复合垂直流构建湿地净化污水机制研究——Ⅰ 微生物类群和基质酶

构建湿地是20世纪70年代才蓬勃兴起的一种处理污水的方式，由于其造价和运行费用低，净化效果稳定，越来越引起各国的兴趣和高度重视。现已广泛应用于城市生活污水，工业污水和农业污水水的农业，有着十分广阔的应用前景。虽然关于构建湿地净化污水的研究有不少报道，但关于湿地基质中的微生物类群和基质酶在污水净化中的作用仍不清楚。通过对生长在复合垂直流构建湿地天然环境条件下菰和石菖蒲根区微生物类群数量及其根区基质酶活性的测定发现：同种植物在复合垂直流构建湿地根区微生物的数量比天然条件下的要高，特别是硝化细菌和反硝化斩数量，最高可达3个数量级以上；同时复合垂直流构建湿地中不同植物要的酶活性有较大差别，这为研究复合垂直流构建湿地净化污水的机理和以酶活性强弱作为净化效果的评价指标提供了科学资料，为进一步研究提供了一条新思路。     

复合垂直流构建湿地净化污水机制研究 Ⅰ微生物类群和基质酶

构建湿地是 2 0世纪 70年代才蓬勃兴起的一种处理污水的方式 ,由于其造价和运行费用低 ,净化效果稳定 ,越来越引起各国的兴趣和高度重视。现已广泛应用于城市生活污水、工业污水和农业污水的控制 ,有着十分广阔的应用前景。虽然关于构建湿地净化污水的研究已有不少报道 ,但关于湿地基质中的微生物类群和基质酶在污水净化中的作用仍不清楚。通过对生长在复合垂直流构建湿地和天然环境条件下菰和石菖蒲根区微生物类群数量及其根区基质酶活性的测定发现 :同种植物在复合垂直流构建湿地根区微生物的数量比天然条件下的要高 ,特别是硝化细菌和反硝化细菌的数量 ,最高可达 3个数量级以上 ;同时复合垂直流构建湿地中不同植物根区的酶活性有较大差别 ,这为研究复合垂直流构建湿地净化污水的机理和以酶活性强弱作为净化效果的评价指标提供了科学资料 ,为进一步研究提供了一条新思路     

复合垂直流构建湿地净化污水机制研究 I微生物类群和基质酶

构建湿地是20世纪70年代才蓬勃兴起的一种处理污水的方式,由于其造价和运行费用低,净化效果稳定,越来越引起各国的兴趣和高度重视.现已广泛应用于城市生活污水、工业污水和农业污水的控制,有着十分广阔的应用前景.虽然关于构建湿地净化污水的研究已有不少报道,但关于湿地基质中的微生物类群和基质酶在污水净化中的作用仍不清楚.通过对生长在复合垂直流构建湿地和天然环境条件下菰和石菖蒲根区微生物类群数量及其根区基质酶活性的测定发现:同种植物在复合垂直流构建湿地根区微生物的数量比天然条件下的要高,特别是硝化细菌和反硝化细菌的数量,最高可达3个数量级以上;同时复合垂直流构建湿地中不同植物根区的酶活性有较大差别,这为研究复合垂直流构建湿地净化污水的机理和以酶活性强弱作为净化效果的评价指标提供了科学资料,为进一步研究提供了一条新思路.     

八种不同工艺组合人工湿地系统除磷效果研究

传统的人工湿地系统除磷效能的提高方式主要集中在基质填料的选择、湿地植物的筛选等方面,本试验从调整湿地的组合工艺着手探索提高磷去除效率的优化组合,在为期两年的研究中考察了推流床-下行流-上行流、下行流-上行流-推流床、好氧塘-下行流、下行流-兼性塘、推流床-下行流、下行流-上行流、推流床等8种不同工艺组合人工湿地系统对富营养化湖泊水体中磷的去除规律,比较了这些湿地组合所构建的生物学效应。试验结果显示,如果采用塘系统作组合单元在湿地系统中前置比较理想,而在不同的季节,不同水力负荷下的冲击试验结果表明,复合垂直流湿地系统可以常年保持稳定的、较高的磷去除能力,而且对水力变化具有更好的耐受性能。复合垂直流湿地作为一种新型的人工湿地系统工艺组合具有较好的理论价值和应用前景.     

