耐冷菌在低温下处理污水的研究进展

低温污水的生物处理一直是水处理领域的难点和热点,由于耐冷菌对温度的适应范围较宽,且在低温下仍然保持较高的代谢活性,因此在污水处理和污染环境生物修复领域中的应用逐渐受到重视。本文介绍了耐冷菌在环境中的分布、主要种类以及适冷机理,概述了耐冷菌在工业废水和生活污水处理中的主要研究进展。指出应进一步开发环境中耐冷菌菌种资源,揭示耐冷菌的冷适应特性和功能表达之间的关系,加强耐冷菌在水体修复与净化领域的理论和应用研究,从而为我国北方尤其是东北地区的水环境保护提供行之有效的新途径。     

生化法处理生活污水中的耐冷菌特性研究

当水温低于10℃时，常规生化法中的微生物活性迅速下降，水处理效果急剧下降。研究分离出冷适应微生物用于低温生活污水的处理。实验证明北方地区市政下水道里的沉淀物中存在着耐冷细菌，它们均能在10℃以下生长、繁殖。     

低温微生物及其在环境工程中的应用

论述了低温微生物生态及主要类群,探讨了低温微生物的冷适应机理,并对其在环境工程领域的应用进行了介绍。     

高盐度废水处理技术研究进展

高盐度废水中含有大量的溶解性物质,无机盐类在微生物生长过程中可以促进酶反应、保持持膜平衡和调节渗透压,但盐浓度过高,使离子强度大,会造成质壁分离、细胞失活,一般微生物难以在其中生长、繁殖,所以传统的生物难以处理高盐度废水。介绍了高盐废水的来源、组成及特点,综述了5种高盐度废水的出来方法,分别为电解法、焚烧法、膜-生物技术、适盐生物法、臭氧催化氧化-生物法,并重点阐述了适盐生物技术及臭氧催化氧化-生物法技术在高盐度废水处理中的应用。     

低温生活污水处理系统中耐冷菌的筛选及动力学研究

对长期在4℃条件下运行的生活污水处理系统中活性污泥的菌群组成进行分析鉴定,探讨了菌群降解低温污水中有机污染物的动力学过程.试验分离得到6株优势耐冷菌,分别隶属于动胶菌属、气单胞菌属、黄杆菌属、微球菌属、芽孢杆菌属、假单胞菌属.4℃时混合耐冷菌脱氢酶活性为25.44 mg/(L·h),比普通活性污泥高出了20.5倍.耐冷菌在中低温条件下对有机物的降解效果较稳定,COD的去除率分别为80.9%和73.4%,而中温菌在低温条件下基本丧失代谢能力.混合菌群降解COD的动力学分析表明：耐冷菌在中低温条件下和中温菌在中温条件下的COD降解过程均符合一级反应动力学模型.耐冷菌保持了与中温菌基本相同的反应速率,且具有比中温菌更宽的温度适应范围.采用固定化技术把高效耐冷菌固定到软性聚氨酯泡沫填料上,可以使高适应性的耐冷菌更有效地去除低温生活污水中的有机污染物,COD的去除率比未固定化耐冷菌提高了约18个百分点,其降解过程也符合一级反应动力学模型,以葡萄糖作为碳源配水时,固定化耐冷菌的反应速率比未固定菌提高了2.35倍.本实验条件下,采用固定化耐冷菌处理不同碳源配水时,其出水COD均达到一级B排放标准.     

低温条件下污水处理运行研究

低温是造成寒冷地区冬季生活污水生化处理效果差的主要原因。当温度降低至4cC左右时,活性污泥中大多数微生物的生长活性受到抑制,只有少数的耐冷微生物可以存活下来并保持一定的活性。本课题组以往的研究结果证明：在我国北方地区,完全可以分离到在低温下高效降解污水中有机物的耐冷细菌。通过投加耐冷茵可使污水的去除效率大大提高。但由于投加的耐冷茵的流失等原因,必须隔一定时间再次投菌,既费时费力,又增加投资。     

低温微生物低温适应性的机制及其应用前景

低温微生物由于长期生活在寒冷的环境中,在自然选择的作用下形成一套独特的与低温环境相适应的细胞结构和分子机制。从细胞结构、组成的变化,以及分子水平等角度阐述了近年来国内外有关低温微生物低温适应性机制的研究进展;探讨了低温微生物在环境净化、食品化工和医药等行业中的广泛应用前景。     

