废旧印刷电路板差速破碎分析

为了解决废旧印刷电路板资源化过程中的粗碎问题,提出差速破碎方法;根据差速机理分析,利用自主研制双齿辊粗碎机对废旧印刷电路板基板进行差速破碎实验;最后利用Ansys APDL模块对粗碎机辊齿进行校核模拟。实验结果证明,利用差速破碎可以充分利用材料的抗拉、抗剪强度小于抗压强度的特性,能够取得良好的破碎效果,差速破碎结果呈拱形分布形式;模拟结果证明,在差速破碎过程中设备能够保持良好工作状态,可以交换2个齿辊的运转速度减小疲劳破坏。差速破碎为废旧印刷电路板资源化过程中的破碎理论提供支持,并且为废旧印刷电路板粗碎的设备选择提供参考。     

废旧电路板低温改性实验研究

介绍了电路板的结构特点及常温力学特征,通过实验研究了电路板在低温处理后力学性能的变化情况,结果显示冲击强度随着冷却温度的下降而降低,在-30℃左右冲击强度最小,当冷却温度低于-30℃后下降趋势变得缓慢;弯曲强度随着温度的下降总的趋势是先减小后增大,在-30℃点弯曲强度和断裂载荷同样达到最低,然后再迅速增加.研究在不同的冷冻温度下,废旧电路板粗碎与细碎的工艺参数变化.实验结果表明,低温粗碎时,在一定程度上提高生产能力,减少单位功耗;低温细碎时,-30℃到-40℃平均功耗较低,在-30℃左右平均功耗下降得最快.本研究为低温破碎工艺的选择及破碎机的设计提供了基础性实验数据.     

基于机械物理法的废旧电路板回收经济性分析

废旧电路板的有效回收对保护环境、实现资源的优化配置和社会可持续发展具有十分重要的意义。通过分析废旧电路板的回收方法,给出了机械物理法中3种典型回收方案的工艺流程,建立了其回收经济性评价模型,量化评估回收成本与收益。结合一个具体的回收实例,运用经济性评价模型对其回收成本与收益进行具体分析,验证了评价模型的可靠性,实现了回收方案的优选。最后,对提高废旧电路板回收经济性提出一些建议。     

废印刷电路板的静电分选实验研究

金属与非金属材料的分离是回收利用废印刷电路板的关键环节。对废印刷电路板物料的静电分选进行了实验研究。实验以电压、辊筒转速、电晕电极与辊筒之间的距离、静电极位置、电晕电极位置、电晕电极数量等为考察因素,研究各因素对电选效果的影响规律。结果表明,影响金属与非金属材料分离的主要因素是电压、辊筒转速和电晕电极与辊筒之间的距离,对于-0.9 0.45mm的破碎物料,当电压为24kV,辊筒转速为15Hz(54.6r/min),电晕电极与辊筒之间的距离为5.2cm时,得到最大静电分选综合效率67.37%。     

废弃印刷电路板的破碎解离特性研究

废弃印刷电路板(WPCB)的破碎解离是WPCB进行后续资源化利用的前提条件,采用剪切式破碎机和万能高速破碎机分别对WPCB进行了粗破碎和细破碎,筛分后对不同粒径的粉碎产物进行粒径分布分析、显微镜观察和单体解离度研究。结果表明,WPCB经两次粗破碎后,大部分粗碎产物粒径≥1.2mm,占总产物质量的85%以上,经细破碎后,约有50%(质量分数)细碎产物粒径0.30mm。WPCB的细碎产物破碎至粒径0.90mm,可以认为金属和非金属基本分离;破碎至粒径0.60mm,可以认为金属和非金属完全解离。金属主要集中分布在粒径为0.30~1.20mm的细碎产物中。     