复合垂直流人工湿地中基质生物膜的特性

从基质生物膜量、生物膜厚度和脱氢酶活性等方面研究了以复合垂直流人工湿地中基质颗粒作为附着生长载体的生物膜的特性。结果表明,复合垂直流人工湿地中,基质生物膜的形成时间为40~60 d。进水水质不同,基质生物膜的形成时间有差异,进水中相对高的营养水平有利于基质生物膜的积累,60 d内形成的稳定生物膜量相差1.59倍;生物膜活性也较大,平均相差1.5倍。不同发育程度的生物膜表现出的活性不同,最佳活性厚度为150 um。人工湿地中不同层次基质生物膜厚度差异显著,最表层0~5 cm层次基质生物膜厚度2~3倍于10 cm以下层次,为最佳活性厚度的3~4倍,其生物膜的过量积累不仅不利于处理效率的提高,且易造成人工湿地的堵塞。     

复合垂直流人工湿地氧化还原特征及不同功能区净化作用研究

研究了复合垂直流人工湿地系统氧化还原电位（Eh）的时空变化规律及不同功能区中污染物的净化效果。结果表明：湿地系统下行流池表层、两池底层、上行流池表层Eh的变化范围分别为402～585、-87～-130、308～432 mV，沿水流方向依次形成了好氧A区/缺氧、厌氧区/好氧B区3个功能区。好氧A区是污染物去除的主要区域，BOD₅、COD_Cr、NH⁺_4- N的去除率分别为430%、484%、541%，特别是NH+4 N去除率占总去除率的79%；缺氧、厌氧区主要是进行反硝化反应和有机物的厌氧分解；好氧B区则主要是去除厌氧分解后的有机物以及进一步脱氮。另外，NH+4 N的去除率与系统各功能区Eh呈显著相关关系（〖WTBX〗p〖WTBZ〗＜001），而BOD₅、COD_Cr、NO^-_3-N的去除率与系统各功能区Eh相关性不显著。     

人工湿地小试系统藻类去除效果的变化研究

夏季在水力负荷为800mm/d间歇式进水条件下,研究了人工湿地不同工艺流程的8套小试系统SSP（system of small plot）内部水流方向上藻类去除率的变化。结果表明：人工湿地小试系统中,藻类生物量沿水流方向逐渐减少,除藻率在出水处均达到最大值。藻类的去除主要发生在湿地水流方向的前几层,而系统其他层对藻类只有微弱的去除效果。由下行池与上行池构成的湿地系统中,去藻是上、下行池共同作用的结果。在有推流床或塘处理系统参与的湿地系统中,它们对藻类的去除均有一定的作用。去藻作用主要是基质的拦截,不同的水流方向、植物和微生物也起到了一定作用。湿地对藻类的去除率在夏季一般都能达到90%以上,证明人工湿地是一种有效的除藻生态-生物方法,对除藻要求比较高水体的湿地构建及工艺流程的设计、组合具有重要意义。     

复合构建湿地运行初期理化性质及氮的变化

研究了在间歇式进水条件下，复合构建湿地系统对氮的去除效果，阐述了湿度要、溶氧、pH等理化因子变化的原因。实验初期，系统尚处于不稳定时期，对N的去除不够理想。随着筚驼逐步步和稳定状态，对KN、NH4^ 、N、NO2^-有明显的去除效果，平均去除率分别为50％、66％和71％。硝化－反硝化作用是氨氮去除的主要途径。从总体上看，有植物系统中硝态氮的出水含量较对照系统同，说明间歇式进水以及植物的存在都有利于硝化作用的发生。实验发现，复合构建湿地在冬季仍能较好地改善水质，是一种有效的水链管理对策，对受污水体水质改善和水生态系统恢复具有重要意义。     

