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1.
Alison G. Ossip-Klein Jesualdo A. Fuentes Diana K. Hews Emília P. Martins 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2013,67(9):1513-1522
Long-term signal evolution is shaped by a variety of selective pressures including the need to convey additional information or to improve message transfer to specific receivers or through multiple environments. Here, we test the relative importance of information and sensory modality in shaping the long-term evolution of multimodal signals in Sceloporus lizards. To broadcast identity at territorial boundaries, male Sceloporus use both visual motion (headbob) and chemical signals, whereas they use color (blue belly patches) to signal aggression. Using modern phylogenetic comparative methods, we found a negative correlation between evolutionary changes in visual motion (headbobs) and chemical (femoral pore) signals, but only indirect ties between the evolution of color and motion signals (both of which are perceived visually) through viviparity, and no evidence of an evolutionary link between color and chemical signals. We also find a negative correlation between arboreality and chemical signals. Thus, information content (in this case, broadcasting individual identity versus signaling aggression) appears to play a more important role than sensory modality or physical distance in guiding long-term signal evolution. Additional insights into the underlying evolutionary processes are described, illustrating the utility of a phylogenetic approach. 相似文献
2.
Many animal signals are inherently multimodal, engaging more than one of the receiver’s sensory systems simultaneously, and it is the interaction between the two modalities that determines the signal’s function (s) and efficacy. It is hence necessary to quantify the effect of each modality relative to the other in order to fully understand animal communication. We have developed a new heuristic to aid in the identification and interpretation of the many distinct ways in which signals in multiple sensory modalities interact. Our approach represents natural variation in signal production for each modality and uses these to generate three-dimensional receiver response surface plots that map the relationships among the signal components and receiver behavior. We accommodate the extant hypotheses for the interactions between modalities, each of which makes a clear prediction about the shape of the response surface, and extend previous theory by considering new phenomena. 相似文献
3.
Tuan T. Cao Kelly M. Hyland Alana Malechuk Lee A. Lewis Stanley S. Schneider 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2009,63(4):521-529
Communication signals used in animal social interactions are frequently performed repetitively, but the function of this repetition
is often not well understood. We examined the effects of signal repetition by investigating the behavior of worker honey bees
that received differing numbers of vibration signals in established and newly founded colonies, which could use signal repetition
differently to help adjust task allocations to the labor demands associated with the different stages of colony development.
In both colony types, more than half of all monitored workers received more than one vibration signal, and approximately 12%
received ≥5 signals during a given 20-min observation period. Vibrated recipients exhibited greater activity and task performance
than same-age non-vibrated controls at all levels of signal activity. However, vibrated workers showed similar levels of task
performance, movement rates, cell inspection rates, and trophallactic exchanges regardless of the number of signals received.
Thus, the repeated performance of vibration signals on individual bees did not cause cumulative increases in the activity
of certain workers, but rather may have functioned to maintain relatively constant levels of activity and task performance
among groups of recipients. The established and newly founded colonies did not differ in the extent to which individual workers
received the different numbers of vibration signals or in the levels of activity stimulated by repeated signals. Previous
work has suggested that compared to established colonies, newly founded colonies have a greater number of vibrators that perform
signals on a greater proportion of the workers they contact. Taken in concert, these results suggest that vibration signal
repetition may help to adjust task allocations to the different stages of colony development by helping to maintain similar
levels of activity among a greater total number of recipients, rather than by eliciting cumulative effects that cause certain
recipients to work harder than others. 相似文献
4.
Paul J. Weldon 《Chemoecology》2013,23(4):201-202
Discussions of aposematism traditionally have focused on the visual displays of prey that denote unpalatability or toxicity to predators. However, the construct of aposematism accommodates a spectrum of unprofitable traits signaled through various sensory modalities, including contact and distance chemoreception. Aposematism, involving learned aversions by signal receivers or selection for their unlearned avoidances, arises in predator–prey or other interspecific interactions where a mutually beneficial avoidance of signal emitters by signal receivers exists. Aposematism evolves by selection against signal receivers, e.g., predators, imposed by signal emitters, e.g., unprofitable prey, and vice versa, where both nondiscriminating signal receivers and unrecognized signal emitters are imperiled. Chemical aposematism entails concurrent reciprocal selection where signal emitters select for chemosensory avoidance responses in signal receivers, and where signal receivers select for the emission of identifiable (distinctive) chemicals in signal emitters. 相似文献
5.
