Anthropogenic emissions of SO2 and NOx in Asia: Emission inventories

The anthropogenic emissions of SO₂ and NO_x for 25 Asian countries east of Afghanistan and Pakistan have been calculated for 1975, 1980, 1985, 1986 and 1987 based on fuel consumption, sulfur content in fuels and emission factors for used fuels in each emission category. The provincial- and regional-based calculations have also been made for China and India. The total SO₂ emissions in these parts of Asia have been calculated to be 18.3 and 29.1 Tg in 1975 and 1987, respectively. The calculated total NO_x emissions were 9.4 and 15.5 Tg in 1975 and 1987, respectively. The SO₂ and NO_x emissions in East Asia (China, Japan, South Korea, North Korea and Taiwan) were 23.4 and 10.7 Tg in 1975 and 1987, respectively.Keyword: Emission inventories, sulfur dioxide emissions, nitrogen oxide emissions, Asian emissions, anthropogenic emissions.     

基于情景分析的湖北省交通碳排放预测研究

交通运输作为化石燃料消耗较高的行业,其CO2的排放逐渐得到人们的重视。以湖北省骨干公路网为研究对象,在回顾分析湖北省交通发展历史的基础上,构建了"开放的湖北省"、"发展相对滞后的湖北省"和"侧重环境保护的湖北省"3个情景,采用CO2排放总量和交通CO2排放强度2项指标对不同发展模式进行预测和比较,根据预测结果对湖北省公路交通发展提出合理化建议。分析结果表明,情景3是理想化的发展模式,但这种模式伴随的是经济发展缓慢、经济总量减少,因此减少机动车油耗与尾气排放、推广天然气和生物燃料的使用、完善公共交通体系是实现交通运输与环境保护协调发展的有效措施。     

The effects of economic growth and innovation on CO2 emissions in different regions

Economic growth and economic energy consumption have received greater attention due to its contribution to global CO₂ emissions in recent decades. The literature on CO₂ emissions and innovation for regional differences is very scanty as there is not enough study that considered different regions in a single analysis. We adopt a holistic approach by incorporating different regions so as to assess how innovation contributes to emission reduction. The study, therefore, examined the effects of innovation and economic growth on CO₂ emissions for 18 developed and developing countries over the period of 1990 to 2016. The study used panel technique capable of dealing with cross-section dependence effects: panel cross-sectional augmented Dickey-Fuller (CADF) unit root to determine the order of integration, Westerlund cointegration tests confirmed that the variables are co-integrated. We employed panel fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS) and panel dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS) to estimate the long-run relationship. The results show that energy consumption increases CO₂ emissions at all panel levels. However, innovation reduces CO₂ emissions in G6 while it increases emissions in the MENA and the BRICS countries. Environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis is valid for the BRICS. The pollution haven hypothesis (PHH) and pollution halo effect were confirmed at different panel levels. Based on the findings different policy recommendations are proposed.

     

Modelling the atmospheric transport and deposition of sulphur and nitrogen over the United Kingdom and assessment of the influence of SO2 emissions from international shipping

A statistical Lagrangian atmospheric transport model was used to generate annual maps of deposition of sulphur and oxidised and reduced nitrogen for the UK at a 5×5 km² resolution. The model was run using emissions for the year 2002. The model was compared with measurements of gas concentrations (SO₂, NO_x, HNO₃ and NH₃) and of wet deposition and aerosol concentrations of SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺ from national monitoring networks. Good correlation was obtained, demonstrating that the model is capable of accurately estimating the mass balance and spatial distribution of sulphur and nitrogen compounds in the atmosphere. A future emissions scenario for the year 2020 was used to test the influence of shipping emissions on sulphur deposition in the UK. The results show that, if shipping emissions are assumed to increase at a rate of 2.5% per year, their relative contribution to sulphur deposition is expected to increase from 9% to 28% between 2002 and 2020. The model was compared to both a European scale and a global scale chemical transport model and found to give broad agreement with the magnitude and location of sulphur deposition associated with shipping emissions. Enforcement of the MARPOL convention to reduce the sulphur content in marine fuel to 1% was estimated to result in a 6% reduction in total sulphur deposition to the UK for the year 2020. The percentage area of sensitive habitats with exceedance of critical loads for acidity in the UK was predicted to decrease by 1% with the implementation of the MARPOL convention.     

Factors Influencing the Variability of SO2 Concentrations in Istanbul

ABSTRACT

The correlation between sulfur dioxide (SO₂) concentrations measured at the European and Asian sides of Istanbul and meteorological parameters is investigated using principal component analysis (PCA) and multiple regression analysis techniques. Several meteorological parameters are selected to represent the atmospheric conditions during two winter periods: 1993–1994 and 1994–1995. Six principal components are found to explain the majority of the observed meteorological variability. Surface pressure, 850-mb temperature, and surface zonal (east-west) and meridional (north-south) winds show high loadings on separate factors identified by PCA. We seek dominant meteorological parameters that control the SO₂ levels at each monitoring station. Several multiple regression analysis models are fitted to the data from each monitoring station using six principal components and previous day SO₂ concentrations as independent variables.