固定化微生物对低温河水脱氮效果的中试研究

利用微生物净化受污染河水是目前常用的地表水体修复方法,但低温条件下微生物代谢缓慢,酶活性下降,在寒冷季节难以维持对河水的净化效果.本研究采用固定化的方法提高微生物的低温耐受性,通过中试试验考察自然挂膜的固定化微生物、经低温驯化的预挂膜固定化微生物及预挂膜固定化微生物耦合生物促生剂这3种方法对低温河水中COD及氮素类污染物的去除效果.结果表明,在低温条件下3种方法均能有效提升河水的净化效果,静止条件下,河水中COD、NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N和TN的去除率由分别由21.3%、37.2%、8.5%和6.9%提升至72.3%~77.9%、48.6%~62.7%、35.3%~42.3%和26.2%~31.9%.COD去除率在2~3 cm·s^-1流速下明显优于静止条件,总氮去除率在2 cm·s^-1流速下最高.自然挂膜和预挂膜微生物对河水中污染的去除无明显差别,添加促生剂对固定化微生物的净化作用没有进一步的提升,但功能菌群的微生物群落结构有所不同.促生剂的添加提高了河水中的微生物活性与群落多样性,但对固定化载体上的微生物无明显影响.固定化载体上的优势菌群均为低温下具有脱氮功能的Proteobacteria.此外,具有低温适应性的脱氮功能菌属Rhodoferax、Pedobacter及Pseudomonas在3组固定化载体上均有较高丰度,而自然挂膜的载体上及其河水中分别对Malikia属及hgcI_clade属具有显著特异性的富集（p<0.05）,这两种菌属均具有低温脱氮功能.     

光滑河蓝蛤酶活性对结冰前水温变化响应试验数据的分析与拟合

将水温分别由7.50℃、4.25℃和1.95℃骤降至冰点并保持24 h,期间测量光滑河蓝蛤(Potamocorbula laevis)闭壳肌中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、溶菌酶(LZM)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性。根据生态免疫学理论,将每个酶活性分解为3个分量,即特定水温下酶活性基准值;水温骤降过程中温差引起应激响应的酶活性波动和低温环境引起冷应激响应的酶活性波动,根据3个响应特征分别给予合适的数学表达形式。再用3分量数学表达式之和作为整个响应的表达式来拟合各种酶活性随时间的变化过程。发现5种酶活性具有相同的变化规律,水温骤降过程中温差引起应激响应的酶活性波动早于低温环境引起冷应激响应的酶活性波动,并且波动的峰值也是前者高于后者。另外该方法可以弥补柱状图不能够表述完整过程的弱点。     

青藏高原土壤柴油降解菌的筛选及降解实验研究

青藏高原北麓河地区土壤为典型的低温土壤环境,夏季高温季节表层土壤(5 cm处)温度仅为9℃,中层(20 cm处)为7.5℃,而40 cm处仅为4℃左右。土壤高温季节为7月中旬至9月上旬,而10月至来年6月土壤日平均温度下降为0℃以下。针对青藏高原低温土壤环境,在北麓河试验现场进行人工模拟柴油污染,16个月后采集污染土样,进行土著低温菌的复合筛选,柴油菌的筛选驯化温度为10℃。经过4次转接复合培养驯化后,菌液中微生物数量可达2.7×1012CFU/mL。筛选后的柴油降解菌90%以上为杆状菌,长度为2~3μm,少见球菌,其直径约为0.5μm。通过柴油摇瓶模拟降解实验,17 d后柴油去除率可达到62%。研究为青藏高原低温条件下的土壤柴油污染土著微生物修复提供了研究基础。     

低温菌去除污染物的研究现状

低温菌在自然界的分布非常广泛，低温菌由于具有特殊的遗传背景和代谢途径，能够产生适合低温环境且具有特殊功能的各种酶类及其它活性物，从而使低温菌在寒冷环境条件下表现出其他微生物无法替代的生物活性。文章在分析、总结国内外有关低温菌低温环境条件下去除污水中不同污染物的研究基础上，认为低温菌在寒冷地区污水治理领域具有广阔的应用前景。     

