湖南省酸性降水现状、成因及对策研究

本文在对湖南省近十年的降水监测数据进行综合分析的基础上,研究了本省酸性降水的污染特征和变化趋势,分析了酸雨的成因,并提出了防治酸雨污染的对策和建议。     

广东区域酸雨污染模拟研究

运用数值模拟方法，使用一年365日的风速资料、12个月的降水资料和环境监测资料以及年平均的污染源资料，对广东地区的酸雨污染进行了较细致的分析。结果认为，以日为基础的累积计算，对于提高模拟酸雨污染的能力是很有帮助的。广东省的酸雨污染主要是由自身排放的污染物造成，外来的污染是次要的，在广东边界地区发现受到外省污染的显著痕迹。     

浙江省酸雨现状及其对农业可持续发展的影响

调查研究了浙江省酸雨污染现状。结果表明，全省的酸雨污染呈增强趋势，从“六五”期间到“八五”期间，降水ｐＨ年均值从５．０以上降至４．７以下，酸雨率从３５％升至６３．３％，全省酸雨覆盖率达９５％，而且酸雨污染由城市向农村蔓延。同时，对酸雨对浙江省农业持续发展的影响进行了评述。     

广州地区酸雨状况及其影响因素探讨

对广州地区降水酸度、酸雨频率的年际变化进行了研究,发现近十几年来广州地区的酸雨污染有所减缓,但2001-2003年有恶化的趋势.为探究原因,追溯主要酸雨污染物来源,并对各酸雨污染物进行综合评价,结论表明,广州地区的大气环境已从过去的以SO2为主的煤烟型污染转变为以NOX为主的氧化型污染.还讨论了广州地区气象条件对酸雨形成的影响.     

酸性降水与气象条件的关系

一、前言 酸雨污染是一种区域性环境现象,目前正受到国内外重视.在我国,大气污染特点属煤烟型范畴,硫酸对降水中酸的贡献在90％左右.工业及民用煤燃烧时放出的二氧化硫被认为是酸雨的主要母质,当酸性污染物质积聚达一定程度而环境缓冲能力低,亦即大气中碱性物质少时,降水便发生酸化现象.在短期内某地的自然地理条件及排放酸性物质的污染源一般无大变化,但降水酸度却会发生很大差异.这与气象条件有着密切的关系.本文统计分析了近二年来的酸雨     

安顺市酸雨形成特点

前 言 酸雨是大气污染物的一种特殊形式。据全国酸雨普查,西南地区是我国的强酸雨区。1982年至1985年贵州省酸雨监测结果表明:贵州省中部的贵阳市、遵义市、安顺市、都匀市是我省酸雨污染最为严重的核心区域。 安顺市酸雨监测工作始于一九八二年。在冬、春、夏、秋四季的2、5、8、11月份,采集每次降水样品,测其pH值,并分析了部分样品中 SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、NH_4~+、Ca~(2+)等离子的含量。1983年10月本站参予了贵州     

连云港酸雨变化特征及其影响因子分析

利用连云港酸雨观测资料和颗粒物浓度数据,分析了2008—2016年该地区酸雨的变化特征,同时讨论了酸雨发生前污染物浓度及其源地分布特点。结果表明:(1)统计时段内,连云港南、北部年均酸雨日数分别为33.2、21.3d;酸雨的年均pH分别为4.35和4.46,均达到强酸雨等级;8—9月酸雨日数最多,1月最少,但冬季酸雨频率较高。(2)连云港南、北部酸雨发生前平均连续无降水日数分别为2.8、4.0d,且连续性降水的酸雨酸性并不会因为前一天有降水而明显减弱。(3)酸雨开始前,南部地区大气中SO2平均质量浓度达27.6μg/m3,为北部地区的两倍。基于拉格朗日混合单粒子轨迹(HYSPLIT)模式的后向轨迹聚类分析表明,西北和偏南两种路径在连云港南、北两地强酸雨发生前气团轨迹中占比较大,均达60%以上,其源地分别对应华北和长三角两个工业集中、SO2等污染物排放高的地区。     

