自动跟踪储热传导式多功能太阳能

本技术克服传统太阳能的缺陷 ,采用贯通式热管技术 ,单曲面采光器 ,集热迅速 ,温度高 ;运用模拟电子跟踪系统 ,准确、无误、自动跟踪太阳最强光源运行的轨迹运转 ,当日落时又自动恢复到日出位置 ,最大限度地提高集热功能 ;利用介质高温储热 ,循环集热 ,而不受天气的影响 ;双重保温措施 ,保温时间长 ,效果好 ;不受高寒地区的影响 ,不论天阴、夜晚都可随时供热。通过科学的高效传导功能 ,使室外的能源极为方便地通过导热管直接输送到室内使用 ,形象的说 ,只要打开阀门 ,热能就同自来水一样流向散热器直接使用 ,使用时不见明火 ,不冒黑烟 ,绿色…     

未来建筑新亮点——太阳能住宅

据有关报道,太阳能———作为一种免费、清洁的能源,在住宅建筑中的利用,关系到可持续发展的战略,可谓意义深远。经过数年的研究和开发,太阳能的利用已取得显著成果并转化为生产力。我国,太阳能热水器企业在全行业中现已超过千家,推广应用范围也在不断扩大,而太阳能住宅,也在住宅建设中越发呈现其不可替代的地位,并成为住宅建设中的一个最新亮点。新型太阳能集热器的试制成功,使太阳能热水器可直接作为建筑构件,在屋顶、墙面和阳台应用,斜坡和平顶镶嵌式太阳能热水器集热板均可紧贴屋面或做为屋面组成部分,加之先进的电子自控应用,还能使太…     

群策群力 共商环保大计——青海省环境科学学会专家座谈会记

青海省环境科学学会于1995年2月11日,邀请省上有关领导和专家就我省环保产业发展、环境污染管理、资源综合利用和生态环境保护等问题,进行了座谈,共商青海环境保护大事.环保产业发展问题1.省新能源研究所所长罗赞继研究员提出:我省具有丰富的太阳能、风能资源,我国西北地区地广人稀,部分群众缺少照明生活用电,对太阳能、风能小电源需求量大,具有广阔市场.该所除已申报“两江一河发源地保护和再生能源利用”研究项目外,现正与芬兰、德国分别进行太阳能合作开发,此项工作还得到省上领导高度重视.为此建议将新能源研究所领办的“青海省太阳能电力有限责任公司”对太阳能、风能小型用电设备的产业化、规模化纳入环保工作内容.既可解决我省广大农牧区部分群众的用电问题,又能带动我省环保产业的迅速发展,前景广阔.省建筑设计院副总工程师杨国俊分析了全国的能源结构及我省能源的利用状况,也提出要尽快筹集资金,发展节能型住宅和太阳能住宅.     

太阳能在废水处理系统中的应用

由于节省能源为目前工业上最主要的问题之一,对于太阳能是否能够有效的应用于废水处理系统,近年来极受重视。不过,在考虑应用太阳能之前,应分析一下在废水处理系统中,究竟是在哪一步骤或在什么设备上可以利用太阳能。对废水处理系统逐一分析,可知在废水处理系统方面,直接利用太阳能的场所,极为有限,只限于下列四项:     

风靡世界的太阳能空调

<正>传统化石能源开采方便,技术体系成熟,是我们现代能源结构的主体。但其污染严重且存量不足的缺陷迫使我们寻找新的清洁能源。早在远古人们就开始使用太阳能,太阳能作为万物生长的源泉,不仅取之不尽,用之不竭,而且清洁可再生。目前利用太阳能的领域越来越多。在国外,太阳能不仅可以用来直接发电,甚至还可以用在制冷的空调上。太阳能制冷空调,是指利用太阳能作为主要驱动能源,采用氨或其他无污染工质进行循环来实现传     

解决全球气候变暖的新思路

为了应对全球气候变暖,人们已经提出和实施了许多方案,比如,大力支持太阳能和风能等绿色能源的利用,大力推广低能耗的家用电器等器具。广泛开展节能减排活动等,以减少大气保温气体的排放。但是,不少人担心,这些个体或群体所采取的措施在遏制全球气候变暖方面是否真正能够很快见效？如果按照目前的思路走下去,我们仍不能很快控制全球气候变暖的势头,那么,我们是否需要另辟蹊径,走出另一条新路？     