Theory explains the structure of animal signals in the context of the receiver sensory systems, the environment through which
signals travel and their information content. The influence of signalling context on movement-based signalling strategies
is becoming clearer. Building upon recent findings that demonstrated changing environmental plant motion conditions resulted
in a change of signalling strategy by the Australian lizard Amphibolurus muricatus, we examined whether receiver distance also influences signalling strategies. We found that signalling lizards did not modify
their introductory tail flicking in response to distant viewers in the absence of competing, irrelevant plant image motion
despite significant reductions in signal structure at the eye of the viewer. The magnitude of resultant effect sizes strongly
suggests that receiver distance does not contribute to signalling strategies as much as the presence of motion noise in the
environment. 相似文献
6.
The use of signals across multiple sensory modalities in communication is common in animals and plants. Determining the information that each signal component conveys has provided unique insights into why multimodal signals evolve. However, how these complex signals are assessed by receivers will also influence their evolution, a hypothesis that has received less attention. Here, we explore multimodal signal assessment in a closely related complex of island flycatchers that have diverged in visual and acoustic signals. Using field experiments that manipulated song and plumage colour, we tested if song, a possible long-range signal, is assessed before plumage colour in conspecific recognition. We find that divergent song and colour are assessed in sequence, and this pattern of sequential assessment is likely mediated by habitat structure and the extent of differences in signal characteristics. A broad survey of the literature suggests that many organisms from a wide range of taxa sequentially assess multimodal signals, with long-range signals attracting conspecifics for further assessment of close-range signals. Our results highlight the need to consider how signals are assessed when understanding multimodal signal evolution. Finally, given the results of our field experiments indicating sequential assessment of divergent song and colour in the recognition of conspecifics, we discuss the consequences of multimodal signal divergence for the origin of species, as changes in signals across different sensory modalities may influence the evolution of premating reproductive isolation. 相似文献
7.
Ismael Galván 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,63(2):303-311
Animal ritualized displays have been classically viewed as behavioral characters that decrease signal ambiguity or that facilitate
the evaluation of costly exhibitions. It has been shown that their prevalence and level of complexity across species can reflect
phylogenetic relationships between them, but the adaptive function of these behavioral traits is poorly known. Here, I hypothesize
that, given that the efficacy of visual displays basically depends on conspicuousness and level of performance, species with
low levels of conspicuousness may be forced to perform more complex varieties of a given display to get the same signal efficiency
than other more conspicuous species. Thus, the evolution of display complexity, considered as the level of exaggeration of
ritualized movements, may be explained as an adaptive trait and not only by phylogenetic inertia. I illustrate and test this
hypothesis with the case of black-and-white plumage patches of pelecaniform birds. As predicted, there was a negative correlation
between level of complexity and species conspicuousness (proportion of unmelanized plumage) for two different social displays.
This indicates that classical ideas on the adaptiveness of ritualized displays should be considered to understand the present
variation in signal form across species, which sheds light on the evolution of multiple signals. 相似文献
8.
Multimodal defensive displays are commonplace, with prey combining conspicuous coloration, sounds, odours and other chemical emissions to deter predators. These components can signal to predators in multiple signal modalities to warn them that prey are defended. The aim of our review is to examine the form and function of multimodal warning displays. Data collected from the literature on multimodal insect warning displays show the degree of complexity and diversity that needs to be explained, and we identify patterns in the data that may be worthy of more rigorous investigation. We also provide a theoretical framework for the study of multimodal warning displays, and evaluate the evidence for different functional hypotheses that can explain their widespread evolution. Our review highlights that whilst multimodal warning displays are well documented, particularly in insects, we lack a good understanding of their function in natural predator–prey systems. 相似文献
9.
James C. Nieh 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1998,42(1):23-36
This study explores the meaning and functional design of a modulatory communication signal, the honey bee shaking signal,
by addressing five questions: (I) who shakes, (II) when do they shake, (III) where do they shake, (IV) how do receivers respond
to shaking, and (V) what conditions trigger shaking. Several results confirm the work of Schneider (1987) and Schneider et
al. (1986a): (I) most shakers were foragers (at least 83%); (II) shaking exhibited a consistent temporal pattern with bees
producing the most signals in the morning (0810–1150 hours) just prior to a peak in waggle dancing activity; and (IV) bees
moved faster (by 75%) after receiving a shaking signal. However, this study differs from previous work by providing a long-term,
temporal, spatial, and vector analysis of individual shaker behavior. (III) Bees producing shaking signals walked and delivered
signals in all areas of the hive, but produced the most shaking signals directly above the waggle dance floor. (IV) Bees responded
to the signal by changing their direction of movement. Prior to receiving a signal, bees selected from the waggle dance floor
moved, on average, towards the hive exit. After receiving a signal, some bees continued moving towards the exit but others
moved directly away from the exit. During equivalent observation periods, non-shaken bees exhibited a strong tendency to move
towards the hive exit. (V) Renewed foraging activity after food dearth triggered shaking signals, and, the level of shaking is positively correlated with the duration of food dearth. However, shaking signal levels also increased in the morning before foraging had begun and in the late afternoon
after foraging had ceased. This spontaneous afternoon peak has not previously been reported. The shaking signal consequently
appears to convey the general message “reallocate labor to different activities” with receiver context specifying a more precise
meaning. In the context of foraging, the shaking signal appears to activate (and perhaps deactivate) colony foraging preparations.