城市污泥模拟堆肥过程中高温菌群的筛选、鉴定及降解效果

在城市污泥模拟堆肥过程的高温期通过平板培养法筛选出一组强化菌群.该组菌群不但可以分解污泥有机质,还可以分解淀粉、蛋白质、油脂、纤维素等大分子有机物.经鉴定,筛选出的菌种分别为地衣芽孢杆菌(B.licheniformis)、短小芽孢杆菌(B.pumilus)、高温放线菌(Thermoactinomyces)、凝结芽孢杆菌(B.coagulans)、枯草芽孢杆菌(B.subtilis);将菌株两两接种到平板,发现各菌株间可以共存.将上述菌种混合后添加到堆肥样品中,其有机质去除率、脱氢酶增加率、比耗氧速率SOUR增加率均高出不加菌样品40%以上,表明该组菌群具有使堆肥腐熟进程加快的应用潜力.     

Microbial communities and immigration in volcanic environments of Canary Islands (Spain)

Volcanic eruptions originated the Canary Islands (Spain), and today, different landscapes clearly show that active volcanism. The microbial communities present in these volcanic environments, both at high (above 70 degrees C) and moderate (25-35 degrees C) temperatures, were analyzed. Rock samples were processed using molecular techniques based on both DNA and RNA and complemented with the culture of microorganisms at a wide range of temperatures. Microorganisms detected through RNA-based molecular surveys were mostly related to mesophilic microorganisms, while representatives of hyperthermophiles were not detected. RNA decay curves at 80 degrees C resulted in half-life estimates of less than 2 min for mesophilic microorganisms, supporting a recent and continuous arrival of microorganisms to the high temperature sampled sites. This study constitutes a unique experimental approach showing a great natural potential of microorganisms to spread out to different natural environments. The implications are of great interest for the biogeography, dispersal, and potential distribution of microorganisms, and their genetic information, in natural environments.     

Comparison of the effects of aluminum and iron(III) salts on ultrafiltration membrane biofouling in drinking water treatment

Coagulation plays an important role in alleviating membrane fouling, and a noticeable problem is the development of microorganisms after long-time operation, which gradually secrete extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). To date, few studies have paid attention to the behavior of microorganisms in drinking water treatment with ultrafiltration (UF) membranes. Herein, the membrane biofouling was investigated with different aluminum and iron salts. We found that Al₂(SO₄)₃·18H₂O performed better in reducing membrane fouling due to the slower growth rate of microorganisms. In comparison to Al₂(SO₄)₃·18H₂O, more EPS were induced with Fe₂(SO₄)₃·xH₂O, both in the membrane tank and the sludge on the cake layer. We also found that bacteria were the major microorganisms, of which the concentration was much higher than those of fungi and archaea. Further analyses showed that Proteobacteria was dominant in bacterial communities, which caused severe membrane fouling by forming a biofilm, especially for Fe₂(SO₄)₃·xH₂O. Additionally, the abundances of Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia were relatively higher in the presence of Al₂(SO₄)₃·18H₂O, resulting in less severe biofouling by effectively degrading the protein and polysaccharide in EPS. As a result, in terms of microorganism behaviors, Al-based salts should be given preference as coagulants during actual operations.     

表面活性剂对地表水中微生物的毒性效应

研究了甜菜碱和石油磺酸盐表面活性剂对地表水中微生物的数量和代谢活性的影响,并基于菌群16S rRNA基因的高通量测序,比较分析了表面活性剂作用前后微生物群落结构的变化.结果表明,两种表面活性剂胁迫下微生物的生长活性均遵循低浓度促进、高浓度抑制的作用规律,表现出明显的浓度依赖性.与空白组相比,在1.5g/L的表面活性剂的作用下,微生物数量、蛋白质含量以及脱氢酶的活性均明显降低,且同浓度下的甜菜碱表现出更高的生物毒性;菌群多样性分析发现,肠杆菌属（Enterobacter）以高于75%的比例成为所有样本中的优势菌属,从各组来看石油磺酸盐可有效提高肠杆菌属（Enterobacter）的相对丰度,对假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）和根瘤菌属（Rhizobium）抑制作用显著;而甜菜碱则可明显增加假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）和寡养单胞菌属（Stenotrophomonas）的菌属比例,抑制肠杆菌属（Enterobacter）和根瘤菌属（Rhizobium）的繁殖;通过表面活性剂与纯种菌的作用发现,表面活性剂可通过扰乱细菌的生长周期、破坏细胞膜结构来干扰细胞的正常生理功能,从而使其活性降低甚至死亡.     

