我院南校区学生体质和视力评价分析

目的:了解我院学生体质健康状况,为开展学校卫生和健康教育提供科学依据.方法:对我院南校区3个医科系学生采用整群分层随机方法抽取397人进行体格检查.结果:①男生身高和体质量评价均低于女生,药学系学生身高和体质量评价低于另2系.②男生正常体重比例低于女生,营养不良比例却高于女生,<16岁段正常体重人数比例较高,20~岁段正常体重人数大幅降低,营养不良人数却增多;肥胖率18~、19~岁段较高;男生高于女生.③视力低下率41.81%,随着年级的升高而增加;女生视力低下率高于男生.结论:南校区学生男生营养不良,女生视力低下,须加强学生膳食营养,加强体育锻炼和用眼卫生知识教育.表3,参5.     

关于《生态环境状况评价技术规范(试行)》中土地退化指数的权重及计算方法的探讨

对HJ/T 192--2006<生态环境状况评价技术规范(试行)>(以下简称<规范>)中加权归一化指数的技术路线进行分析,得出了<规范>中土地退化状态、土地退化指数与生态环境状况指数(EI)逻辑相悖的结论,在此基础上提出了"调整侵蚀度赋权顺序"和"差减土地退化分级指数"2种土地退化指数计算方法,并对2种方法进行验证.模拟计算显示,在中度或重度侵蚀比例相同时,轻度侵蚀比例高的区域EI值大;在轻度侵蚀比例相同时,中度侵蚀比例高的区域EI值大.2种方法的计算结果符合生态环境状态评价的一般逻辑,统计检验显示2种方法的计算结果同步性高,均可应用于实际生态环境状况评价.     

餐厨垃圾生物处理过程中VOCs的产生与控制研究进展

餐厨垃圾生物处理包括好氧堆肥、厌氧消化及卫生填埋等方式,在处理过程中产生的大量挥发性有机物(VOCs)造成二次污染,对环境和人体健康均造成危害.为促进对餐厨垃圾生物处理过程中VOCs的控制,对其产生机理、排放特征及控制方法方面进行综述.已有研究表明:餐厨垃圾生物处理过程产生VOCs可达100种以上.好氧堆肥、厌氧消化、卫生填埋可产生总VOC量分别为57.40-12 736.72 mg/kg、25.98-29.19 mg/m~3和106.20-1 103.70 mg/m~3,且VOCs组成成分复杂,种类与气体量受处理季节、处理时间、处理技术等因素影响较大.当前的VOCs控制技术包括吸附净化、生物净化、热力燃烧等.吸附净化装置简单、成本低但热稳定性差、吸附容量较小;热力燃烧适用于厌氧消化产生的小气体量VOCs,但存在着能耗高、局限性大等缺点.相较于其他控制方法,生物净化具有适用范围广、能耗低、二次污染小、去除效率高等优点,可作为餐厨垃圾生物处理过程中VOCs的主要控制方法.提出未来将餐厨垃圾生物处理过程VOCs产生的微生物机理研究,优化控制技术参数,提高总体去除效率作为重点研究与技术突破方向.(图2表2参76)     

湖南省高职院校学生体质健康影响因素分析

该文主要采用文献资料法、测试比较法、数理统计法等方法对湖南省4所高职院校学生体质健康状况进行实地测试并且进行分析与研究.从湖南省4所高职院校学生体质健康状况中对影响学生体质健康的因素进行研究论证,并进行策略分析,其目的是为了提高高职院校学生体质健康服务.表3,参2.     

中国高等植物就地保护状况评价

基于对1 458个自然保护区内高等植物数据的分析,将我国36 866种高等植物的就地保护水平划分为有效保护、较好保护、一般保护、较少保护、保护状况不明、未受保护和未予评价7个等级,并对各高等植物的就地保护状况进行了逐一评价。结果表明,28 385种高等植物在自然保护区内得到不同程度的就地保护,占评价高等植物总数(不含仅分布于港澳台地区的高等植物,下同)的81.25%;保护状况不明或未受保护的高等植物有6 552种,占评价高等植物总数的18.75%。另外,仅分布于中国港澳台地区的高等植物有1 929种,约占我国高等植物总数(36 866种)的5.23%。该研究在类群水平上分别对被子植物、裸子植物、蕨类植物和苔藓植物的就地保护成效进行评价,并为我国高等植物的就地保护提出有针对性的对策建议。     

油脂去除对餐厨垃圾压滤液厌氧消化的影响

采用常温（25℃）厌氧消化工艺,通过设计两种不同的进料浓度和4个处理方式,研究了油脂的去除对餐厨垃圾压滤液厌氧消化产沼气的影响,并考察了消化过程中典型工艺参数pH值、挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）、CODCr、总磷等的变化规律.试验结果表明油脂对餐厨垃圾压滤液厌氧消化的产气前期有一定的抑制作用,但是整体抑制不明显.处理T1（未隔油餐厨垃圾滤液800 mL）、T2（隔油餐厨垃圾滤液800 mL）、T3（未隔油餐厨垃圾滤液500 mL）、T4（隔油餐厨垃圾滤液500 mL）的产气总量分别为：84357、55539、45031和31033 mL,其中T1的产气总量是T2的1.52倍;T3的产气总量是T4的1.45倍,结果表明餐厨垃圾滤液不需要经过隔油处理而直接可以用于厌氧消化产沼气.同时,当压滤液低浓度（T3、T4）时,产气差异小;高浓度（T1、T2）时,产气差异大.此外,在整个厌氧消化过程中,处理T1、T2、T3和T4的CODCr总去除率分别为80.44%、78.53%、79.67%和80.7%.     