The generally weak response elicited by modulatory signals such as the shaking signal may result from a high receiver response
threshold which allows the receiver to integrate multiple sources of information and which thereby increases the probability
that receiver actions will be appropriate to colony needs.
Received: 21 March 1997 / Accepted after revision: 30 August 1997 相似文献
10.
Emília P. Martins Terry J. Ord Sarah W. Davenport 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2005,58(4):351-360
Complex displays composed of multiple, seemingly independent, units can result from sexual selection for increasingly variable, but redundant, displays and from potentially opposing selective pressures imposed by use of the display in multiple contexts. Our playback results support the latter, multireceiver hypothesis by confirming that two aspects of the sagebrush lizard headbob display (number of headbobs and use of display-specific body postures) are independently-meaningful components that are interpreted differently by different receivers. Male receivers use species-typical body postures to distinguish between aggressive and broadcast forms of the display, whereas female receivers are more attentive to the number of headbob motions, using these to distinguish male courtship from a challenge from a female competitor. Thus, display components are likely subject to different selective pressures and the display as a whole is evolving in response to a complex selective regime. Our example differs from other complex signals that have been considered in that both display elements involve dynamic motions (turned on and off by the display producer) as opposed to static signal elements (e.g., color, size). In addition, we found evidence that display structure is highly malleable, and that lizards both produce and respond to artificial displays that violate syntactic rules identified from field observations. Finally, our experiments demonstrate that a robotic lizard can be used effectively in playback studies of visual display behavior in lizards.Electronic Supplementary Material: S1. Movie clip of the robotic lizard producing a species-typical headbob display as in Fig. 1a. 相似文献
11.
Some sexual selection models envisage exaggerated male secondary sexual characters to be costly and therefore reliable indicators of the quality of potential mates to choosy females. If male secondary sexual characters have a natural selection cost, they may be linked to each other by reciprocally constraining relationships that would prevent individual males from increasing their level of multiple signaling. Barn swallow (Hirundo rustica) males have at least two costly signals relevant to socio-sexual interactions: tail length and song. Under the hypothesis that a trade-off exists between male signals, we manipulated the maintenance cost of tail ornaments to test whether this reduced the quantity and quality of song, a condition-dependent, phenotypically plastic signal. Contrary to our expectation, tail elongation had no effect on singing activity and song complexity. However, tail-elongated males produced songs with longer terminal parts ('rattles'). Long rattles are associated with highly competitive social contexts and high circulating levels of testosterone, suggesting that tail-elongated males were more frequently involved in either male-male aggressive or inter-sexual interactions. Therefore, this study shows that males are not displaying multiple signals at the maximum possible level, implying that this system is open to unreliable communication. However, long-term trade-offs between signal expression and viability may prevent males from displaying both signals at higher rates.Communicated by: M. Webster 相似文献
12.
George W. Uetz David L. Clark J. Andrew Roberts Meghan Rector 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2011,65(4):753-761
For visual signaling to be effective, animal signals must be detected and discriminated by receivers, often against complex
visual backgrounds with varying light levels. Accordingly, in many species, conspicuous visual displays and ornaments have
evolved as a means to enhance background contrast and thereby increase the detection and discrimination of male courtship
signals by females. Using video playbacks, we tested the hypothesis that visual courtship displays and leg decorations of
male Schizocosa ocreata wolf spiders are more conspicuous against complex leaf-litter backgrounds. Video exemplars of courting males with manipulated
leg tufts were superimposed on different backgrounds (complex leaf litter in sun or shade, featureless gray background) and
presented to female spiders. Females were more likely to orient to males presented against lighter backgrounds (litter in
sun, gray) than the darker ones (litter—shade). Males with larger tufts were also more likely to be detected, as latency to
orient was shortest for enlarged and longest for removed tufts. Latency of females to approach was shorter against lighter
backgrounds, and approach latency was longest for males without tufts. Female receptivity scores were significantly greater
for males against lighter backgrounds, and males with larger tufts had higher scores. These results suggest that both complexity
and light level of display backgrounds affect the detection of male visual courtship signals by females and that aspects of
the male phenotype may increase chances of detection (and receptivity) against visually complex backgrounds. 相似文献
13.
