3种生物质炭对活性艳蓝KN-R的吸附简

选择由玉米秸秆、稻壳和稻草秸秆在825℃制成的生物质炭作为吸附剂,通过模拟实验,研究其对溶液中活性艳蓝KN-R的吸附特性,考察了pH值、时间、溶液初始浓度和生物质炭用量对吸附效果的影响。结果表明,当pH为2.0时,玉米秸秆炭和稻壳炭对活性艳蓝的吸附量均达到最大,而pH对稻草秸秆炭的影响不大;三者达到吸附平衡的时间分别为180、300和360 min,最大吸附量分别为114.05、54.60和68.19 mg/g。等温吸附过程可以用Langmuir方程来描述;动力学实验表明,吸附过程更符合拟二级动力学模型;热力学数据分析发现,吸附过程是自发进行的吸热过程。     

生物质炭对溶液中Cd~(2+)的吸附

以玉米秸秆、稻壳在350~500℃制成的生物质炭作为吸附剂,研究其对溶液中Cd2+的吸附特性。通过模拟实验,考察了初始p H、生物质炭用量、吸附时间和Cd2+的起始浓度对吸附的影响。结果表明,2种生物质炭对Cd2+的吸附反应适应p H范围较宽(4.0~7.0);玉米秸秆炭和稻壳炭对Cd2+的吸附速度较快,分别在10和20 min时达到吸附平衡;玉米秸秆炭对溶液中Cd2+的吸附遵循Langmuir等温线模型,而稻壳炭对Cd2+的吸附遵循Freundlich等温线模型。在实验设定的条件下,玉米秸秆炭对溶液中Cd2+的吸附能力强于稻壳炭。     

尿素改性生物质炭吸附水中氨氮研究

利用尿素对小麦秸秆生物质炭进行改性,用于吸附水中氨氮。研究了尿素添加量、pH、改性生物质炭投加量、共存阳离子等因素对改性生物质炭吸附氨氮的影响,并研究了吸附的热力学和动力学机制。结果表明,1.00g未改性生物质炭中添加2.4g尿素时制备得到的改性生物质炭UBC-4对氨氮吸附能力最好,零电荷点相比改性前明显降低。处理20mL 60mg/L的氯化铵溶液,UBC-4最佳投加量为0.20g,最适pH为8。实际废水处理中应考虑Na+、Mg2+等共存阳离子对UBC-4吸附氨氮的竞争吸附作用。Langmuir方程能较好地拟合UBC-4对氨氮的吸附等温过程,准二级动力学模型能较好地描述其动力学过程。吸附为自发的吸热过程,主要机制是物理吸附。     

腐殖酸对生物炭吸附水环境中雌激素的影响

以玉米秸秆为原料,通过500℃限氧裂解制备生物炭(记为500BC),并采用批量吸附实验对比500BC及腐殖酸负载后生物炭(记为500BC-HA)对于水环境中两种雌激素(双酚A(BPA)和17α-乙炔雌二醇(EE2))的吸附性能及作用机制。结果表明,腐殖酸分子可阻塞部分500BC孔隙,使500BC的孔径、孔容及比表面积下降,负载腐殖酸后,500BC的比表面积由8.43m~2/g减小至4.40m~2/g,孔径从26.1nm减小至3.2nm,孔容由0.018cm~3/g下降至0.001cm~3/g;与500BC相比,500BC-HA对BPA、EE2的吸附能力均明显降低,一方面是因为腐殖酸分子占据了500BC表面的吸附点位并堵塞部分孔隙,使其吸附能力降低,另一方面腐殖酸负载后引入更多的含氧官能团,使500BC表面疏水性降低,与雌激素间的疏水作用减弱。腐殖酸负载质量浓度为0～10mg/L时,增加负载质量浓度对500BC吸附性能影响明显,当负载质量浓度大于10mg/L时,腐殖酸在500BC表面达到饱和,继续增加负载浓度对500BC的吸附性能不再产生影响。     