蝇蛆生物转化餐厨垃圾的效能评估

餐厨垃圾具有资源性和危害性.利用家蝇幼虫(蝇蛆)的食腐性以及生命周期短特性研究餐厨垃圾处理,探究最佳蝇蛆接种量,而后分析此接种量下处理前后堆体的理化指标,并对蝇蛆进行营养评价.结果表明,蝇蛆处理餐厨垃圾的最佳接种量约为13 300只/kg,此接种量下餐厨垃圾的减量可达55%,减量指标为13.8;处理后堆体的含水量、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾总量分别下降71.1%、63.9%、75.4%、8.13%、5.3%,碳氮比和p H分别为31.2、8.43,均满足好氧堆肥所需的初始条件;蝇蛆生物转化餐厨垃圾的平均产率为26.4%,转化效率达79.7%;所得干蛆的蛋白质含量接近50%,综合营养价值高于国产鱼粉及豆饼;多烯脂肪酸含量(亚油酸、亚麻酸等)超过智利鱼粉,深加工潜力大.上述结果表明蝇蛆生物转化餐厨垃圾效能显著,具有较好发展前景.     

洞庭湖水污染特征及水质评价

于2016年4月—2017年3月对洞庭湖区11个监测断面396个表层水样进行采集,选取8个水质指标进行因子特征分析,并采用单因子评价法、综合污染指数法和主成分分析法对洞庭湖水质进行综合评价.洞庭湖水体呈弱碱性,总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)为超标污染物.单因子评价法结果表明,TN和TP为洞庭湖水质的主要限制因子,TN参与评价时,洞庭湖水质为Ⅴ类或劣Ⅴ类.综合污染指数法结果表明,洞庭湖水质状况为中污染,平水期水质优于枯水期和丰水期,主要污染因子为TN、TP、五日生化需氧量(BOD5)和高锰酸盐指数(CODMn).主成分分析结果表明,洞庭湖水质主要受p H、溶解氧(DO)、氨氮(NH3-N)和TN等指标影响,西洞庭湖水质较好,南洞庭湖次之,东洞庭湖较差.3种方法是定性和定量评价的有机结合,评价结果不完全一致,故采用多种评价方法来开展水质评价十分重要.     

运用主成分分析法评价北京市代表性河流的水质与毒性状况

以北京市3条具有不同功能的代表性河流(清河:纳污排洪;京密引水渠:供水水源;小月河:景观用水)作为研究对象,分析测定了33个水质指标,采用内梅罗指数法与大型蚤急性毒性测试法对3条河流的水质与毒性状况进行了评价,同时运用主成分分析法对毒性产生的原因和影响水质的因素进行了初步探讨.结果表明,1)3条河流已受到不同程度的污染,水质和毒性状况均不容乐观.作为纳污排洪的清河大部分采样点水质较差,生物毒性极高;作为景观用水的小月河水质一般,具有一定的生物毒性;作为供水水源的京密引水渠水质一般,但毒性较低.2)水样生物毒性与Cl-、Ca、K、Li、Mn、Na、Cr、Ni等指标有关;内梅罗水质指数与NO2-、Cl-、K、Na、Ni等指标有关.3)某些指标(如NO2-)超标会对水质分级产生较大影响,但对生物毒性贡献不大,而低浓度的重金属,不会对水质分级产生贡献,却会对生物的生理活动产生影响,综合化学指标和毒性指标共同评价水质更为合理.     

基于分形插值模型的平寨水库水质评价

平寨水库是黔中水利枢纽唯一源头水库,其水环境质量直接影响包括安顺和贵阳在内的整个黔中地区的农业灌溉和城市居民饮水安全.为了深入分析平寨水库的水环境质量状况,于2018年1月、5月、8月和11月对平寨水库7个监测断面水样进行采集,测定TP、TN、NH_3-N、COD和DO等5个监测指标,基于分形维数权重建立水质评价模型,对平寨水库水环境质量状况进行综合评价,并与模糊综合评价法和综合污染指数法进行对比分析.结果表明,平寨水库TP、NH_3-N和DO浓度均达到Ⅱ类水质标准,TN和COD浓度均超过Ⅱ类水质标准,主要为Ⅳ类和Ⅴ类,是主要污染因子;TP、NH_3-N和COD浓度在春季最高,TN浓度在秋季最高,DO浓度在冬季最低.平寨水库全年水质类别主要为Ⅲ类和Ⅳ类,在28个监测序列中,水质达到水功能区划标准的仅21.43%;平寨和跨桥断面水质最差,扈家河断面水质相对最好;春、秋季水质最差,冬、夏季次之.分形插值模型不仅能评价水质状况,而且能对同等级水质状况的优劣进行排序,具有较高的分类精度;其评价结果更客观、有效,在水质综合评价中具有良好的适用性.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture