静放电多因素影响参数测试系统温湿度控制的设计

基于已有自主研发的新型测试系统,提出一种静电放电中电极移动速度与温湿度变化对放电结果造成影响研究装置的设计方案,给出了基本原理和具体实现描述。该设计用于对小间隙静电放电(ESD)中电极移动速度和温度引起放电参数的低重复离散特性进行探讨。设计基于STM32的温湿度智能网络监控系统和智能控制PID算法实现了温湿度的智能控制,以满足用静电放电电极移动速度效应测试仪定量获得更准确实验结果的需要。该设计弥补和完善了现有静放电测试平台的不足,对于展开小间隙静电放电性质的深入研究具有重要的推动作用和现实意义。     

静电放电参数随电极移动速度和空气压强变化的特性分析

在小间隙静电放电(ESD)中,电极移动速度和气体压强会对测量放电参数出现的低重复离散特性产生影响。基于自主研发的新型测试系统,完成气体压强变化和向放电靶移动电极放电相关参数的测量。静电放电模拟器移动距离控制范围在10cm-40cm。在间隙气体压强变化和放电枪以不同速度向靶移动放电的两种情况下,放电电流峰值和波形产生了显著的差异,证明了电极移动速度和空气压强都对放电参数产生显著影响。本文对放电参数受电极移动速度和气体压强变化而出现显著差异的可能机制进行了初步分析。     

影响静电放电试验结果的因素和试验分析

静电放电测试是很多产品标准中常见的电磁兼容检测项目,本文叙述了静电放电测试中一些容易被测试人员忽视的细节,同时分析影响静电放电测试结果的因素,为EMC实验室和企业人员正确开展静电放电测试,和加强实验室管理提供帮助。     

静电噪声模拟器的特性和使用

静电噪声模拟器(又称静电放电试验器)是测定电子设备的静电噪声容限,考核电子设备抵抗静电噪声能力,进行静电敏感度试验的重要装置。 本文概要地介绍了静电噪声模拟器的基本特性和使用中应注意的有关问题。     

基于单目立体测量技术的放电铜球间距校准方法

本文提出一种利用单目立体测量技术校准雷电冲击电流试验装置放电铜球间距的方法。利用一台高分辨率工业相机对放电铜球区域进行实时拍摄,采用机器视觉软件HALCON对图像进行三维空间测量,通过对上下铜球表面进行亚像素提取和分割,最后实现铜球距离的测量和测量系统的标定。铜球间距的测量结果能实时、准确地传送到显示终端。为下一步自动化测试系统的设计和建设提供基础。     

ISO 10605:2008+A1:2014与IEC 61000-4-2:2008标准差异研究及应用

本文对ISO10605:2008+A1:2014《道路车辆-静电放电产生的电干扰的试验方法》与IEC61000-4-2:2008 《电磁兼容性(EMC)-第4-2部分:试验和测量技术静电放电抗扰度试验》的差异内容进行了详细解读与比较分析,提炼总结出了两个标准在仪器要求、测试环境条件、测试场地、测试布置等方面的差异,并在此基础上结合实际经验提出一种可以兼容两种测试标准的实验场地解决方案,对于实验人员执行测试以及建设同时满足两个标准测试能力的第三方试验室或研发实验室提供有益借鉴。     

一种专用测试系统校准装置的设计与实现

针对某型专用测试系统缺乏相应校准装置的问题,设计了基于PXI和虚拟仪器的专用测试系统校准装置,根据不同任务需求,本装置可灵活搭配多种模块化子系统,组成具有重定义功能的特定系统,实现检测设备的快速量值传递。本装置的应用,能够解决目前军用计量保障所存在的测试速度慢、受检率低、成本高等问题,具有重要的实用价值和研究意义。     

臭氧对减少发动机排放污染物的分析与高效臭氧发生方法的研究

本文通过臭氧对汽车排放的影响和电感放电的特性的分析，介绍了新型电感放电装置控制电路的工作原理和高效放电指叉的工作方法。     

雷电流A波发生器的设计与实现

为了进行军械的雷电间接效应试验,设计并实现了一种基于自动控制的雷电流A波发生器。该发生器采用恒流充电方式对电容充电,通过对放电回路的计算分析,得到了产生标准A波波形所需要的回路参数。整个装置由智能控制系统远程控制,操作方便,安全可靠。试验结果表明:该发生器可产生峰值0.6~17 k A的标准雷电流A波波形,输出波形参数满足要求,为后续开展军械的雷电间接效应研究提供了设备支持。     

在干扰环境中测量局部放电的新原理——调谐平衡法

传统的避部放电平衡测量法以电阻电容为输入电路，存在许多缺点，难以在高压和超高压领域推广使用，本文以电感电容为输入电路；全面分析了调谐平衡法局部放电测试管理；模拟实验的结果表明，在选定的测量中心频率下，在调谐电容的调节范围内，存在着无数组平衡点，试样与参考电容器的电容量可相差１００倍。干扰的抑制比可高达２０００－４０００。     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

MANGANESE CYCLE IN IMPOUNDMENT WATER

Manganese entering impounded water will undergo a cyclic transformation. Oxidation precipitates manganese from top waters. At the bottom of the lake, biological activity will render manganese soluble by both intracellular as well as extracellular activity. The study was made to demonstrate that biological reduction and transformation, organometallic complexation, together with the presence of carbon dioxide and the lowering of pH all have some effect on the solubility of manganese. Dissolved manganese may be brought back to top waters during the lake overturn and therefore deteriorates the water quality.     

Effect of Light on Biodegradation of Estrone, 17β‐Estradiol,and 17α‐Ethinylestradiol in Stream Sediment

Biodegradation of [A‐ring ¹⁴C] Estrone (E1), 17β‐estradiol (E2), and 17α‐ethinylestradiol (EE2) to ¹⁴CO₂ was investigated under light and dark conditions in microcosms containing epilithon or sediment collected from Boulder Creek, Colorado. Mineralization of the estrogen A‐ring was observed in all sediment treatments, but not epilithon treatments. No difference in net mineralization between light and dark treatments was observed for ¹⁴C‐E2. Net mineralization of ¹⁴C‐E1 and ¹⁴C‐EE2 was enhanced in light treatments. Extents of ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rates of mineralization were significantly greater for E2 than E1 under dark conditions, but were comparable under light conditions. These results indicate substantial differences in the uptake and metabolism of E1 and E2 in the environment and suggest biorecalcitrance of E1 relative to E2 in light‐limited environments. The extent of ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rate of mineralization for EE2 in dark treatments were less than half of that observed for E2 and generally lower than for E1, consistent with previous reports of EE2 biorecalcitrance. However, ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rates of mineralization were comparable for EE2, E2, and E1 under light conditions. These results indicate photoactivation and/or phototransformation/photodegradation processes can substantially enhance heterotrophic biodegradation of estrogens in sunlit environments and may play an important role in estrogen transport and attenuation.