日本使用能充电的停车棚

日本一家公司开发出太阳能停车棚,目前日本已有3个车站停车棚投入运营,可为100辆电动自行车停车充电。这些太阳能停车棚利用太阳能电池板发电,并把产生的电能储存在大容量锂离子储电电池中,再将电能转移到自行车用锂离子充电电池使用。日本将在全国推广太阳能停车棚,以减少电动白行车对公共电网的依赖。     

花生去壳机

花生去壳机由机架、电机、传动皮带、侧板、进料斗、盖子、网筛、去壳机构、集果机构以及风道组成。其特点是 :机架上增设有一出壳罩 ,出壳罩位于风道的出口处。本品由于增设了出壳罩 ,因而在出壳过程中花生壳不会四处飞扬 ,从而改善了作业环境。 (ＺＬ 992 2 81 60 .6)花生去壳机     

太阳能在沼气工程中的应用——北京市延庆县西龙湾村沼气集中供气工程模式

北京市延庆县西龙湾村沼气工程根据光-热转换原理,将可利用的太阳能技术同沼气生物技术有机结合起来,利用太阳能为沼气工程加温,解决了寒冷地区冬季沼气生产的问题.     

太阳能技术在新疆油田的应用研究

以新疆地区太阳能开发优越的自然条件分析为基础,介绍了太阳能发电抽油机技术、供热水的应用,以及太阳能发电供热水的技术原理、系统构成、重要技术参数等。通过实际应用,解析了太阳能利用中最关键的经济效益和节能减排效益两方面的问题,并通过与常规燃煤火力发电技术的对比分析,证明了太阳能发电供热的技术优越性。太阳能发电供热的大规模推广应用,对响应国家节能减排政策,提高油田的节能减排效益和经济效益,创建绿色油气田具有深远的意义。     

Projected Changes in Discharge in an Agricultural Watershed in Iowa

Our improved capability to adapt to the future changes in discharge is linked to our capability to predict the magnitude or at least the direction of these changes. For the agricultural United States Midwest, too much or too little water has severe socioeconomic impacts. Here, we focus on the Raccoon River at Van Meter, Iowa, and use a statistical approach to examine projected changes in discharge. We build on statistical models using rainfall and harvested corn and soybean acreage to explain the observed discharge variability. We then use projections of these two predictors to examine the projected discharge response. Results are based on seven global climate models part of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 and two representative concentration pathways (RCPs 4.5 and 8.5). There is not a strong signal of change in the discharge projections under the RCP 4.5. However, the results for the RCP 8.5 point to a stronger changing signal related to larger projected increases in rainfall, resulting in increased trends, in particular, in the upper part of the discharge distribution (i.e., 60th percentile and above). Examination of two hypothetical agricultural scenarios indicates that these increasing trends could be alleviated by decreasing the extent of the agricultural production. We also discuss how the methodology presented in this study represents a viable approach to move forward with the concept of return period for engineering design and management in a nonstationary world.     

Pesticides in rain in four agricultural watersheds in the United States

Rainfall samples were collected during the 2003 and 2004 growing seasons at four agricultural locales across the USA in Maryland, Indiana, Nebraska, and California. The samples were analyzed for 21 insecticides, 18 herbicides, three fungicides, and 40 pesticide degradates. Data from all sites combined show that 7 of the 10 most frequently detected pesticides were herbicides, with atrazine (70%) and metolachlor (83%) detected at every site. Dacthal, acetochlor, simazine, alachlor, and pendimethalin were detected in more than 50% of the samples. Chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, and diazinon were the only insecticides among the 10 most frequently detected compounds. Of the remaining pesticide parent compounds, 18 were detected in fewer than 30% of the samples, and 13 were not detected. The most frequently detected degradates were deethylatrazine; the oxygen analogs (OAs) of the organophosphorus insecticides chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and malathion; and 1-napthol (degradate of carbaryl). Deethylatrazine was detected in nearly 70% of the samples collected in Maryland, Indiana, and Nebraska but was detected only once in California. The OAs of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were detected primarily in California. Degradates of the acetanilide herbicides were rarely detected in rain, indicating that they are not formed in the atmosphere or readily volatilized from soils. Herbicides accounted for 91 to 98% of the total pesticide mass deposited by rain except in California, where insecticides accounted for 61% in 2004. The mass of pesticides deposited by rainfall was estimated to be less than 2% of the total applied in these agricultural areas.     

