爆炸超压场景下危化品社会风险对允许规划人口密度的影响分析*

为研究危化品重大危险源基于社会风险基准的规划管控影响,采用我国标准规定的定量风险评价方法,TNT当量炸药简化方法,针对最大TNT当量炸药、事故发生总累计频率、人口密度分布控制参数等不同工况条件,对比分析国土开发强度的允许人口密度受社会风险约束影响的变化规律。研究结果表明:人口密度指数分布控制参数Nk与Nb的允许取值随最大TNT当量炸药和事故发生总累计频率降低而提高;确定工况下,允许总人口规模受最大TNT当量炸药影响很小;在最大TNT当量炸药大于100 t或事故发生总累计频率小于1×10-8次/a时可按最大事故场景进行规划控制分析。     

A risk assessment methodology for high pressure CO2 pipelines using integral consequence modelling

This paper presents a risk assessment methodology for high pressure CO₂ pipelines developed at the Health and Safety Laboratory (HSL) as part of the EU FP7 CO2Pipehaz project. Until recently, risk assessment of dense phase and supercritical CO₂ pipelines has been problematic because of the lack of suitable source term and integral consequence models that handle the complex behaviour of CO₂ appropriately. The risk assessment presented uses Phast, a commercially available source term and dispersion model that has been recently updated to handle the effects of solid CO₂. A test case pipeline was input to Phast and dispersion footprints to different levels of harm (dangerous toxic load and probit values) were obtained for a set of pipeline specific scenarios. HSL's risk assessment tool QuickRisk was then used to calculate the individual and societal risk surrounding the pipeline. Knowledge gaps that were encountered such as: harm criteria, failure rates and release scenarios were identified and are discussed.     

Risk assessment methodology for high-pressure CO2 pipelines incorporating topography

This paper presents a risk assessment methodology for high-pressure CO₂ pipelines developed at the Health and Safety Laboratory as part of the EU FP7 project CO2Pipehaz.Traditionally, consequence modelling of dense gas releases from pipelines at major hazard impact levels is performed using integral models with limited or no consideration being given to weather bias or topographical features of the surrounding terrain. Whilst dispersion modelling of CO₂ releases from pipelines using three-dimensional CFD models may provide higher levels of confidence in the predicted behaviour of the cloud, the use of such models is resource-intensive and usually impracticable. An alternative is to use more computationally efficient shallow layer or Lagrangian dispersion models that are able to account for the effects of topography whilst generating results within a reasonably short time frame.In the present work, the proposed risk assessment methodology for CO₂ pipelines is demonstrated using a shallow-layer dispersion model to generate contours from a sequence of release points along the pipeline. The simulations use realistic terrain taken from UK topographical data. Individual and societal risk levels in the vicinity of the pipeline are calculated using the Health and Safety Laboratory's risk assessment tool QuickRisk.Currently, the source term for a CO₂ release is not well understood because of its complex thermodynamic properties and its tendency to form solid particles under specific pressure and temperature conditions. This is a key knowledge gap and any subsequent dispersion modelling, particularly when including topography, may be affected by the accuracy of the source term.     

Societal risk acceptance criteria for gas distribution pipelines based on incident data from the United States

A significant number of pipeline operators use pipeline integrity management (PIM) to improve pipeline safety and reliability. Risk assessment is a critical step in PIM, because it determines the necessity of conducting the following steps in PIM for certain pipelines. Risk acceptance criteria are required in the process of risk assessment. Individual risk and societal risk are most frequently adopted as the two indicators of the risk acceptance criteria. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, quantitative societal risk acceptance criteria, especially for gas distribution pipelines, do not exit. The aim of this paper is to establish the societal risk acceptance criteria for gas distribution pipelines. Hence, FN curves were established using historical incident data from 2002 to 2017 provided by the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT). Linear regression and the ALARP principle are used in evaluating the limits of the negligible line and intolerable line to obtain a graphical societal risk acceptance criterion for gas distribution pipelines. A line having a slope of −1.224, and an anchor point of (1, 8.413 × 10⁻⁷) is proposed as the negligible line. Further, the intolerable line has a slope of −1.224, and an anchor point of (1, 2.524 × 10⁻⁶). Both the negligible risk and the intolerable risk for the gas distribution pipeline are lower than the current societal risk acceptance criteria for hazardous installations. The reasons for these relatively lower risk acceptance criteria are discussed.     