空空导弹工作温度分析

目的分析空空导弹高低温工作温度的考核要求。方法基于空空导弹的特点,给出其寿命期内预期经历的高低温工作环境,并对在这些环境下遭遇的极端温度进行分析。结果以空空导弹挂装某两型载机为例,综合考虑了寿命期内各阶段工作环境,给出了高低温工作温度的确定方法以及考核建议。结论由于各型号空空导弹的部署区域和挂装载机不同,文中提供的高低温工作温度参考值并不能覆盖所有型号的空空导弹,仍需具体问题具体分析,以获得相对准确的工作温度,对其环境适应性做出合理评价。     

Diversity and distribution of proteorhodopsin-containing microorganisms in marine environments

Proteorhodopsin (PR) is a recently discovered protein involved in the utilization of light energy. Several studies have shown that PR-containing microorganisms are widespread and compose a large proportion of the biomass in marine ecosystems. A better understanding of the ecological role of PR will help clarify the effect of the global flow of energy and the carbon cycle on marine communities. In this study, a bioinformatical database of PR codon sequences, the Global Distribution Database of Proteorhodopsin (GDDP), as a tool for analyzing the diversity and distribution of PR-containing microorganisms in marine environments throughout the world was designed. The community structure of PR microorganisms were also compared using PCR assays and UniFrac analyses of 12 samples collected from three water layers (0, 75, and 200 m) at four representative sites in the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans. The results indicate that PRcontaining microorganisms can be grouped into two distribution types: widespread and location-specific. Representative cases of the former include SAR11-PR and HOT2C01-PR. Interestingly, PR communities cluster by geographic locale but not by water depth.     

藻-菌颗粒污泥胞外聚合物及其表面特性研究

藻-菌颗粒污泥具有能耗低、温室气体排放量少等优点,近年来在污水处理领域受到关注.胞外聚合物(EPS)在保护微生物免受恶劣环境影响及促进细胞聚集方面发挥重要作用,而关于藻-菌颗粒EPS及其表面特性鲜有报道.选取了粒径范围在0.36~0.71、1~1.25、1.6~2.0 mm的3组藻-菌颗粒,分析了其EPS中多糖和蛋白质的含量,并进一步地对其组成差别以及官能团特征进行探究,探讨了EPS提取前后藻-菌聚集体表面电荷的变化.结果表明,随着粒径的增大,藻-菌颗粒污泥EPS中多糖和蛋白质的含量均有增加,而蛋白质与多糖的比值减小.不同粒径的藻-菌颗粒污泥EPS中芳香蛋白与酪氨酸类物质的含量明显增加,腐殖酸类物质含量亦呈总体增加趋势,与胞外蛋白相比,胞外多糖特征峰的波峰强度增加较明显.进一步分析表明,粒径较大的颗粒可能更能抵御外界环境因素的变化,以维持颗粒性能.以上结果表明,粘性和亲水性的多糖、芳香蛋白和酪氨酸类物质可能更有利于藻-菌颗粒的微生物细胞聚集.本文的研究结果进一步地拓展了对藻-菌颗粒污泥的认识,并为其进一步的工程应用提供基础.     

Cognitive skills and bacterial load: comparative evidence of costs of cognitive proficiency in birds

Parasite-mediated selection may affect the evolution of cognitive abilities because parasites may influence development of the brain, but also learning capacity. Here, we tested some predictions of this hypothesis by analyzing the relationship between complex behaviours (feeding innovations (as a measure of behavioural flexibility) and ability to detect foreign eggs in their nests (i.e. a measure of discriminatory ability)) and abundance of microorganisms in different species of birds. A positive relationship would be predicted if these cognitive abilities implied a larger number of visited environments, while if these skills favoured detection and avoidance of risky environments, a negative relationship would be the prediction. Bacterial loads of eggshells, estimated for mesophilic and potentially pathogenic bacteria (i.e. Enterococcus, Staphylococcus and Enterobacteriaceae), were used as a surrogate of probability of contact with pathogenic bacteria. We found that bird species with higher feeding innovation rates and rejection rates of experimental brood parasitic eggs had higher density of bacteria on their eggshells than the average species. Since the analysed groups of microorganisms include pathogenic bacteria, these results suggest that both feeding innovation and ability to recognize foreign eggs are costly and highlight the importance of parasite-mediated selection in explaining the evolution of cognitive abilities in animals.