Results suggest that the most important parameters, highly correlated with SO₂ concentrations in the Istanbul metropolitan area, are atmospheric pressure and surface zonal and meridional winds. These components have more influence on the determination of the air pollution levels at the Asian side than at the European side.     

Use of a vehicle-modelling tool for predicting CO2 emissions in the framework of European regulations for light goods vehicles

The reduction of CO₂ emissions and fuel consumption from road transportation constitutes an important pillar of the EU commitment for implementing the Kyoto Protocol. Efforts to monitor and limit CO₂ emissions from vehicles can effectively be supported by the use of vehicle modelling tools. This paper presents the application of such a tool for predicting CO₂ emissions of vehicles under different operating conditions and shows how the results from simulations can be used for supporting policy analysis and design aiming at further reductions of the CO₂ emissions. For this purpose, the case of light duty goods (N1 category) vehicle CO₂ emissions control measures adopted by the EU is analysed. In order to understand how certain design and operating aspects affect fuel consumption, a number of N1 vehicles were simulated with ADVISOR for various operating conditions and the numerical results were validated against chassis dynamometer tests. The model was then employed for analysing and evaluating the new EU legislative framework that addresses CO₂ emissions from this vehicle class. The results of this analysis have shown the weaknesses of the current regulations and revealed new potential in CO₂ emissions control. Finally the TREMOVE model was used for simulating a possible scenario for reducing CO₂ emissions at fleet level.     

Asymmetric effects of premature deagriculturalization on economic growth and CO2 emissions: fresh evidence from Pakistan

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - This paper examines the relationship between deagriculturalization, economic growth, and CO2 emissions in Pakistan from the period 1975 to 2018 by...     

Modelling the spatial distribution of SO2 and NOx emissions in Ireland

The spatial distributions of sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions are essential inputs to models of atmospheric transport and deposition. Information of this type is required for international negotiations on emission reduction through the critical load approach. High-resolution emission maps for the Republic of Ireland have been created using emission totals and a geographical information system, supported by surrogate statistics and landcover information. Data have been subsequently allocated to the EMEP 50 x 50-km grid, used in long-range transport models for the investigation of transboundary air pollution. Approximately two-thirds of SO2 emissions in Ireland emanate from two grid-squares. Over 50% of total SO2 emissions originate from one grid-square in the west of Ireland, where the largest point sources of SO2 are located. Approximately 15% of the total SO2 emissions originate from the grid-square containing Dublin. SO2 emission densities for the remaining areas are very low, < 1 t km-2 year-1 for most grid-squares. NOx emissions show a very similar distribution pattern. However, NOx emissions are more evenly spread over the country, as about 40% of total NOx emissions originate from road transport.     

Cost of lower NOx emissions: Increased CO2 emissions from heavy-duty diesel engines

This paper highlights the effect of emissions regulations on in-use emissions from heavy-duty vehicles powered by different model year engines. More importantly, fuel economy data for pre- and post-consent decree engines are compared.The objective of this study was to determine the changes in brake-specific emissions of NO_x as a result of emission regulations, and to highlight the effect these have had on brake-specific CO₂ emission; hence, fuel consumption. For this study, in-use, on-road emission measurements were collected. Test vehicles were instrumented with a portable on-board tailpipe emissions measurement system, WVU's Mobile Emissions Measurement System, and were tested on specific routes, which included a mix of highway and city driving patterns, in order to collect engine operating conditions, vehicle speed, and in-use emission rates of CO₂ and NO_x. Comparison of on-road in-use emissions data suggests NO_x reductions as high as 80% and 45% compared to the US Federal Test Procedure and Not-to-Exceed standards for model year 1995–2002. However, the results indicate that the fuel consumption; hence, CO₂ emissions increased by approximately 10% over the same period, when the engines were operating in the Not-to-Exceed region.     

Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and isomer ratios as tracers of biomass burning emissions in Northern India

Emission from large-scale post-harvest agricultural-waste burning (paddy-residue burning during October–November and wheat-residue burning in April–May) is a conspicuous feature in northern India. The poor and open burning of agricultural residue result in massive emission of carbonaceous aerosols and organic pollutants to the atmosphere. In this context, concentrations of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their isomer ratios have been studied for a 2-year period from a source region (Patiala: 30.2°N; 76.3°E) of two distinct biomass burning emissions. The concentrations of 4—6 ring PAHs are considerably higher compared to 2–3 ring PAHs in the ambient particulate matter (PM_2.5). The crossplots of PAH isomer ratios, fluoranthene?/?(fluoranthene?+?pyrene) and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene/(indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene?+?benzo[g,h,i]perylene) for two biomass burning emissions, exhibit distinctly different source characteristics compared to those for fossil-fuel combustion sources in south and south-east Asia. The PAH isomer ratios studied from different geographical locations in northern India also exhibit similar characteristics on the crossplot, suggesting their usefulness as diagnostic tracers of biomass burning emissions.     

