用于填埋场恶臭气体控制的微生物除臭剂筛选及其除臭机制研究

从上海市老港垃圾填埋场的污泥和垃圾渗滤液中分离筛选得到数株具有较强除臭能力的菌株,并制成复合微生物除臭剂,考察了该除臭剂对污泥和垃圾释放NH3以及恶臭气体浓度等的去除效果,并结合聚合酶链式反应(PCR)-变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术对该除臭剂的微生物群落结构进行分析,初步探究其除臭机制。结果表明:(1)实验室小试时,48h,复合微生物除臭剂对污泥释放NH3的去除率维持在30%~45%,对垃圾释放NH3的去除率维持在25%~35%,去除效果好于EM菌剂。(2)污泥中转码头100t污泥中试试验表明,在复合微生物除臭剂投加量为0.5t条件下,24h后复合微生物除臭剂对NH3的去除率达到37.5%,恶臭气体浓度下降了19.1%。(3)PCR-DGGE结果显示,复合微生物除臭剂的优势菌种为产碱杆菌、芽孢杆菌和显核菌,与EM菌剂差异较明显,且Shannon-Wiener多样性指数明显高于EM菌剂。其除臭机制可能为化学吸收与微生物降解、抑制的联合作用除臭。     

耐盐复合菌剂强化生物工艺处理高盐废水的快速启动

从城市污水处理厂的活性污泥中驯化分离出2株耐盐高效菌:地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)O1和枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)Y5制备复合菌剂,用于高盐生活污水生物处理工艺快速启动研究。研究表明,在SBR系统中连续投加复合菌剂(制备的配比为1∶1),在30 d完成快速启动(TOC去除率85%),并且在整个启动过程中,TOC的去除率都能够稳定保持在80%左右,而负载复合菌剂填料的投入可获得更稳定的出水水质。通过高通量测序与OTU分类,高盐废水的配入使得活性污泥微生物群落结构发生显著改变,并且在工艺启动后,所投加的耐盐高效菌O1和Y5在活性污泥微生物总量中所占比例由1.31%升高至6.13%,说明O1和Y5能够在小试SBR中长期存留,并逐渐成为优势种属之一。     

筛选制备微生物菌剂降解剩余污泥

活性污泥法处理污水工艺伴随大量剩余污泥的产生,有效减量污泥是污水处理厂可持续运营的关键。为了实现高效环保的降解剩余污泥,对筛选芽孢杆菌制备微生物菌剂进行了研究。提出以产酶芽孢杆菌为出发菌株,通过测定菌株对污泥混合液悬浮固体浓度(mixed liquid suspended solids,MLSS)的直接减量效果以及菌株在限制性培养基内的传代稳定性和对污泥有机质及总氮(total nitrogen,TN)的去除率,得到3株污泥高效降解菌株10001、11009和R10。实验结合扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)优化了其菌剂的制备工艺,菌剂复配比例,最适应用pH和最佳处理时长。确定选取喷雾干燥工艺制备微生物菌剂,当10001、11009和R10菌剂添加量分别为0.45%、0.80%和0.55%(质量体积比),剩余污泥pH为7.0时,经过72 h降解处理,达到剩余污泥最佳降解效果即有机质去除率达25.4%,总氮去除率达48.8%。扫描电镜分析结果显示菌剂的失效时间约为7 d。     

硫自养反硝化协同固定化微生物技术修复城市黑臭水体

固定化微生物技术可促进城市黑臭水体中氮磷污染物去除,但硫自养反硝化协同固定化微生物技术修复黑臭水体研究较少。通过向改性载镧膨润土基复合微生物菌剂(La-Bt基复合菌剂)中添加经S₂O₃^2-驯化培养的硫自养反硝化菌(NR-SOB),试图引入硫自养反硝化协同固定化微生物技术修复黑臭水体。在La-Bt基复合菌剂投加量为1.5 g/L时,向黑臭水体中分梯度投加不同浓度NR-SOB,研究NR-SOB协同La-Bt基复合菌剂去除黑臭水体污染物效果,并通过高通量测序分析底泥微生物群落结构变化。结果表明,当NR-SOB投加量为0.3 g/L时,对黑臭水体和底泥处理效果较好：上覆水氨氮、TN和TP去除率分别为87.42%、69.85%和71.11%;底泥酸可挥发性硫(AVS)去除率为34.76%,底泥TN和TP去除率分别为45.22%、45.04%;实验结束时底泥中厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)相对丰度从11.76%降至9.84%,硫杆菌属(Thiobacillus)相对丰度达2.82%,氮硫去除相关微生物菌属比例提升约0.95%。     

免水生物降解型生态厕所专用菌剂

针对免水生物降解型生态厕所专用的进口菌种成本偏高、不能长期高效运行等现状,从土壤中分离筛选得到6株降解菌并将其培养成1组复合菌,然后分别进行降解实验。结果表明,7组实验菌对人体排泄物降解效果良好,其中复合菌种更好,COD降解率达到59%。对实验菌种进行初步鉴定,显示6株菌分别是粪肠球菌、木糖葡萄球菌、蜡状芽孢杆菌、产氨棒杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌和活动肉杆菌。优选的专用菌剂的制备及保存方法效果良好,保存半年后菌剂仍有较高活性。     

闽南地区低温下复合填料强化生物滤柱除臭及微生物分析

通过搭建复合填料-生物滤柱反应装置,在厦门冬季低温环境下开展复合填料(蜂窝煤渣、活性炭、蜂窝沸石和陶粒)强化生物滤柱除臭研究,分析了除臭微生物群落组成特性.复合填料-生物滤柱装置在启动运行15 d时其COD去除率达到85％以上且保持稳定,对H2S和NH3的最大去除率可分别达到91.77％和82.53％,表明挂膜成功.菌...     

