浅层气浮的理论及其应用研究

本文介绍了静止水体中的气浮原理 ,提出了动态进水、动态出水、静态分离的浅层气浮理论。通过试验比较 ,浅层气浮池在有效水深、水力停留时间、处理效率上均优越于其他气浮池 ,是一种新型的高效气浮设备。此设备可以广泛应用到各个行业的水处理工程中。     

气浮净水工艺述评

从热力学、动力学、流体力学三个方面介绍了气浮理论,对涡凹气浮、浅层气浮、超声波气浮、高效加压气浮、逆流共聚气浮等五种新型气浮工艺的原理和特点进行了评述,最后讨论了气浮净水技术的发展和研究方向。     

新型气浮设备—高效浅层气浮

基于气浮技术的基本原理，介绍了新型气浮设备－高效浅层气浮的独特设计构思以及主要部分，并将其与传统气浮作了技术经济比较，具有良好的推广运用前景。     

方便面和饮料生产废水处理技术

采用高效气浮 活性污泥法组合工艺处理方便面和饮料生产废水。工程实践运行表明 ,该工艺处理效果好、运行稳定。各项指标均可达到 (GB8978 1996 )《污水综合排放标准》的二级排放标准     

EGFU-高效气浮在污水处理中的应用

介绍EGFU高效气浮在含油污水处理中的工作原理，设备的技术关键点及运行情况。运行效果表明，EGFU高效气浮回流比小、节约能耗、处理设施便于现场安装，处理效果好，污染物去除率高。     

YF型高效浅层气浮装置及其应用

YF型高效浅层气浮装置是一种先进的气浮系统,成功地运用"浅池理论"和"零速"原理进行设计,集凝聚、气浮、撇渣、沉淀、刮泥于一体,是一种高效节能的水质净化设备.广泛应用于如造纸、食品、制革、针织、印染、毛纺、屠宰等工业污水处理系统中,处理效率达到SS＞90%,COD＞75%,色度＞80%.     

离心气浮技术及在含油污水处理中的应用

针对含油污水处理将朝着低污染、低成本、易操作、结构紧凑、高效处理方向发展的要求,围绕离心气浮处理技术进行综述。将迄今各种含油污水离心气浮处理技术分为:基于充气水力旋流器的气浮旋流组合、气浮与常规水力旋流器单体组合、气浮与低强度旋流离心力场组合三大类,并对其特点进行了详细分析。国外采油污水处理的最新进展表明,紧凑型旋流气浮组合技术具有广阔的应用前景。     

混凝气浮-推流式活性污泥-深度处理法处理染色废水

介绍了混凝气浮-推流式活性污泥-深度处理法在染色废水工程中的应用，分析了工程的设计及运行的情况。实践表明，混凝气浮预处理可以有效去除色度、悬浮物和部分有机物，提高抗冲击负荷能力；推流式活性污泥法有较高的处理效率，经深度处理后，废水达标排放。     

哈尔滨工业大学利用生物技术处理含油废水 高效价廉

哈尔滨工业大学开展的人工固化工程菌处理含油废水研究项目 ,通过黑龙江省科技厅的专家鉴定。含油废水主要来自于石化行业的采油、炼油环节。目前处理含油废水普遍使用老三级‘除油工艺 ,即隔油、一级气浮和二级气浮、生化处理。人工固化工程菌除油装置可用于替代二级气浮装置。‘老三级’中的隔油阶段只能除去水中的重油 ,而不沉淀、不上浮的乳化油和溶解油则无法去除 ,这时需要进行二次气浮处理 ,而二级气浮工艺复杂 ,投资运行费用高 ,管理不便。人工固化工程菌除油装置则是将应用在工程领域的细菌人工投加到含油废水中 ,经过水循环 ,工程…     

电凝聚气浮技术在废水处理中的应用

电凝聚气浮技术作为一种新技术已开始应用到实际的水处理工程。综述了电凝聚气浮技术处理效率的影响因素与其在实际中处理各种废水的研究进展,并指出了该技术存在的问题及解决方法。     