腐殖酸对生物炭吸附四环素的影响

以猪粪为原料,分别在300℃和700℃条件下制备猪粪生物炭(以下简称生物炭)。采用静态吸附实验,研究生物炭对四环素的吸附性能以及腐殖酸对生物炭吸附四环素的影响。结果表明:生物炭对四环素的吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程(R~20.99)。Langmuir和Freundlich方程都能很好地描述等温吸附过程(R~20.96)。最大吸附量随着热解温度的升高而增加,700℃条件下制备的生物炭吸附量最大,达到7.96mg/g。溶液pH影响吸附过程,pH为3.5~7.5时,生物炭对四环素的平衡吸附量较大。腐殖酸能缩短吸附平衡时间,使其由36.0h提前至18.0h。随着溶液中腐殖酸浓度的增加,300℃条件下制备的生物炭对四环素的平衡吸附量表现出增加的趋势,而700℃条件下制备的生物炭对四环素的平衡吸附量表现出减少的趋势。     

不同agro-生物质炭对水土两相中铵态氮的固持效应

应对农业固废利用率低及过度施肥带来的环境问题,以4种常见农业固废(花生壳,PS;瓜子壳,SS;稻壳,RH;甘蔗渣,BA)为材料,研究300、450和600℃热解制备的生物质炭对水体中铵态氮吸附效果。结果显示,等温吸附Freundlich模型相比Langmuir模型具有更好相关性,更加适合描述12种生物质炭对铵态氮吸附过程。BA300(K=0.54)的吸附能力最强,RH450(K=0.01)的吸附能力最弱。在1%、3%和5%(质量分数)施用量下,土壤对铵态氮的平衡吸附量随生物质炭投加量的增加而增大。结果表明,生物质炭的施加可以改变土壤理化性质,促进土壤对铵态氮的固持能力。     

柚子皮制备生物炭吸附苯酚的特性和动力学

廉价的柚子皮作为原材料制备生物炭吸附剂对含苯酚废水进行吸附研究。扫描电镜结果表明,柚子皮制备的生物炭具有较好表面吸附空间结构,比表面积测定为261.69 m2/g。此外,能谱对柚子皮生物炭元素分析发现,生物炭主要含有C、O、P、K,这些是生物质特点。红外对柚子皮生物炭分析发现生物炭含有羟基、氨基、羰基、羧基、磷酸酯或者硫酸酯等活性基团,这些是吸附苯酚的特性官能团。在初始浓度为100 mg/L,投加量为3 g/L,中性pH,30℃条件下吸附30 min后柚子皮生物炭对苯酚的去除率达到76.4%。伪二级动力学方程能很好地拟合柚子皮生物炭对苯酚的吸附过程。同时,Langmiur和Freundlich等温方程在整个温度都能较好地拟合数据,在30℃时,Langmuir理论最大吸附容量可达到49.75 mg/g。通过实际废水应用实验,表明柚子皮生物炭是一种有潜力可用于高浓度含酚废水的处理的有效材料。     

复合型生物炭对废水中亚甲基蓝的吸附作用

以木屑、二氧化硅为原料,采用慢速热解法制备了木屑生物炭(BC)和木屑-二氧化硅复合型生物炭(CBC),并对其物理化学性质进行表征,同时研究其吸附水中亚甲基蓝的吸附等温方程、动力学过程和影响因素。结果表明,和BC相比,CBC的比表面积、孔体积和平均孔径分别增加了2.85、7.00、1.21倍。CBC和BC对亚甲基蓝的吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温方程,其最大吸附量分别为26.60、5.37mg/g,CBC对亚甲基蓝的吸附能力更强。CBC和BC对亚甲基蓝的吸附动力学过程遵循准二级动力学方程。此外,和BC相比,CBC对亚甲基蓝的吸附效果受pH和离子强度影响较小。     

改性生物炭固定异养硝化菌对水中低浓度氨氮的去除

为探究改性生物炭固定异养硝化菌对水中低质量浓度氨氮(约10 mg/L)的去除效果,从污水处理厂污泥中筛选一株异养硝化菌,分别以未改性稻壳生物炭(BC)、NaOH和H2O2改性BC为载体,用吸附法制备生物炭基微生物固定化体(分别记为BC+N3、NaOH-BC+N3和H2O2-BC+N3),开展生物炭和生物炭基微生物固定化...     