日本降水pH值的变化

pH值表示降水的游离氢离子浓度。一般来说,降水pH在5.6以下时被称为酸雨。也有人认为,降水的酸化机理很复杂,可以把人类活动引发的酸雨pH值定为5.0.即,降水pH值在5.0以下的可称为酸雨。 近年来,日本很多研究机构都在测定日     

镇江市酸雨现状及控制对策

镇江市１９９８年被国家列入首批酸雨控制区,分析了镇江市酸雨现状、污染特征及其成因,提出酸雨控制对策。     

酸雨对污染环境中重金属化学行为的影响

综述了酸雨对污染环境中重金属化学行为的影响。在酸雨作用下 ,不同环境介质中重金属活性明显增强 ,化学形态转化明显 ,迁移能力和生态危害能力亦明显加强。探讨了控制酸雨发生、重金属污染环境修复技术以及开展复合污染环境化学风险评价的必要性     

Impact of airborne pollution on the drainage area of subarctic lakes and fish

Within the period from 1989 to 1993, the impact of heavy metals and acid oxides on lakes, more than 100 km distant from the nearest source of pollution (enterprises of the copper-nickel industry), has been investigated. On the basis of complex investigations (chemical composition of snowpack and lake sediments, state of fish organisms and populations), it was discovered that there is intensive precipitation of heavy metals and acid oxides within the catchment of the lake Kochejavr. The catchment is characterized by a natural buffer capacity to neutralize acid precipitation. Active accumulation of heavy metals is observed in lake sediments. Metal accumulation causes subtoxic effects on the lake fish. The levels of precipitation of nickel and copper of 0.9 mg/m2 per year over long periods was found to be dangerous for biological systems of freshwater catchments.     

The record of anthropogenic pollution in snow and ice in Svalbard,Norway

From the examination of the spatial distribution of pollutants and of the record from ice cores, it is demonstrated that Svalbard is strongly affected by anthropogenic pollution. This pollution has caused an increase of approximately 90% in the acidity of the snow deposited in the Archipelago since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. High concentrations of H⁺, frequently greater than 10 μeq l⁻¹ (i.e. with pHs lower than 5.0), associated with high concentrations of sulphates, indicate that Svalbard is experiencing the phenomenon of acid deposition. The first part of this work reviews the existing knowledge of atmospheric, snow, and ice pollution in Svalbard. This is followed by an examination of the acidity time series, supported by excess-sulphate measurements, performed on an ice core from central-eastern Spitsbergen that provide a historical record of acid deposition over a 54 year period. An ice core recovered from Austfonna, Nordaustlandet provided baseline values and also a record of acidity in precipitation before and during the entire industrial period, thereby allowing the evolution of acid deposition in the Archipelago to be traced. The records of these two Svalbard cores also reflect the overall regional trends.     

Sector analysis of pH values in the northeastern region of Puerto Rico

Acid rain precipitation has become a major environmental concern. Many long-range projects in the United States and Europe are devoted to the problems associated with acid rain pollution. In Puerto Rico, there has been no formal study on acid rain. The rainfall pH values and the air-mass trajectory of the northeastern part of the island of Puerto Rico on the surface were analyzed from January 1998 to December 2000. The air-mass trajectory was classified in five different sectors, according to where it originates. The mean pH value measured during that period showed a tendency toward acidity. The 80% of the air-mass trajectory that arrived at the station occurred in Sector I, with a pH value of 4.30. The lowest pH value measured was 4.16, and it occurred in Sector V, where the air mass originates in the northwest part of the island.     