废弃印刷电路板上电子元器件拆卸新工艺及其机理

为了明确利用热空气模拟工业余热作为热源和脉动喷吹动力源拆卸废弃印刷电路板上电子元器件的拆卸机制,分析了废弃印刷电路板脉动喷吹性质,设计并建立了废弃印刷电路板拆卸实验室小试系统,利用Fluent数值模拟软件对拆卸过程中废弃印刷电路板自动拆卸设备内部温度场进行了详细考察,在此基础上,对实验结果进行验证。结果表明,短重边最佳喷吹条件(0.14 MPa,10 mm)下,振动角度为75°;短轻边最佳喷吹条件(0.12 MPa,10 mm)下,振动角度为76°;下进气条件(温度场更均匀,焊料面平均受热温度为198.81℃)更利于废弃印刷电路板上电子元器件的拆卸;采用下进气方式、当预热温度120℃、通气温度为260℃、设备内部达195℃继续通气(拆卸时间)1 min、短重边脉动喷吹压力0.14 MPa、短重边喷吹距离10 mm、短轻边脉动喷吹压力0.12 MPa、短轻边喷吹距离10 mm时,元器件拆卸率为95.1%,且元器件外观完好。本研究明确了废弃印刷电路板拆卸过程中的受热与受力机制,实现了废弃印刷电路板上电子元器件的高效拆卸,为此工艺大规模、工业化生产的实现奠定了理论基础。     

废旧电路板与碳酸钙共热解脱卤的研究

采用热重分析仪和石英管式炉热解反应器,分别对以酚醛树脂为基板的废旧电路板和混合碳酸钙后的废旧电路板进行热解实验研究,着重考察了添加碳酸钙后的酚醛树脂基板废旧电路板热解特性及添加量不同对卤素脱除效果的影响。实验结果表明,碳酸钙的加入对废旧电路板的降解行为和热解油的基本组成没有明显的影响,但热解油的各组分含量有所差异;随着热解温度的提高或者CaCO₃含量的增多,卤素可以更多地由有机卤向无机卤转变并束缚在固体残渣中,由此得到较好的脱卤效果。当60%PR-WPCBs与40%CaCO₃共热解,热解油中的溴化物也减少了7.6% 。在600℃等量CaCO₃与PR-WPCBs共热解时生成75.6%无机卤,其中70.62%束缚于固体残渣中,可见达到较好的脱卤效果。     

废旧电路板的组成与解离特性研究

废旧印刷电路板是电子废弃物的重要组成部分,含有大量金属、玻璃纤维增强树脂、塑料等有回收利用价值的组分,但处理不当会产生严重污染。在分析中,对细碎到粒度为5mm以下的废旧电路板物料中有价资源的赋存状态和解离特性进行了系统的研究,发现金属与非金属的基本解离粒度为1 2mm,解离度为55. 51%;塑料与其他金属(除铜、铁外)是0. 5mm以上废旧电路板物料中的主要组分,树脂与铜是0 .5mm以下物料中的主要组分;物料中平均金属含量为23. 80%,平均铜含量为5. 78%。     

印刷电路板基材的热解实验研究

采用热重法对废旧印刷电路板 (PCB)在氮气气氛下进行了不同升温速率的热解实验 ,发现电路板的热解可以分为以下几个阶段 :在 30 0℃以下时质量没有什么变化 ,在 30 0～ 36 0℃时质量急剧减少 ,在 36 0～ 10 0 0℃时质量减少得比较缓慢。随后本文对电路板的热解进行了动力学回归。研究表明 ,样品热解反应分为 2个阶段 ,这 2个阶段反应过程中的活化能有很大差别 ,说明这 2个阶段受不同的化学反应机理控制。     

O2/CO2工况下回转窑和分解炉内煤粉燃烧的数值模拟及可靠性验证

为研究O_2/CO_2烟气循环煅烧水泥技术实现CO_2和NOx减排的可行性,采用数值模拟的方法对某2 500 t·d~(-1)回转窑和分解炉模型进行了21%O_2/79%CO_2助燃氛围下煤粉燃烧的研究,对比分析了O_2/CO_2助燃工况下与空气助燃工况下回转窑、分解炉的模拟结果,并通过实验验证了数值模拟的可靠性。结果表明:与空气助燃工况下相比,O_2/CO_2助燃工况下回转窑、分解炉的煤粉燃尽率分别为92.41%、91.15%,下降了3.06%、3.51%;分解炉出口处生料分解率为90.54%,下降了2.90%,仍满足生产需求;O_2/CO_2助燃工况下回转窑、分解炉的NO排放量明显下降,脱硝率分别为74.47%、11.80%;烟气中CO_2体积分数从32.23%增加到95.35%,通过简单的处理就可以实现C捕获。上述研究结果为O_2/CO_2烟气循环煅烧水泥技术的推广应用提供了参考。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.     