生物质基炭膜的制备及其对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附

以生物质二层牛皮为原料,在控制热分解条件下制备了生物质基炭膜。利用TG/DTG、XRD、FT-IR、SEM、TEM和低温N_2吸附-脱附等方法对在不同炭化温度下(550~950℃)制备的生物质基炭膜形貌特征、孔隙结构及其表面化学性质进行了表征。考察了炭化温度、反应时间、溶液pH、加入量等因素对炭膜吸附溶液中铅离子的影响。表征结果表明:随着炭化温度的升高,生物质基炭膜碳微晶趋于石墨化发展,总孔容积持续增大,孔隙结构变得更加发达。实验结果表明:随炭化温度升高,生物质基炭膜对铅离子的吸附效果明显变好;在初始铅离子质量浓度为50 mg·L~(-1)、溶液pH为5.5、吸附剂加入量为1.5 g·L~(-1)、吸附时间为6 h的条件下,950℃下所制炭膜对铅离子有较好去除效果,去除率可达99.9%,吸附容量为32.76 mg·g~(-1)。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.     

土壤中砷的化学平衡

本文比较详细地综述了砷的化学特性,环境背景值及来源和循环,土壤中砷的三大化学平衡即沉淀溶解平衡,氧化还原平衡,吸附解吸平衡,以及微生物对砷的转化。     

Elemental uptake by edible herbs and lettuce (Latuca sativa)

The total concentration of toxic elements (aluminum, cadmium, chromium and lead) and selected macro and micro elements (iron, manganese, copper and zinc) are reported in six leafy edible vegetation species, namely lettuce, spinach, cabbage, chards and green and red types of Amaranth herbs. Although spinach and chards had greater than 125 mv of iron, both the amaranthus herbs recorded > than 320 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight. In both the spinach and chard species, the Mn and Zn levels were appreciable recording > 225 μ g g^{? 1} and 150 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight, respectively. Aluminum concentrations were (in μ g g^{? 1} dry weight) lettuce (10), cabbage (11), spinach (167), chards (65), amaranthus green (293) and amaranthus red (233). All the micro and macro elements and the toxic elements (Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb) elements analyzed, were below the recommended maximum permitted levels (RMI) in vegetables. Further the elemental uptake and distribution of the nine elements, at three growth stages of the lettuce plant grown on soil bed under controlled conditions are detailed. In the soil, except for iron (16%), greater than 33% of the other cations were in exchangeable form. Generally in the lettuce plant, roots retained much of the iron (> 224 μ g g^{? 1}) and aluminum (> 360 μ g g^{? 1}), while leaves had less than 200 μ g g^{? 1} of iron and 165 μ g g^{? 1} of Al. Although the concentrations of elements marginally decreased with growth, the lettuce leaves had significant amounts of Mn (30 μ g g^{? 1}), Zn (50 μ g g^{? 1}) and Cu (3.6 μ g g^{? 1}). Some presence of lead in leaves (2.0 μ g g^{? 1}) was noticed, but all the toxic and other elements analyzed were well below the RMI values for the vegetables.     

The dissipation of nonlyphenol in stream and pond water under simulated field conditions

Abstract

The dissipation of 1.0 ppm nonylphenol in stream and pond water, incubated in flasks at 16°C under simulated field conditions up to 44 days indicated that the half‐life was 2.5 days if the flasks were open, and 16 days if they were closed. A transformed product was detected in the closed flasks.

Translocation of nonylphenol in water occurred when treated water samples were incubated in the presence of sediment. After 10 days, nonylphenol was detected only in the sediment, but not in water (detection limit = 10 ppb). About 80% of the nonylphenol was degraded in 71 days, but no degradation occurred if the water and the sediment were autoclaved prior to incubation.