Susceptibility to acidic precipitation contributes to the decline of the terricolous lichens Cetraria aculeata and Cetraria islandica in central Europe

The effective quantum yield of photochemical energy conversion in photosystem II (Phi2) was shown to be reduced in the terricolous lichens Cetraria aculeata and Cetraria islandica by short-term exposure to aqueous SO2 at pH values occurring in the precipitation of areas with high SO2 pollution. Significant reduction of Phi2 was found at pH相似文献   

Lead and Cadmium in Precipitation: Their Contribution to Pollution

Atmospheric precipitation samples have been collected at six sites in the London (U.K.) area and at one rural site. Levels of lead and cadmium have been determined and are readily related to local sources of air pollution. A quantitative assessment is made of the metallic pollution resulting from removal of metals from the atmosphere In precipitation and it is compared to the contribution of other pollution pathways.     

Sector Analysis of pH Values in the Northeastern Region of Puerto Rico

Abstract

Acid rain precipitation has become a major environmental concern. Many long-range projects in the United States and Europe are devoted to the problems associated with acid rain pollution. In Puerto Rico, there has been no formal study on acid rain. The rainfall pH values and the air-mass trajectory of the northeastern part of the island of Puerto Rico on the surface were analyzed from January 1998 to December 2000. The air-mass trajectory was classified in five different sectors, according to where it originates. The mean pH value measured during that period showed a tendency toward acidity. The 80% of the air-mass trajectory that arrived at the station occurred in Sector I, with a pH value of 4.30. The lowest pH value measured was 4.16, and it occurred in Sector V, where the air mass originates in the northwest part of the island.     

Cartographic modelling of aerotechnogenic pollution in snow cover in the landscapes of the Kola Peninsula

The goal of this work was to develop computational techniques for sulphates, nickel and copper accumulation in the snow in the local pollution zone. The main task was to reveal the peculiarities of formation and pollution of snow cover on the region with complex cross-relief. A digital cartographic model of aerotechnogenic pollution of snow cover in the landscapes of the local zone has been developed, based on five-year experimental data. Data regarding annual emissions from the industrial complex, information about distribution of wind and the sum of precipitation from meteostation "Nikel" for the winter period, allowed the model to ensure: * material presentation in the form of maps of water capacity and accumulation of sulphates, nickel and copper in the snow over any winter period in retrospective; * calculation of water capacity and accumulation of pollutants for watersheds and other natural-territorial complexes; * solution of the opposite problem about the determination of the emissions of sulphates, nickel and copper from the enterprise by measuring snow pollution in datum points. The model can be used in other northern regions of the Russian Federation with similar physical-geographical and climatic conditions. The relationships between the sum of precipitation and water capacity in the landscapes of the same type and also the relationships between pollution content in snow and relief, pollution content in snow and distance from the source of emissions, were used as the basis for the model.     

Assessment of environmental impact zones in the Kola Peninsula forest ecosystems

This paper describes the condition of forest ecosystems subjected to smelter pollution in the Kola peninsula. This assessment is based on the parameters of the biogeochemical cycle. The defoliation index was used to delimit three basic forest states: background, defoliating, sparse. Close to the smelter, due to expansion of the area not covered by vegetation, a fourth type of state, so-called "industrial deserts", has been observed. The concentrations of sulphur, copper and nickel in the precipitation in the forests generally declined with distance from the smelter. The defoliating forests are noted for the highest Ca, Mg, K concentrations in the summer precipitation. In sparse forests and industrial deserts a decrease in the Ca, Mg, K concentrations in the summer precipitation in comparison with the defoliating forests, despite the particle emissions, could be attributed to the reduction in forest biomass. The higher levels of soil and soil leachate carbon and acidity in the defoliating forests was due to higher litterfall and to the higher dissolution of fulvic acids by the acidic precipitation. This increase in organic matter levels affects soil cation exchange capacity and cation saturation. The pine trees demonstrated significant changes in the uptake of elements in all types of forests under pollution. Elevated levels of S, Ni, Cu and K and reduced levels of Mg, Mn and Zn were found in the needles of different age classes.