重大危险源事故风险排序研究

本文将风险管理领域中风险排序的概念引入重大危险源安全管理中，提出了基于事故情景发生概率和造成死亡人数的风险评估和排序模型，并给出了基于统计分析的事故发生概率、基于死亡半径的死亡人数的确定方法。对某开发区的20个重大危险源进行了风险评估和排序，结果表明提出的方法对重大危险源的事故风险产生了明显的细分作用。研究成果对有关政府部门或企业确定重大危险源重点监察和管理的优先序，优化资源配置，提高管理效率具有一定的指导意义。     

重大危险源区域风险评价及监管对策

结合目前重大危险源事故频发的安全生产形势,分析了石油化学工业发展和城市化进程加快所带来的城市区域高风险,阐明了进行区域风险评价和重大危险源监管的必要性.现有区域风险定量评价方法主要有两个主流,分别为基于个人风险和社会风险的方法和基于风险补偿的方法.概要阐述了两种方法的基本原理、评价程序和最终得到的区域风险效果图,对比分析了两种区域风险定量评价方法的适用性.最后从区域规划阶段、运作阶段和应急阶段分别提出了强化重大危险源监管的对策,并阐述了重大危险源区域风险评价和监管的保障机制,以期能够对重大危险源集中区域的规划和监管提供相关的技术支持.     

电力建设工程重大危险源动态风险界定及级别划分

针对电力建设工程中对危险源动态风险研究不足和混淆重大危险源概念导致的危险源难于分级管理与控制的问题,通过分析相关法律、规范等界定了电力建设工程施工作业场所重大危险源的概念,引入了危险源动态风险系数的概念,从系统安全的角度确定了动态风险系数的19个影响因素,基于此改进了LEC评价法,并划分了施工作业场所重大危险源级别。最后,结合工程实例说明了工程施工作业场所重大危险源定义和动态风险系数引入的必要性,测算了危险源实际风险度,并根据实际风险的划分结果建立了“3+2+1”危险源控制模式,实现了对作业场所重大危险源的有效控制。     

基于潜在生命损失的危险化学品仓储区规划选址和安全布局方法研究

在现有基于风险的土地使用安全规划方法的基础上,通过引入潜在生命损失这一综合风险评价指标,建立了基于移动危险源潜在生命损失的危险化学品仓储区规划选址模型和基于固定危险源潜在生命损失的仓储区安全布局优化模型。在此基础上,提出了危险化学品仓储区规划选址和安全布局优化方法,并通过案例分析验证了该方法的适用性和可行性。采用该规划选址和安全布局优化方法可提高区域土地使用安全规划的效率,为进行城市重大危险源的规划选址和安全布局提供了新的思路。     

长株潭城市群核心区重大危险源安全规划研究

笔者结合《长株潭城市群区域规划》,从城市的安全功能区划、重大危险源辨识、重大危险源安全规划对象、风险评价、风险控制等5个方面,初步探讨该市重大危险源安全规划的一般方法和技术要点,初步提出长株潭核心区重大危险源安全规划的编制程序的构想:①重大事故的统计分析和基础资料调查;②确定重大危险源和区域性重大事故风险评价;③确定安全功能区划,提出各类规划对象可接受的风险标准;④确定整治规划方案及实施措施。     

Estimated Injury Risk for Specific Injuries and Body Regions in Frontal Motor Vehicle Crashes

Objective: Injury risk curves estimate motor vehicle crash (MVC) occupant injury risk from vehicle, crash, and/or occupant factors. Many vehicles are equipped with event data recorders (EDRs) that collect data including the crash speed and restraint status during a MVC. This study's goal was to use regulation-required data elements for EDRs to compute occupant injury risk for (1) specific injuries and (2) specific body regions in frontal MVCs from weighted NASS-CDS data.