Effects of humic acid coatings on phenanthrene sorption to black carbon

Black carbon (BC) can strongly adsorb hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs).The HOC sorption to coated BC could be attenuated in soil and sediment compared with that of the parent BC.To study the potential causes of the sorption attenuation,humic acid (HA) and BC were isolated.Phenanthrene (PHE) was selected as the representative of HOCs.BC was coated with the precipitated HA.The PHE sorption to the HA-coated BC was determined.The HA coatings on BC could result in the significant sorption attenuation of PHE to BC.The attenuation varied in different HA origin and was positively correlated to the aromaticity of HA.The attenuation could be explained by the direct competition between HA and PHE for the available sorption sites on BC and the reduction of the available sorption sites as a result of the pore blockage of BC caused by the HA coatings.Therefore,the HA coatings on BC was one potential cause of the attenuation of HOC sorption to BC in soil and sediment.     

A new photon kinetic-measure based on the kinetics of electron-hole pairs in photodegradation of textile wastewater using the UV-H2O2FS-TiO2 process

Actual textile wastewater and synthesized wastewater containing various textile dyes were photocatalytic degraded by the UVH2O2Fs-TiO2 process in an aimular-flow photocatalytic reactor. In this process, a photon kinetic-measure was adopted to obtain constant rates of dyes decomposition. It was theorized that, by illumination at different UV frequencies, the electrons within the semiconductor were excited from the valence band to the conduction band, yielding the formation of electron-hole pairs which are the pre-requisites for photocatalysis. CPT （critical photonic time） exposure required to cause 90% of vibrations between the double and single bonds along the molecular chain of the dyes to be oxidized, was taken to measure the photocatalytic activities. The CPTs varied with the frequencies of the UV spectral areas. The derivatization of CPT from the first-order kinetic law was presented.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Emissions of SO2, NO and N2O in a circulating fluidized bed combustor during co-firing coal and biomass

This paper presents the experimental investigations of the emissions of SO2, NO and N2O in a bench scale circulating fluidized bed combustor for coal combustion and co-firing coal and biomass. The thermal capacity of the combustor is 30 kW. The setup is electrically heated during startup. The influence of the excess air, the degree of the air staging, the biomass share and the feeding position of the fuels on the emissions of SO2, NO and N2O were studied. The results showed that an increase in the biomass shares resulted in an increase of the CO concentration in the flue gas, probably due to the high volatile content of the biomass. In co-firing, the emission of SO2 increased with increasing biomass share slightly, however, non-linear increase relationship between SO2 emission and fuel sulfur content was observed. Air staging significantly decreased the NO emission without raising the SO2 level. Although the change of the fuel feeding position from riser to downer resulted in a decrease in the NO emission level, no obvious change was observed for the SO2 level. Taking the coal feeding position R as a reference, the relative NO emission could significantly decrease during co-firing coal and biomass when feeding fuel at position D and keeping the first stage stoichiometry greater than 0.95. The possible mechanisms of the sulfur and nitrogen chemistry at these conditions were discussed and the ways of simultaneous reduction of SO2, NO and N2O were proposed.     

Isolation and algae-lysing characteristics of the algicidal bacterium B5

Water blooms have become a worldwide environmental problem.Recently,algicidal bacteria have attracted wide attention as possible agents for inhibiting algal water blooms.In this study,one strain of algicidal bacterium B5 was isolated from activated sludge.On the basis of analysis of its physiological characteristics and 16S rDNA gene sequence,it was identified as Bacillusfusiformis.Its algae- lysing characteristics on Microcystis aeruginosa,Chlorella and Scenedesmus were tested.The results showed that:(1)the algicidal bacterium B5 is a Gram-negative bacterium.The 16S rDNA nucleotide sequence homology of strain B5 with 2 strains of B.fusiformis reached 99.86%,so B5 was identified as B.fusiformis;(2)the algal-lysing effects of the algicidal bacterium B5 on M.aeruginosa, Chlorella and Scenedesmus were pronounced.The initial bacterial and algal cell densities strongly influence the removal rates of chlorophyll-α.The greater the initial bacterial cell density,the faster the degradation of chlorophyll-α.The greater the initial algal cell density,the slower the degradation of chlorophyll-α.When the bacterial cell density was 3.6 x l07 cells/ml,nearly 90% of chlorophyll-αwas removed.When the chlorophyll-αconcentration was less than 550μg/L,about 70% was removed;(3)the strain B5 lysed algae by secreting metabolites and these metabolites could bear heat treatment.     