单菌种和混合菌处理养殖污水的效果

为了优化养殖污水处理系统中的生物膜法技术,研究了枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、酵母菌(Saccharomyces)和乳酸菌(Lactobacillus)及其混合菌对养殖污水的净化能力。实验共进行35 d,设置了8个处理组,以添加无菌生理盐水的处理组为对照组。结果表明,添加了菌种的处理组,对氨氮(NH+4-N)和亚硝氮(NO-2-N)的处理效果显著优于对照组(P0.05),混合菌组的处理效果要显著优于单菌种处理组(P0.05),其中3种菌混合的处理组效果最佳,NH+4-N和NO-2-N的去除率均达到90%以上;接种枯草芽孢杆菌的4个处理组对无机磷(TP)的去除能力要显著高于其他未接种该菌的处理组,TP的最终浓度维持在0.2 mg/L,而其他处理组在0.59 mg/L以上;添加菌种的各处理组对化学需氧量(CODMn)的去除效果差异不显著(P0.05),但均显著高于对照组(P0.05),其中3种菌混合的处理组去除率最高,达76.9%。在本实验条件下,混合菌处理污水的能力要优于单菌种,3种菌混合的处理组要优于菌种两两混合的处理组。     

复合微生物菌剂强化处理石化污水处理站的VOCs废气

针对某石油化工企业污水处理站产生的大气量混合挥发性有机废气(VOCs)成分复杂、净化率低的难题,在其原有箱式生物滴滤塔(BTF)中投加特异复合微生物菌剂强化混合废气的净化。结果表明：混合废气主要成分为12种C₄-C₈烷烃类物质和7种苯类污染物;随着环境温度的变化,废气中VOCs总质量浓度为40～150 mg·m^-3;投加由6种功能微生物组成的混合菌剂之后,BTF对混合废气中TVOCs去除率提高了180%,为对照组的2.8倍。该项目的成功实施可为微生物复合菌剂的工程应用提供参考。     

页岩气油基钻屑降解菌群的构建及其降解特性

以柴油作为唯一碳源,经过富集驯化,筛选出7株石油烃降解菌单菌,并分别测定其对柴油和油基钻屑的降解效能,利用其中4种菌(K-2、K-3、K-6和K-7)构建复合菌群对油基钻屑进行进一步降解试验。结果表明:(1)K-7对柴油和油基钻屑降解能力最强,降解率分别可达67.5%和28.8%;(2)最佳的复合菌群组合为K-3、K-6和K-7,其对油基钻屑的降解率达到了37.5%,较单菌最优降解率提高约30.2%;(3)气相色谱质谱分析表明,复合菌群能有效降解油基钻屑中的烷烃和芳香烃,对长链烷烃、支链烷烃、烷基萘芳香烃均具有较强的降解能力;(4)生理生化鉴定,初步判断K-6为红酵母菌属(Rhodotorula sp.),K-2、K-3、K-7均为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.)。     

龙葵-镉抗性菌株修复镉污染土壤

为研究镉抗性菌株对龙葵修复镉污染土壤的效应,开展龙葵室外盆栽试验。从镉污染土壤、龙葵根际土壤和标准菌株中共筛选出3株抗镉产铁载体菌株,经16S rRNA基因序列对比分析,以上3株菌株分别被鉴定为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis)、苍黄假棍状杆菌(Pseudoclavibacter helvolus)和荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)。试验中,研究了此3株菌株单种及其复合接菌处理对龙葵生长和富集镉能力以及土壤修复效率的强化作用。结果表明,与空白对照相比,复合接种苍黄假棍状杆菌和荧光假单胞菌显著(P<0.05)提高龙葵地上部分干质量(提高31.07%)、地下部分干质量(提升75.59%)、龙葵镉总积累量(提高30.28%)、地上部分镉积累量(提高31.53%)、转运系数(提高39.47%)和土壤修复效率(提高67.83%)。此外,接种以上复合菌株后土壤镉去除量的86.16%随淋溶流失,13.84%由龙葵吸收。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

Radionuclides in deer and elk from Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the ingestion of muscle and bone

Abstract

This paper summarizes radionuclide concentrations (³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, ²⁴¹Am, and ^totU) in muscle and bone tissue of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) collected from Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, New Mexico, lands from 1991 through 1998. Also, the committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) and the risk of excess cancer fatalities (RECF) to people who ingest muscle and bone from deer and elk collected from LANL lands were estimated. Most radionuclide concentrations in muscle and bone from individual deer (n = 11) and elk (n = 22) collected from LANL lands were either at less than detectable quantities (where the analytical result was smaller than two counting uncertainties) and/or within upper (95%) level background (BG) concentrations. As a group, most radionuclides in muscle and bone of deer and elk from LANL lands were not significantly higher (p<0.10) than in similar tissues from deer (n = 3) and elk (n = 7) collected from BG locations. Also, elk that had been radio collared and tracked for two years and spent an average time of 50% on LANL lands were not significantly different in most radionuclides from road kill elk that have been collected as part of the environmental surveillance program. Overall, the upper (95%) level net CEDEs (the CEDE plus two sigma for each radioisotope minus background) at the most conservative ingestion rate (50 lbs of muscle and 13 lbs of bone) were as follows: deer muscle = 0.22 mrem y^‐1 (2.2 μSv y^‐1), deer bone = 3.8 mrem y^‐1 (38 μSv y^‐1), elk muscle = 0.12 mrem y^‐1 (1.2 μSv y^‐1), and elk bone = 1.7 mrem y^‐1 (17 μSv y^‐1). All CEDEs were far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection guideline of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1), and the highest muscle plus bone net CEDE corresponded to a RECF of 2E‐06, which is far below the Environmental Protection Agency upper level guideline of 1E‐04.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.