Economic performance of Indonesia amidst CO2 emissions and agriculture: a time series analysis

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - To minimize the awful situation confronting the entire globe, the global warming danger has raised the intensity of consciousness from all areas of...     

Desorption of CO2, SO2, and NH3 in the vacuum evaporation of desulfurization wastewater

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Mechanical vapor compression and multi-effect evaporation have been widely used in achieving zero discharge of desulfurization wastewater as they are...     

Biomass consumption and CO2, CO and main hydrocarbon gas emissions in an Amazonian forest clearing fire

Biomass consumption and CO₂, CO and hydrocarbon gas emissions in an Amazonian forest clearing fire are presented and discussed. The experiment was conducted in the arc of deforestation, near the city of Alta Floresta, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. The average carbon content of dry biomass was 48% and the estimated average moisture content of fresh biomass was 42% on wet weight basis. The fresh biomass and the amount of carbon on the ground before burning were estimated as 528 t ha^?1 and 147 t ha^?1, respectively. The overall biomass consumption for the experiment was estimated as 23.9%. A series of experiment in the same region resulted in average efficiency of 40% for areas of same size and 50% for larger areas. The lower efficiency obtained in the burn reported here occurred possibly due to rain before the experiment. Excess mixing ratios were measured for CO₂, CO, CH₄, C₂–C₃ aliphatic hydrocarbons, and PM_2.5. Excess mixing ratios of CH₄ and C₂–C₃ hydrocarbons were linearly correlated with those of CO. The average emission factors of CO₂, CO, CH₄, NMHC, and PM_2.5 were 1,599, 111.3, 9.2, 5.6, and 4.8 g kg^?1 of burned dry biomass, respectively. One hectare of burned forest released about 117,000 kg of CO₂, 8100 kg of CO, 675 kg of CH₄, 407 kg of NMHC and 354 kg of PM_2.5.     

High spatial and seasonal heterogeneity of pCO2 and CO2 emissions in a karst groundwater-stream continuum,southern China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Accurate quantification of the emission of CO2 from streams and rivers is one of the primary challenges in determining the global carbon budget...     

Determinants of CO2 emissions: exploring the unexplored in low-income countries

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In thirst for economic growth, economies are engaged in anti-environmental activities that drive them towards climate change and CO2 emissions....     

The spillover of tourism development on CO2 emissions: a spatial econometric analysis

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Climate change and tourism’s interaction and vulnerability have been among the most hotly debated topics recently. In this context, the study...     

The effects of research and development and financial development on CO2 emissions: evidence from selected WAME economies

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Earth is in the Anthropocene era and humankind deteriorates the global environment; thus, there is a dire need for sustainable policies at all levels....     

Methane emissions from a coastal lagoon: Vembanad Lake,West Coast,India

An attempt has been made to estimate methane fluxes from a tropical coastal wetland the Vembanad Lake, a lagoon along the West Coast of India. It has been found that Vembanad Lake contributes significant amount of methane to the atmosphere. Average emissions varied spatially within the lake. Methane emissions were 193.2 +/- 24.5 mg m(-2) h(-1) at Kumaragam (fresh water) as compared to 9.3 +/- 9.6 mgm(-2) h(-1) at Pullot (brackish water) site. Seasonal variation was significant between pre- and post-monsoons. Soil temperature, time of the day, salinity sediment organic carbon, all control the rate of methane emissions from the Vembanad Lake.     

Testing the heterogeneous effect of air transport intensity on CO2 emissions in G20 countries: An advanced empirical analysis

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - This study investigates the heterogeneous impact of air transport intensity, air passenger transport, and air freight transport on&nbsp;air...     

Estimates of emissions of SO2, NOx, HCl and NH3 from a densely populated region of the UK

Estimates of emissions of SO2, NOx, HCl and NH3 have been made for a densely populated region of the UK, the North-West of England, using data on power generation, incinerator plant capacity, fuel usage and animal and human population statistics. The spatial distributions of SO2 and NOx emissions are quite different, reflecting their different source strengths. The emissions from motor vehicles make up 52% of the NOx emissions from the North-West of England, whilst those from fossil-fuel-fired power stations make up 20%. The emissions of fossil-fuel-fired power stations make up 58% of SO2 emissions from the North-West. A large fossil-fuel-fired power station is the largest known point source for emissions of SO2, NOx and HCl. The largest contribution to NH3 emissions in the North-West is from cattle. Humans may contribute some NH3 to overall emissions but there is considerable uncertainty as to how much is emitted and what fraction of this is deposited within buildings. The uncertainties in the methodologies used are high-lighted and, where possible, recommendations are made as to how future emissions estimates might be improved. Potential reductions in emissions of SO2, NOx and HCl are discussed under basic scenarios of planned power station closures in the area and the compliance of the electricity generation industry with the European Community Directive on Large Combustion Plants.