神农架大九湖泥炭藓沼泽湿地对镉(Ⅱ)、铜(Ⅱ)、铅(Ⅱ)、锌(Ⅱ)的净化模拟

在2007年8月研究的基础上,于2008年7月在神农架大九湖泥炭藓沼泽湿地采用自制简易模拟装置进行现场模拟实验,深入研究了泥炭藓沼泽湿地对不同浓度的金属污染物镉（Ⅱ）、铜（Ⅱ）、铅（Ⅱ）、锌（Ⅱ）的净化作用。研究表明：泥炭藓沼泽湿地对各种金属污染物都有很强的去除能力,2小时后的去除效果强弱顺序为Pb>Cu>Cd>Zn;4种金属任一时刻的去除速率都随初始浓度的增加而增大,低初始浓度先于高初始浓度达到平衡;泥炭藓沼泽湿地的稀释功能在污染物去除中起着重要作用。通过双常数速率模型得到了去除速率与实验时间的关系;拟二级动力学模型和修改后的拟一级动力学模型能够很好地描述泥炭藓沼泽湿地去除金属污染物的动态过程,拟二级动力学模型的拟合效果更佳,通过修改后的拟一级动力学模型可以计算出稀释作用对湿地净化的贡献率。为评估泥炭藓沼泽湿地净水价值、保护和合理利用泥炭藓沼泽湿地提供科学依据。     

水量衡算条件下人工湿地对有机物的去除

构建了芦苇和无植物人工湿地,在系统水量衡算的基础上比较了两种湿地对生活污水中有机物的去除效果。结果表明,在植物收割后的冬季,有植物湿地对有机物的去除率低于无植物湿地2.2%;在其他季节,芦苇湿地对污水CODCr的去除率比无植物的高出3.2%～4.2%,但对BOD5的去除率却比无植物的低了1.8%～3.4%。有植物湿地对有机物的去除效果比无植物湿地有所改善,但是提高不多。比较了两种系统的氧化还原电位,有植物湿地比无植物湿地高（P<0.05）,这种提高主要集中在湿地水面以下约15 cm的范围,从整体来看,两块湿地内部氧化还原状态大体相同,主要是强还原环境。比较了两块湿地基质中降解有机物的细菌、放线菌和真菌的数量,二者没有明显的差别,但是,有植物湿地的根际效应明显。考察了湿地进水有机负荷与去除量的关系,二者呈现显著的线性相关性(R2>0.96)。      

邻苯二甲酸酯在长江重庆段水体的概率风险分析

以长江重庆段水体12个采样断面4种邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）的监测结果及水生生物的生态毒性参数无观察效应浓度（NOEC）为基础资料,采用安全阈值和概率曲线分布两种概率风险评价方法分析了邻苯二甲酸酯的相对生态风险。研究结果表明：邻苯二甲酸二甲酯（DMP）、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（DEP）、邻苯二甲酸正丁酯（DBP）、邻苯二甲酸双（2 乙基己基）酯（DEHP）的安全阈值分别为4 31079、2171、147、199,对水生生物无风险。以5%水生生物物种受影响作为可接受的效应水平终点（HC5）,采用概率曲线分布进行分析,DBP、DEHP的浓度超过毒性值的风险概率分别为106×10-2、235×10-4,4种邻苯二甲酸酯风险大小依次为：DBP>DEHP>DEP>DMP,与安全阈值法结果一致。两种概率风险方法从不同的角度反映了污染物的生态风险。     

Biodegradation of phthalic acid esters by acclimated activated sludge

The microbial degradation by acclimated activated sludge of three phthalates, priority pollutants listed by both the China National Environmental Monitoring Centre and the U.S. EPA, i.e., dimethyl (DMP), di-n-butyl (DBP), and di-n-octyl (DOP) phthalate was investigated. The experimental results demonstrated that DMP and DBP with the shorter alkyl-side chain phthalic acid esters (PAEs) can be rapidly degraded—nearly 90% within 3 d for DMP and 8 d for DBP. However, the degradation rate of DOP was slow. The degradation of PAEs can be described by the first-order reaction model. The first-order rate constants (k₁) of three PAEs determined in this study can correlate with the corresponding second-order hydrolysis rate constants (K_OH).     