Methods: Logistic regression analysis of NASS-CDS single-impact frontal MVCs involving front seat occupants with frontal airbag deployment was used to produce 23 risk curves for specific injuries and 17 risk curves for Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 2+ to 5+ body region injuries. Risk curves were produced for the following body regions: head and thorax (AIS 2+, 3+, 4+, 5+), face (AIS 2+), abdomen, spine, upper extremity, and lower extremity (AIS 2+, 3+). Injury risk with 95% confidence intervals was estimated for 15–105 km/h longitudinal delta-Vs and belt status was adjusted for as a covariate.

Results: Overall, belted occupants had lower estimated risks compared to unbelted occupants and the risk of injury increased as longitudinal delta-V increased. Belt status was a significant predictor for 13 specific injuries and all body region injuries with the exception of AIS 2+ and 3+ spine injuries. Specific injuries and body region injuries that occurred more frequently in NASS-CDS also tended to carry higher risks when evaluated at a 56 km/h longitudinal delta-V. In the belted population, injury risks that ranked in the top 33% included 4 upper extremity fractures (ulna, radius, clavicle, carpus/metacarpus), 2 lower extremity fractures (fibula, metatarsal/tarsal), and a knee sprain (2.4–4.6% risk). Unbelted injury risks ranked in the top 33% included 4 lower extremity fractures (femur, fibula, metatarsal/tarsal, patella), 2 head injuries with less than one hour or unspecified prior unconsciousness, and a lung contusion (4.6–9.9% risk). The 6 body region curves with the highest risks were for AIS 2+ lower extremity, upper extremity, thorax, and head injury and AIS 3+ lower extremity and thorax injury (15.9–43.8% risk).

Conclusions: These injury risk curves can be implemented into advanced automatic crash notification (AACN) algorithms that utilize vehicle EDR measurements to predict occupant injury immediately following a MVC. Through integration with AACN, these injury risk curves can provide emergency medical services (EMS) and other patient care providers with information on suspected occupant injuries to improve injury detection and patient triage.     

Risk assessment in a hypothetical network pipeline in UK transporting carbon dioxide

With the advent of Carbon Capture and Storage technology (CCS) the scale and extent of its handling is set to increase. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) capture plants are expected to be situated near to power plants and other large industrial sources. Afterward CO₂ is to be transported to storage site using one or a combination of transport media: truck, train, ship or pipeline. Transport by pipeline is considered the preferred option for large quantities of CO₂ over long distances. The hazard connected with this kind of transportation can be considered an emerging risk and is the subject of this paper.The paper describes the Quantitative Risk Assessment of a hypothetical network pipeline located in UK, in particular the study of consequences due to a CO₂ release from pipeline.The risk analysis highlighted that some sections of pipeline network cross densely populated areas. For this reason, some changes in the original path of the network have been proposed in order to achieve a significant reduction in the societal risk.     

液化石油气罐区火灾爆炸危险性评价

液化石油气罐区属于重大危险源,一旦发生火灾爆炸事故,后果非常严重.评价其安全性,控制其危险,是重大事故预防的思想,也是国家安全生产法律、法规的强制要求.笔者根据安全工程学的相关原理,综合运用重大危险源评价法和灰色聚类法分别对罐区的固有危险性和现实危险性进行了评价,克服了重大危险性评价法未考虑环境因素这一缺陷,最后得出了其火灾爆炸危险性等级,为政府监管和企业对危险源的监控管理提供了可行的科学依据.     

GIS应用于城市重大危险源监控的综述

系统地总结出GIS在重大危险源监控方面的应用现状,简要介绍了地理信息系统的概念及其在重大危险源监控方面的作用。重点论述利用GIS的基本功能强化重大危险源安全管理;利用WebGIS技术对整个地区的重大危险源进行监控,实现信息共享;利用基于GIS的监控预警技术,降低事故率;利用GIS和GPS结合的方法,减少事故引发的损失;利用GIS决策支持技术,指导监控及应急救援。经过分析论证得出的结论是:研究GIS空间分析、模型分析和基础数据的获取技术是今后努力的方向。提出GIS在重大危险源监控方面的应用的发展趋势,为GIS技术在我国重大危险源监控方面的应用发展提供借鉴。     