Kevin J. Delaney J. Andrew Roberts George W. Uetz 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,62(1):67-75
Male signaling behaviors are often studied in a single context but may serve multiple functions (e.g., in male–male competition
and female mate choice). We examined the issue of dual function male signals in a wolf spider species Schizocosa ocreata (Hentz) that displays the same species-specific signaling behaviors in both male–male and male–female contexts. These signaling
behaviors have been described as either aggression or courtship according to the context observed. We tested the possibility
of dual functions by comparing the relationship between behaviors and outcome of male–male contests (winner/loser) and male–female
mating encounters (mating success). Frequency, rate, and mean duration of signaling behaviors did not vary with outcome of
male–male contests, which appears instead to be based upon relative size and body mass. Winners of contests had significantly
greater body mass than losers, and greater mass relative to opponents was significantly associated with probability of winning.
Overall, signaling rates were much higher in male–female interactions than in male–male contests and were higher for males
that successfully mated than for those that did not mate. Mean duration of some male displays was also greater for males that
successfully mated. However, male size was not associated with probability of mating. Taken together, results suggest an intersexual
selection context for the current function of male signals in these wolf spiders and that increased display vigor is associated
with male mating success. 相似文献
14.
Humans sometimes forage or distribute the products of foraging in ways that do not maximize individual energetic return rates. As an alternative to hypotheses that rely on reciprocal altruism to counter the costs of inefficiency, we suggest that the cost itself could be recouped through signal benefit. Costly signaling theory predicts that signals can provide fitness benefits when costs are honestly linked to signaler quality, and this information is broadcast to potential mates and competitors. Here, we test some predictions of costly signaling theory against empirical data on human food acquisition and sharing patterns. We show that at least two types of marine foraging, turtle hunting and spearfishing, as practiced among the Meriam (a Melanesian people of Torres Strait, Australia) meet key criteria for costly signaling: signal traits are (1) differentially costly or beneficial in ways that are (2) honestly linked to signaler quality, and (3) designed to effectively broadcast the signal. We conclude that relatively inefficient hunting or sharing choices may be maintained in a population if they serve as costly and reliable signals designed to reveal the signaler's qualities to observers. 相似文献
15.
The begging display of nestling passerine birds has become a model for examining the evolution of animal signals. A particular problem for nestlings when transmitting begging signals to parents may be interference from nestmates. The strategies used by nestlings to reduce signal interference have not been studied, yet potentially contribute to the design of these complex displays. In this study, we recorded the begging calls of nestling tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) when alone and with a begging nestmate, to determine whether nestlings changed the output, structure or timing of their calls in ways that would reduce acoustic interference. We found that nestlings increased their call rate in the presence of a begging nestmate, but did not alter the length, amplitude or frequency of their calls. They also appeared not to adjust the timing of their calls to avoid those of nestmates. Contrary to expectation, nestling calls became more similar in some aspects when nestmates called together. An increase in call rate in the presence of a begging nestmate should increase the likelihood that a parent detects an individual's calls. However, if all nestlings increase their calling rate in response to competitors, then the overall level of acoustic interference across the brood is potentially increased, an effect exacerbated by the tendency for call similarity to increase when calling together. We discuss how increasing call rate may improve detectability despite this effect and we also examine how an increase in rate and call similarity may serve to produce a strong brood signal. 相似文献
16.
Gerlinde Höbel 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2011,65(6):1283-1294
Mate choice often takes place in group settings, such as leks or choruses, in which numerous individuals display and compete
for mates simultaneously. In addition to well-known preferences for male traits like size and signaling rate, females of group-displaying
species often show preferences that are based on the relative timing of male signals, generally preferring the leading signal.
Variation in male signal timing behavior may therefore affect male attractiveness and, ultimately, reproductive success. I
used acoustic communication in green treefrogs (Hyla cinerea) to assess the amount of signal timing variation found in natural choruses and to test hypotheses about the sources of variation
in signal timing behavior. I recorded dyads of vocally interacting males in the field to describe patterns of variation in
signal timing behavior. Incorporating information about female signal timing preferences, I also assessed the amount of variation
in signal timing that is likely to be selectively neutral, as well as the amount that is likely under selection by female
choice because it involves attractive or unattractive signal placement. I show that there is considerable variation in signal
timing behavior, particularly involving neutral signal timing placement. I also show that between-male variation in other
traits (size, signal period) is partly linked to variation in signal timing behavior and discuss these findings in terms of
male attractiveness and sexual selection in group-displaying organisms. 相似文献
17.