Occurrence of phthalate esters in water and sediment of urban lakes in a subtropical city, Guangzhou, South China

Extensive use of phthalate esters (PAEs) in both industrial processes and consumer products has resulted in the ubiquitous presence of these chemicals in the environment. This study reports the first data on the concentrations of 16 phthalate esters (PAEs) in water and sediments of the urban lakes in Guangzhou City. PAEs were detected in all samples analyzed, mainly originating from urban stormwater runoff, atmospheric deposition, as well as untreated discharge of industrial wastewater and municipal sewage. The Sigma(16)PAEs concentrations in water and sediments ranged from 1.69 to 4.72 microg L(-1) and 2.27 to 74.94 microg g(-1)-dry weight (dw), with the mean concentrations of 2.91 microg L(-1) and 20.85 microg g(-1)-dw, respectively, which indicates that sediment is a significant sink for PAEs. Variability of the Sigma 16PAEs concentrations in water and sediment in the urban lakes was almost consistent. The spatial distribution of PAEs was site-specific. Of the 16 PAEs, DMP, DEP, DnBP, DiBP, DMPP, and DEHP were present in all water and sediment samples. DnBP was abundant in water (53.0-81.2%), while no single dominant congener was found in sediments. The abundances of DiBP were similar to those of DEHP, and DiBP and DEHP collectively accounted for 77.2-97.6% of the Sigma 16PAEs concentrations. Congener specific analysis confirmed that DnBP was a predictive indicator for the dissolved summation operator16 PAEs concentration (correlation coefficient r=0.968, p<0.01), and that DiBP was a predictive indicator for the sediment summation operator16 PAEs concentration (r=0.975, p<0.01). As compared to the results for other studies, the urban lakes of Guangzhou were moderately polluted by PAEs.     

Efficiency of locally available filter media on fluoride and phosphate removal for household water treatment system

Since conventional water treatment is not affordable in developing countries,looking for locally available and alternative treatment options is mandatory.Removal of fluoride and phosphate can be achieved by designing appropriate filtration media from different materials such as sand,calcined clay,pumice,scoria and bone char.This study was designed to determine the removal efficiency of these locally available filter media with respect to detention time and pH.The filtration apparatuses(tank)were filled separately with stone,gravel with grain size 0.6-4.75 mm and 40 cm deep,sand(ES=0.15-0.35 mm and UC=1.5-3),calcined clay,pumice,scoria and bone char with grain size 0.25-0.5 inch.Water samples were prepared using glass bottles with fluoride concentrations of 6 and 8 mg/l and phosphate concentration of 4 mg/1.Laboratory analysis was carried out before and after filtration to determine the removal efficiency of each medium.It was found that the highest removal of fluoride was achieved by bone char(89.65%),followed by pumice(82.4%).However,bone char has rather increased the concentration of phosphate by 63.8%.Sand was the most efficient media to remove phosphate,managing to remove by 70%.Therefore,it is an attractive option to use these locally available,environmental friendly and appropriate technologies for efficient removal of both fluorine and phosphate at the household or community water treatment level.     

水生高等植物对悬浮泥沙的去除研究

根据自然水体湿生植物（挺水植物）、浮叶植物以及沉水植物的空间分布规律，利用风车草（Cyperus alternifolius）、石菖蒲（Acorus tatarinowii）、菱（Trapa japonica）、金鱼藻（Ceratophyllum demersum）、轮叶黑藻（Hydrilla verticillata）和苦草（Vallisneria spiralis）等水生植物构建由挺水植物、浮叶植物到沉水植物的串联系统，含沙水依次流经挺水植物、浮叶植物和沉水植物，测定各级植物对泥沙的去除效果。结果显示，输入悬浮泥沙浓度依次为21.76、37.04、45.09、71.18 mg/L，水力停留时间（HRT）分别为12、16、24、24 h，水生高等植物串联系统对悬浮泥沙的去除率分别为68.1%、71.7%、77.5%、74.0%，表明水生高等植物可有效去除水体中的悬浮泥沙，改善了透明度。水力滞留时间对植物去除悬浮泥沙的效果有较大的影响，水力滞留时间长，即使输入悬浮泥沙浓度很高，去除率和单位时间的净去除量也较高;浅水区的挺水植物对进水高浓度悬浮泥沙的有效过滤作用减缓了悬浮泥沙对深水区沉水植物的胁迫压力;沉水植物能进一步去除悬浮泥沙，抑制再悬浮作用，对水生生态系统的稳定有十分重要的作用。     

Equilibrium,kinetics and thermodynamics studies on adsorptive removal of cobalt ions from wastewater using MIL-100(Fe)