重大危险源安全监管基础数据标准化研究

重大危险源安全监管必须依靠信息化技术,但我国缺乏相关的标准规范,各级安全监管信息系统互不兼容,形成信息孤岛。本文研究了重大危险源安全监管信息系统标准化建设的内容和需求,提出目前最急迫的是数据标准类规范。通过对安全监管政务的工作流程和内容的分析,应用全程一体化精细建模方法基于重大危险源政务模型提取了基础数据元,并研究了基础数据元与基于XML的数据交换规范的编制。     

火炸药、弹药工厂和企业中重大事故隐患的定量评估:爆炸危险源系统的现实危险度方程

火药、炸药、弹药工厂和企业存在着极大的燃烧爆炸危险性,对这类企业的重大事故隐患进行危险性评估是非常必要的。提出了危险源现实危险度(DAH)即事故隐患严重度的判据H的评估方程,而火炸药燃烧爆炸危险源系统的现实危险度H与下列因素有关,即与火炸药的危险指数W、系统的固有危险度B、未受控系数K、以及距该系统安全距离不足的建筑物和设施受危险源爆炸事故影响的破坏程度等因素有关。讨论了对这些因素的评估和计算。     

提高重大工业事故预防控制能力研究

从系统宏观安全及事故预防的微观要素两方面,深入剖析我国在事故预防法规标准、重大危险源监控、隐患治理、安全设备设施、安全科研、人员素质等方面存在的问题,提出"五个转变"的理念,并从健全事故预防法规标准、严格安全设备及人员准入、构建多级事故风险预警机制、创新安全管理模式、加强重大事故预防控制新技术研究和应用、推进重大危险源监管实用技术开发与推广等方面提出相应的措施方法,突出强调了风险预控和依靠安全科技,建议加强对重大危险源和重大事故隐患预防控制工作的系统思考和统筹规划。     

Evaluating the blue-light hazard from solid state lighting

Purpose. New light sources including light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have elicited questions about retinal damage, including the blue-light hazard. Some organizations have recommended avoiding using LEDs with correlated color temperatures exceeding 3000?K, since they tend to produce greater short-wavelength energy. This article provides quantitative comparisons among light sources and use cases as they affect the blue-light hazard. Methods. The spectral radiant power characteristics of incandescent, fluorescent, LED and daylight sources were evaluated in terms of blue-light hazard using standard procedures for phakic, aphakic and pseudophakic eyes. Results. Under most use cases, LEDs do not exhibit greater risk for the blue-light hazard than other sources (e.g., incandescent). Because they generally produce little to no ultraviolet energy, LEDs often present less risk to aphakic eyes. Conclusions. LEDs present no special concerns for the blue-light hazard over some other common sources in typical use cases because photophobic responses limit exposure to bright sources. Where photophobic responses might not occur (e.g., eye surgery patients or premature infants) or where individuals suppress these responses (e.g., stage actors), caution is necessary. Evidence remains inconsistent regarding the risk of human retinal damage from long-term exposures to light insufficient to reach acute blue-light hazard thresholds.     

基于高分遥感的危险化学品重大危险源安全布局动态管控研究*

为遏制危险化学品重特大安全事故,解决传统安全监测手段的空间局限性问题,结合高分遥感与数值模拟技术,开展危险化学品重大危险源区域安全布局动态管控研究。利用数值模拟技术模拟并确定危险化学品重大危险源重点管控范围;基于高分遥感影像提出适用于危险化学品重大危险源安全布局动态管控的变化检测方法,动态监测安全防护范围内的建筑、道路等人工构筑物的变化情况,严控事故影响范围内的人工构筑物密度;以内江市隆桥化工为实例开展示范应用。结果表明:高分遥感技术能够高效监测危险化学品重大危险源安全防护范围内的工程建设情况,有助于危险化学品企业保持足够的外部安全防护距离,降低危险化学品重特大安全事故风险。     

偏二甲肼燃料库危险性评价方法探讨

从物质危险性、工艺危险性入手,评价偏二甲肼燃料库重大事故可能发生的原因、条件及其危险性等级,通过此评价对航天领域易燃、易爆、有毒危险源的危险性评价方法进行了探讨.