、长期性和潜在性。固体废物管理更为强调综合利用和全过程管理,必须通过立法建立科学完善的法律制度来加强固体废物的管理。有关固体废物污染防治的法律、法规、部门规章、地方法规和环境技术标准构成了固体废物法规体系的基本框架。在系统分析现有固体废物法规中存在的问题的基础上,对固体废物管理的法规框架进行了探讨。通过立法,以“统一协调,分工负责”的原则规范各部门对固体废物的管理职能。还强调通过立法、健全监督机制、从法律上限制个人对行政权的滥用、制订技术政策与环境技术标准。除了行政责任外,论文还着重强调了环境违法者的民事责任和刑事责任。 相似文献
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Árpád Ambrus Zsuzsanna Horváth Zsuzsa Farkas István J. Szabó Enikő Dorogházi Mária Szeitzné-Szabó 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(4):229-244
The supervised trial datasets (1950), consisting of a minimum of five residue values and selected by the experts of FAO/WHO Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues for recommending maximum residue levels between 1997 and 2011, were evaluated to obtain information on the typical spread of residue values in individual datasets. The typical relative standard deviation, CV, of field-to-field variation of pesticide residues was about 80%. The spread of residues in datasets is independent from the chemical structure of pesticides, residue level, pre-harvest interval and number of values in the datasets. The CV ranges within the Codex commodity groups and between groups overlapped and their difference were not statistically significant. The number of residues below the limit of quantification (LOQ) affects the CV at various extents depending on the ratio of LOQ/R mean. The combined uncertainty of the highest residue in a dataset significantly affects the CV of the dataset. The lowest and intermediate ones have less influence. The residues in different fields receiving the same treatment vary within large range: 55%, 72%, 78%, 86% and 89% of the 25,766 residues values were, respectively, within 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 times the median value of the corresponding dataset. 相似文献
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土壤是动植物赖以生存的载体,重金属污染不仅严重侵害人体健康,而且破坏土壤耕作功能。土壤重金属污染具有涉及面广、受害人多、技术性强等特点,加之因果关系认定与证据收集难度大,促使受害人的权利救济遭遇现实困境。建议在严格责任、修复费用次优受偿、惩罚性赔偿等原则指引下,完善能实现受害者联合、节约司法资源、促进企业产业升级的集团诉讼制度;建构以"重金属污染基金制度"与"重金属污染责任保险制度"为主要路径的中国土壤重金属污染损害的社会化救济机制。 相似文献
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Fábio S. Higashikawa Maria Luz Cayuela Asunción Roig Carlos A. Silva Miguel A. Sánchez-Monedero 《Chemosphere》2013
Solid phase microextraction (SPME) is a fast, cheap and solvent free methodology widely used for environmental analysis. A SPME methodology has been optimized for the analysis of VOCs in a range of matrices covering different soils of varying textures, organic matrices from manures and composts from different origins, and biochars. The performance of the technique was compared for the different matrices spiked with a multicomponent VOC mixture, selected to cover different VOC groups of environmental relevance (ketone, terpene, alcohol, aliphatic hydrocarbons and alkylbenzenes). VOC recovery was dependent on the nature itself of the VOC and the matrix characteristics. The SPME analysis of non-polar compounds, such as alkylbenzenes, terpenes and aliphatic hydrocarbons, was markedly affected by the type of matrix as a consequence of the competition for the adsorption sites in the SPME fiber. These non-polar compounds were strongly retained in the biochar surfaces limiting the use of SPME for this type of matrices. However, this adsorption capacity was not evident when biochar had undergone a weathering/aging process through composting. Polar compounds (alcohol and ketone) showed a similar behavior in all matrices, as a consequence of the hydrophilic characteristics, affected by water content in the matrix. SPME showed a good performance for soils and organic matrices especially for non-polar compounds, achieving a limit of detection (LD) and limit of quantification (LQ) of 0.02 and 0.03 ng g−1 for non-polar compounds and poor extraction for more hydrophilic and polar compounds (LD and LQ higher 310 and 490 ng g−1). The characteristics of the matrix, especially pH and organic matter, had a marked impact on SPME, due to the competition of the analytes for active sites in the fiber, but VOC biodegradation should not be discarded in matrices with active microbial biomass. 相似文献
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农作物秸秆综合利用技术探讨 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
针对农作物秸秆焚烧的环境污染问题,提出综合利用秸秆,将秸秆通过造粒、挤出、模具成型、真空定型、牵引、定长等工艺,生产PVC木塑板,具有良好的经济效益、环境效益和社会效益。 相似文献
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Assessments of large-scale changes in habitat are a priority for management and conservation. Traditional approaches use land use and land cover data (LULC) that focus mostly on “structural” properties of landscapes, rather than “functional” properties related to specific ecological processes. Here, we contend that designing functional analyses of LULC can provide important and complementary information to traditional, structural analyses. We substantiate this perspective with an example of functional changes in habitat due to industrial anthropogenic footprints in Alberta’s boreal forest, where there has been little overall forest loss (~ 6% structural change), but high levels of functional change (up to 93% functional change) for species’ habitat, biodiversity, and wildfire ignition. We discuss the methods needed to achieve functional LULC analyses, when they are most appropriate to add to structural assessments, and conclude by providing recommendations for analyses of LULC in a future of increasingly high-resolution, dynamic remote sensing data.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01434-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
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根据“首次不罚制”在环境执法中推行的初步实践,指出了该制度自身存在的问题和制度外的制约因素,并提出了克服这些瓶颈因素的建议。 相似文献
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天津临港人工湿地是以污水厂尾水为水源的组合人工湿地,为探究其水体形态氮的分布特征和污染状况,以该湿地系统为研究对象,采集并分析了湿地水样,基于GIS克里格插值法,对湿地水体形态氮和典型理化性质的分布和污染特征进行了研究,结合单因子污染指数法评价了水体污染程度。结果表明:湿地水体TN浓度为0.657~5.576 mg·L−1,其中${{\rm{NO}}_3^ - }$ -N (0.095~3.920 mg·L−1)浓度相对较高,占TN的49.2%;沿水流方向,TN、${{\rm{NO}}_3^ - }$ -N和${{\rm{NO}}_2^ -} $ -N的分布趋势基本一致,从入水口至景观湖呈逐渐降低趋势;${{\rm{NH}}_4^ +} $ -N的分布相对复杂,在潜流和表流湿地下游与景观湖交汇处浓度最高,表流湿地浓度最低;pH和EC分别对${{\rm{NH}}_4^ + }$ -N和${{\rm{NO}}_3^ - }$ -N的分布特征具有较大的影响作用。根据单因子污染指数法,湿地水体TN超标(Pi>1),调节塘TN污染最为严重,调节塘可作为TN优控区。以上结果有助于深入认识以污水厂尾水为水源的组合人工湿地中氮污染物的赋存形态及分布特征。 相似文献
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生物法净化再生胶生产废气工业试验研究 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
在再生橡胶厂进行橡胶再生低浓度有机废气的生物法净化工业试验研究,对于甲苯浓度为300~1400mg/m^3的再生胶脱硫废气,在常温常压下以气体流量10~20m^3/h、循环液体喷淋量300~500L/h运行生物法废气净化装置获得了良好物净化效果。该装置连续运行100d的结果显示,其对再生胶废气中甲苯的净化效率可较长时间的保持在90%左右,废气经处理后可以实现达标排放,废气处理成本约为工厂再生胶产值的0.12%~0.14%,具有明显的技术先进性和经济合理性。 相似文献