This study describes experiments in which MIL-100(Fe) was used to remove Co²⁺ ions from the waste water. The synthesised adsorbent was characterised by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and scanning electron microscope. Statistical analysis was used to investigate the effects of different parameters. From the obtained results, the removal efficiency was enhanced with increasing contact time and pH but decreased with increasing cobalt initial concentration. The maximum removal efficiency of Co⁺² was 93.4% under optimum conditions. The equilibrium adsorption data were best fitted to linearly transformed Freundlich isotherm. Adsorption kinetic data followed the pseudo second-order kinetic model. The maximum adsorption capacity of Co⁺² on to the MIL-100(Fe) was found to be 119 mg g^?1. The results showed that ?G of adsorption was negative, while ?H was positive which showed that the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic. The positive value of ?S showed that disordering and randomness increased at the solid–solution interface of cobalt ions with MIL-100(Fe) particles.     

Degradation of 17α-ethinylestradiol by ozonation--identification of the by-products and assessment of their estrogenicity and toxicity

The presence of the synthetic estrogen 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) in waters at low levels is a concern due to its ability to act as an endocrine disruptor. Ozone (O₃) is commonly used in water treatment and reacts with EE2 to form by-products having characteristics that are mostly unknown. The aim of this study was to identify the by-products of E2 and EE2 ozonation and determine their estrogenicity and toxicity relative to the parent compound. Ozonation by-products were identified via LC-MS analysis. The estrogenicity was measured using the YES assay, and toxicity was determined by monitoring effects on histology of fetal rat testes and testosterone secretion by these tissues. Two EE2 by-products were identified with open phenolic ring structures (masses 302 and 344 u). The Yeast Estrogen Screening (YES) assay showed a decreased but incomplete removal of estrogenicity after ozonation of EE2. Histological analysis of fetal testes revealed that neither E2 nor EE2, with or without ozonation, had any effect on seminiferous cord formation; however, a remarkable negative effect on testosterone secretion was observed, with EE2 by-products after ozonation showing the most rapid and extensive inhibition. These results show that the removal of EE2 via reaction with O₃ resulted in the formation of by-products that are less estrogenic (as demonstrated by the YES assay), but have a greater negative impact on testosterone secretion. Thus, the disappearance of the parent compound is not a sufficient endpoint, as the by-products created may be more toxic. Care should be taken when implementing oxidation applications such as ozone during waste water treatment.     

利用水葫芦治理水体富营养化与生产沼气的环境经济学分析

资源化、无害化利用水葫芦是治理其泛滥的有效途径。利用水葫芦去除水体中的营养物并利用其生物质生产沼气在技术上具有可行性,但是其环境经济效益尚不明确。以滇池为例,针对富营养化水体的水葫芦控制进行了成本收益分析。与将水葫芦打捞后填埋处理相比,将所打捞的水葫芦用于生产沼气具有经济可行性和能量效率。与现行的填埋处理法相比,实施沼气项目不但同样能控制水葫芦泛滥,而且能生产能源。此外,填埋水葫芦会释放甲烷这一环境问题值得重视,利用水葫芦生产沼气可以减少温室气体的排放,但减排的价值取决于沼气厂的生产规模。由于将水葫芦填埋和用于生产沼气都能去除水体中的营养物,只有当沼气厂的水葫芦处理量大于当前的填埋量时,沼气项目才具有额外的水质改良价值。在中国关于水污染控制、可再生能源发展和节能减排等政策的背景下,利用水葫芦生产沼气是一种潜在的政策响应     

Biodegradation of phthalic acid esters by immobilized microbial cells

Microorganisms capable of degrading di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) were immobilized by polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and used for DBP degradation. The characteristics of DBP degradation by immobilized and free cells were investigated. The experimental results showed that the degradation rate of immobilized cells was higher than that of free cells. The optimal pH and temperature for DBP degradation were determined to be 7.0 and 25°C, respectively. The semi-continuous degradation test demonstrated that high-frequency feeding of low concentration (50 mg/L) was more favourable than low-frequency feeding of high concentration (150 mg/L) for DBP degradation. The main intermediates of DBP degradation by immobilized cells were identified using a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method. The results revealed the presence of monobutyl phthalate, phthalic acid, and protocatechuate. A tentative pathway for DBP degradation was proposed, which demonstrated that the metabolic mechanism of immobilized cells remained the same as that of the free cells.