Investment in human capital in Africa

Summary The author analyses the problems currently faced by the African continent, recognises six factors which he believes are important in influencing the analysis, and argues that the only secure, renewable asset any country or continent has, is its people. He maintains that people development, rather than the classical economic forms of encouraging development, offers Africa a viable way forward. He then identifies a number of specific issues within such a strategy of investment in human capital.Brian Walker is the President of the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), and this address was given at the inaugural meeting of the International Year of Shelter for the Homeless, in London, on 18th April, 1985. A second, earlier, associated address was published inThe Environmentalist 5(3) 167–170.     

Environmental assessment in countries in transition: evolution in a changing context

Over the last fifteen years, Environmental Assessment systems of transitional societies of Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia have undergone dramatic change from appraisals integrated into centrally planned economies to formal procedures aimed to ensure interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts and linked to publicly accountable decision-making. In most Central European nations, EA systems have been radically reformed to approximate the procedures used in developed countries, particularly in the European Union. In contrast, EA in most of the former Soviet republics has been reformed more gradually and is still based on the so-called State Environmental Review procedure inherited from the USSR and substantially different from 'Western' EA. About one-third of the transitional countries (in the Balkans, the Caucasus and Central Asia) have, so far, failed to establish functioning EA systems. Throughout the region, there has been a gap between EA legislation and practice, especially concerning interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts, public participation, and utilisation of EA findings in decision-making. A key driving force in the reform of EA systems has been the change in their societal context, the so-called 'process of transition'. Three main policy agendas--environmental protection, reforms of decision-making, and conforming to international requirements--along with the institutional context of EA regulations and practice have influenced both the change of EA systems over time and the regional variations in the patterns of their evolution. This study suggests that an effective reform of an EA system should be context-sensitive, or be 'in gear' with the political and economic transition. Future EA research should consider their changing societal contexts and focused on practical effects of applying EA procedures.     

电催化氧化处理难降解废水技术研究进展

电催化氧化处理难降解废水技术已得到了广泛关注.本文从电极材料与应用,电极结构及反应器形状,以及与其它处理方法联用等综述了最新研究进展,并在此基础上总结出了电催化氧化技术今后的发展方向.     

Community-company relations in gold mining in Ghana

As a result of Structural Adjustment Programme from the 1980s, many developing countries have experienced an increase in resource extraction activities by international and transnational corporations. The work reported here examines the perceived impacts of gold mining at the community level in the Wassa West District of Ghana, Africa and discusses those perceived impacts in the context of globalization processes and growing multinational corporate interest in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Interview data compared community members' perceptions with those of company representatives in three communities. The results indicate that communities held companies responsible for a series of economic, social, and environmental changes. While recognizing some of the benefits brought by the mines, communities felt that the companies did not live up to their responsibility to support local development. Companies responded by denying, dismissing concerns, or shifting blame. Findings from this work show that lack of engagement and action by government agencies at all levels resulted in companies acting in a surrogate governmental capacity. In such situations, managing expectations is key to community-company relations.     

Water management problems in economies in transition

Ambitious programmes of reform in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) are threatened by a serious deterioration of the environment. Large-scale damage of the natural environment in many forms, including water pollution has created development barriers which adversely affect the living conditions of current and future generations. Despite similar patterns of environmental policy in the CEE countries compared with their Western counterparts, neither environmental legislation nor economic incentives have produced any significant improvement in water quality over the last 10–20 years. For that very reason in the transition period, it is necessary to identify existing deficiencies in the system and to build up a mixed system of new institutions of water management, more realistic legislation with a strong enforcement system, and market based incentives for water conservation and protection against pollution.     

Sustainability Appraisal in neighbourhood planning in England

The preparation of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) inclusive sustainability appraisals (SAs) for neighbourhood plans (NPs) in England may be required when significant environmental effects are expected to arise from an NP. In this paper, we report on the result of a Ph.D. project, conducted between 2012 and 2015, in which all 15 NP SEA inclusive SAs that had been completed at the time were evaluated. In this context, the quality of SA practice was found to differ substantially. SAs were prepared either ‘in-house’ (i.e. by neighbourhood planning steering groups) or by consultants. The quality of SAs was found to be associated with their overall perceived degree of influence on the underlying NPs. Whilst the focus of this paper is on practice in England, findings are expected to be of interest to a wider international audience, in particular to those experimenting with voluntary neighbourhood/local level plan SA/SEA.     

Private participation in isolated grids in Mozambique

This article presents a case study from Mozambique of the electrification of two selected towns under a World Bank financed project. Low-cost electricity services were extended to the two isolated areas after an enabling framework had been created for private sector participation. The World Bank project also demonstrates that the private sector can be attracted to participate in rural electrification schemes even in a poor country. The example shown in this article is one of the few of its kind in SubSaharan Africa.