Phytoextraction of lead-contaminated soil using vetivergrass (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vetiveria zizanioides</Emphasis> L.), cogongrass (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Imperata cylindrica</Emphasis> L.) and carabaograss (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Paspalum conjugatum</Emphasis> L.)

Background, Aims and Scope The global problem concerning contamination of the environment as a consequence of human activities is increasing. Most of the environmental contaminants are chemical by-products and heavy metals such as lead (Pb). Lead released into the environment makes its way into the air, soil and water. Lead contributes to a variety of health effects such as decline in mental, cognitive and physical health of the individual. An alternative way of reducing Pb concentration from the soil is through phytoremediation. Phytoremediation is an alternative method that uses plants to clean up a contaminated area. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the survival rate and vegetative characteristics of three grass species such as vetivergrass, cogongrass and carabaograss grown in soils with different Pb levels; and (2) to determine and compare the ability of the three grass species as potential phytoremediators in terms of Pb accumulation by plants. Methods The three test plants: vetivergrass (Vetiveria zizanioides L.); cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica L.); and carabaograss (Paspalum conjugatum L.) were grown in individual plastic bags containing soils with 75 mg kg⁻¹ (37.5 kg ha⁻¹) and 150 mg kg⁻¹ (75 kg ha⁻¹) of Pb, respectively. The Pb contents of the test plants and the soil were analyzed before and after experimental treatments using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. This study was laid out following a 3 × 2 factorial experiment in a completely randomized design. Results On the vegetative characteristics of the test plants, vetivergrass registered the highest whole plant dry matter weight (33.85–39.39 Mg ha⁻¹). Carabaograss had the lowest herbage mass production of 4.12 Mg ha⁻¹ and 5.72 Mg ha⁻¹ from soils added with 75 and 150 mg Pb kg⁻¹, respectively. Vetivergrass also had the highest percent plant survival which meant it best tolerated the Pb contamination in soils. Vetivergrass registered the highest rate of Pb absorption (10.16 ± 2.81 mg kg⁻¹). This was followed by cogongrass (2.34 ± 0.52 mg kg⁻¹) and carabaograss with a mean Pb level of 0.49 ± 0.56 mg kg⁻¹. Levels of Pb among the three grasses (shoots + roots) did not vary significantly with the amount of Pb added (75 and 150 mg kg⁻¹) to the soil. Discussion Vetivergrass yielded the highest biomass; it also has the greatest amount of Pb absorbed (roots + shoots). This can be attributed to the highly extensive root system of vetivergrass with the presence of an enormous amount of root hairs. Extensive root system denotes more contact to nutrients in soils, therefore more likelihood of nutrient absorption and Pb uptake. The efficiency of plants as phytoremediators could be correlated with the plants’ total biomass. This implies that the higher the biomass, the greater the Pb uptake. Plants characteristically exhibit remarkable capacity to absorb what they need and exclude what they do not need. Some plants utilize exclusion mechanisms, where there is a reduced uptake by the roots or a restricted transport of the metals from root to shoots. Combination of high metal accumulation and high biomass production results in the most metal removal from the soil. Conclusions The present study indicated that vetivergrass possessed many beneficial characteristics to uptake Pb from contaminated soil. It was the most tolerant and could grow in soil contaminated with high Pb concentration. Cogongrass and carabaograss are also potential phytoremediators since they can absorb small amount of Pb in soils, although cogongrass is more tolerant to Pb-contaminated soil compared with carabaograss. The important implication of our findings is that vetivergrass can be used for phytoextraction on sites contaminated with high levels of heavy metals; particularly Pb. Recommendations and Perspectives High levels of Pb in localized areas are still a concern especially in urban areas with high levels of traffic, near Pb smelters, battery plants, or industrial facilities that burn fuel ending up in water and soils. The grasses used in the study, and particularly vetivergrass, can be used to phytoremediate urban soil with various contaminations by planting these grasses in lawns and public parks. ESS-Submission Editor: Dr. Willie Peijnenburg (wjgm.peijnenburg@rivm.nl)