To respond appropriately to communication signals, animals must have the ability to decipher signal meaning. At a basic level,
interpreting the difference between territorial and courtship signals can be vital for the survival and reproduction of social
animals. Male and female fiddler crabs communicate with claw-waving displays, but the function of these waves remains uncertain.
Species differ in the context in which they wave: Some wave during courtship, some during territorial defence and some during
both. In this paper, we provide evidence that males of an Australian species of fiddler crab, Uca perplexa, use two different types of claw waving display, lateral and vertical. Lateral waves are employed solely in a courtship context,
whilst vertical waves are employed during courtship as well as territorial interactions. Using video recordings, we show that
lateral waves were produced spontaneously (broadcast), and their frequency increased only in the presence of female wanderers.
Vertical waves were not broadcast but were elicited by male wanderers during agonistic interactions and female wanderers during
close range courtship. Male resident U. perplexa were able to discriminate the sex of wandering crabs on the mudflat at distances of 32 cm. During all resident–wanderer interactions,
residents attempted to maintain a position directly between the wanderer and the home burrow and orient themselves to face
females and to present the major claw towards males. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the multiple use
of waving displays in a fiddler crab species. 相似文献
18.
Henrik Brumm 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2009,63(8):1157-1165
Bird song is a sexually selected multidimensional signal. A fundamental question regarding the evolution of sexually selected
signals is what information they convey and how their honesty is maintained. Song amplitude is a performance-related signal
trait that varies considerably between individuals, but this signal dimension has been neglected in past studies. I found
that median song amplitude in male nightingales (Luscinia megarhynchos) and zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) did not vary significantly with body size or residual body mass. In contrast, I found a significant negative correlation
between body size (and also residual mass) and the maximum song amplitude during interactive singing in nightingales. However,
the function of these more subtle differences in song amplitude remains to be investigated. By and large, the results of this
study suggest that mean song amplitude is unlikely to indicate a bird’s body size or current condition (measured as residual
mass). 相似文献
19.
Males of the brush-legged wolf spider, Schizocosa ocreata (Araneae: Lycosidae), possess a conspicuous male secondary sexual character: dark pigmentation and tufts of bristles on the
tibiae of their forelegs. We tested several hypotheses relating to the role of this conspicuous trait in sexual selection.
Triad mating experiments suggest that the tufts do not play an obvious role in the operation of sexual selection by either
male competition or female choice, as there were no significant differences in the mating success of intact and experimentally
shaved males. However, females mated more often with males that initiated courtship first, suggesting that capture of a female’s
attention by male signalling may play a critical role. In behavioral experiments that paired a single male with a female in
arenas that allowed both visual and vibratory signal transmission during courtship, female receptivity did not vary significantly
with the presence or absence of tufts. However, experiments that isolated the visual component of communication (by eliminating
vibratory communication) revealed a significant effect of the presence of tufts: females showed receptivity less often to
males with tufts removed. Female response to visual signals was much greater in S. ocreata than in its sibling congener, Schizocosa rovneri, which lacks male tufts. We hypothesize that the tufts serve to increase the efficacy of visual displays of S. ocreata, as vibratory communication is constrained by the complex leaf litter habitat of some populations. Such environmental constraints
may make visual signalling over distance a critical factor for effective courtship communication, which may in turn strongly
influence male fitness.
Received: 30 September 1994/Accepted after revision: 4 August 1995 相似文献
20.
Sarah R. Partan 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2013,67(9):1523-1539
The study of multimodal communication has become an active and vibrant field. This special issue of Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology brings together new developments in this rapidly expanding area. In this final contribution to the special issue, I look to the future and discuss ten questions in need of further work, touching on issues ranging from theoretical modeling and the evolution of behavior to molecular mechanisms and the development of behavior. In particular, I emphasize that the use of multimodal communication allows animals to switch between sensory channels when one channel becomes too noisy, and suggest that a better understanding of this process may help us both to understand the evolution of multisensory signaling and to predict the success of species facing environmental changes that affect signaling channels, such as urbanization and climate change. An expanded section is included on the effects of climate change on animal communication across sensory channels, urging researchers to pursue this topic due to the rapidity with which the environment is currently transforming. 相似文献