Adsorption thermodynamics and kinetic investigation of aromatic amphoteric compounds onto different polymeric adsorbents

The adsorption behavior of p-aminobenzoic acid and o-aminobenzoic acid onto the different polymeric adsorbents was systematically investigated as a function of the solution concentration and temperature.Experimental results indicated that the equilibrium adsorption data of the four polymeric adsorbents fitted well in the Freundlich isotherm.The adsorption capacity of multi-functional polymeric adsorbent NJ-99 was the highest,which might be attributed to the strong hydrogen-bonding interaction between the amino groups on the resin and the carboxyl group of aminobenzoic acid.The adsorption capacity of o-aminobenzoic acid onto any adsorbent was higher than p-aminobenzoic acid.Thermodynamic studies suggested the exothermic,spontaneous physical adsorption process.Adsorption kinetics results showed that the adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order kinetics model and the intraparticle mass transfer process was the rate-controlling step.     

Treated wastewater irrigation effect on soil, crop and environment： Wastewater recycling in the loess area of China

A study was carried out at the Loess Plateau in Dongzhi,China,to test the feasibility of using secondary treatment sewage effluent and to determine whether the water quality would then meet the recommended irrigation norm.Seven crops,including celery,wheat, maize,millet,apples,rapeseed and yellow beans,were tested in the study.Physical and chemical properties of the soil,crop yield and quality and leachate at different soil depths were measured.In most cases,the quality of the crops that made use of treated sewage was not distinctively different from those that did not use treated sewage.However,yields for the former were much higher than they were for the latter.Leachates at different soil depths were analyzed and the results did not show alarming levels of constituents.For a period of approximately 14 months,the treated sewage irrigation had no significant effect on the loess soil and no cases of illness resulting from contact with the treated sewage were reported.With treated sewage irrigation,a slight increase in the organic content of the soil was observed.     

Formation of multiple trimethylsilyl derivatives in the derivatization of 17α-ethinylestradiol with BSTFA or MSTFA followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry determination

N,O-bis(trimethylsily)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) and N-methyl-N(trimethylsily) trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA) are common derivatization reagents used in the GC-MS analysis of estrogen steroids such as estrone (E1) and 17(-ethinylestradiol (EE2). In this study, three trimethylsilyl (TMS) steroid derivatives, mono-and di-trimethylsilyl EE2 and mono-trimethylsilyl E1, were observed during the derivatization of EE2 with BSTFA or MSTFA and/or GC separation. Factors influencing the production of multiple TMS derivatives and their relative abundance were examined. It was found that both methanol and bisphenol A competed with estrogenic esteroids when reacting with silylation reagents, and thus affected the formation of TMS derivatives and their relative abundance in the derivatization products. Methanol was found to be more reactive than bisphenol A with the BSTFA reagent. None of the three solvents tested in this study could prevent the generation of multiple TMS derivatives during the derivatization of EE2 with BSTFA, followed by GC analysis. A similar result was observed using MSTFA as the derivative reagent followed by GC analysis. Thus, the suitability of BSTFA or MSTFA as the derivatization reagent for the determination of E1 and EE2 by GC-MS, under the conditions reported here, is questionable. This problem can be solved by adding trimethylsilylimidaz (TMSI) in the BSTFA reagent as recommended, and the performance of the method has been proved in this study.