东海浮游十足类(Decapods)多样性研究

根据1997~2000年对东海23°30′~33°N、118°30′~128°E海域4个季节海洋调查资料,运用定量、定性方法,探讨了东海浮游十足类的种类组成、时空分布、多样性及与环境的关系。结果显示:东海4季共出现浮游十足类9种,其中秋季4种,冬季5种,夏春季各7种;中型莹虾、细鳌虾、汉森莹虾、刷状莹虾和正型莹虾是常见种,其余4个为稀有种。春季转至冬季,夏季转至秋季、秋季转至冬季,其种类随着季节的变换而出现更替。种数分布在冬春季主要受温度的影响,夏秋季的主要影响因子是盐度。冬春季种类变化主要与台湾暖流与黄海冷水团季节性的进退以及东海气温季节性变化有关,夏季种类分布特征与沿岸流和暖流势力强弱有关。常见种对不同季节的环境适应性较强,其出现频率和个体丰度远大于稀有种。中型莹虾的大量出现是影响东海浮游十足类多样性指数值较低的主要原因。     

长江口中华鲟保护区及临近水域大型底栖动物研究

根据2004年5月、8月、11月和2005年2月(Ⅰ年度)及2005年8月、11月和2006年2月、5月(Ⅱ年度)共2个水文年对T长江口中华鲟保护区水域(30°15′～31°45′N、121°30′～122°15′E)15个取样站8个航次的采泥样品和阿氏网样品,对底内动物和底上动物的种类组成、生物量、栖息密度、重要种的优势度、群落多样性和结构及时间空间动态变化进行分析.结果表明,底内动物共出现15种,种类组成贫乏,优势种变化明显,底内动物生物量和栖息密度平均值分别为1.44 g/m2和11.33个/m2,生物量和栖息密度总体呈现下降趋势,物种多样性指数低并有下降趋势,群落结构极不稳定;底上动物底栖动物59种,组成有明显季节和年度变化,底内动物生物量和栖息密度平均值分别为15.58 ×10-2g/m2和6.81×10-2个/m2;底上动物生物量和栖息密度略呈现下降趋势,优势种的种类及优势度年际有较大变化,种类数和生物量北支高于南支.底内动物2个年度生物量平均值季节变化为夏季＞春季＞秋季＞冬季,底上动物2个年度生物量平均值季节变化为春季＞冬季＞秋季＞夏季,底内动物与底上动物的季节变化具有一定的不平衡性.     

鱼山渔场近海海域浮游植物数量与上升流的关系

依据2010年4月、7月和11月对鱼山渔场近海海域进行的海洋调查资料,运用定量、定性方法,探讨了该海域浮游植物总丰度的平面分布、季节变化与上升流的关系。结果表明:调查海域夏季上升流明显,上升流区主要位于大陈岛的东南海域。浮游植物丰度夏季最高,为438.02×105cell/m3,丰度的高值区位于大陈岛以东海域;秋季浮游植物丰度次之,为147.17×103cell/m3,春季丰度最低,为67.69×103cell/m3,春秋季丰度高值区均位于大陈岛以西海域。浮游植物丰度空间变化与上升流强弱的季节变化有一定关系,夏季浮游植物高值区与上升流影响范围基本一致,春季和秋季上升流较弱,椒江径流和浙江沿岸流对浮游植物丰度的影响较为明显。由于上升流强弱的变化,调查海域三个季节优势种也有着明显的变化,春季的具槽直链藻(Melosira sulcata)、夏季的旋链角毛藻(Chaetoceros curvisetus)和秋季的中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costa-tum)是导致总丰度季节变化的最主要种类。大陈岛附近的上升流对鱼山渔场的形成有重要作用。     

三门核电站附近海域浮游植物季节变化研究

文章报道了2005年春季(4月)、夏季(7月)、秋季(10月)和2006年冬季(1月)采集于三门湾核电厂附近海域(29 00′00″～2910′26″N,121 34′43″～121 47′06″E)的15个大面观察站和1个昼夜连续观察站的浮游植物调查结果。经显微观察、鉴定,三门湾核电厂附近海域共有浮游植物6门56属146种,季节变化为春季(101种)秋季(96种)夏季(96种)冬季(85种)。三门湾核电厂附近海域浮游植物细胞丰度在0.72×103～1.3×106个/dm3,平均细胞丰度为5.13×104个/dm3,季节变化为冬季(1.27×105个/dm)3秋季(4.72×104个/dm)3春季(1.63×104个/dm)3夏季(2.51×103个/dm)3。浮游植物细胞丰度在24小时连续观察中,白天尤其下午光合作用强,浮游植物丰度高,夜间尤其后半夜或凌晨光合作用弱,浮游植物丰度低。三门湾主要浮游植物优势种均为中肋骨条藻Skeletonema costatum。浮游植物生态类型可划分为沿岸内湾温带性类群、广布性类群和近岸暖水性类群。其中沿岸内湾广布性类群是本区的优势类群,其他各类群数量较少。三门湾核电厂附近海域共发现赤潮生物64种,其中,硅藻40种,甲藻19种,蓝藻2种,裸藻、金藻以及原生动物各1种。三门湾核电厂附近海域主要赤潮生物的平均细胞丰度在5.6×102个/dm3～1.2×105个/dm3。三门湾核电厂附近海域主要赤潮生物优势种为中肋骨条藻;其次为布氏双尾藻、琼氏圆筛藻、海链藻、纺锤角藻、丹麦细柱藻、三角角藻、洛氏角毛藻、叉角藻等。     

海洋浮游细菌在东海赤潮高发区的分布与活性

于2006年4~5月对东海近海28°~30.7°N之间的赤潮高发区浮游细菌的分布、活性和群落结构特征进行了调查.采用荧光显微计数法测定细菌丰度,荧光模拟底物法测定细菌胞外酶活性,PCR-DGGE分析该区域的细菌群落结构特征.结果表明,东海赤潮高发区的浮游细菌丰度在5.85×104~9.26×105cells.mL-1之间,其中舟山外海区域较高,在整个调查区域北部海域高于南部海域.β-葡萄糖苷酶的平均活性为0.023μmol.(L.h)-1,氨肽酶的平均活性约为其3.6倍,在5μm以上颗粒中的胞外酶活性平均占总活性分别为47.4%和44.24%.细菌胞外酶活性的分布与细菌丰度的分布无相关性,在整个调查区域南部海域高于北部海域.细菌群落结构和多样性差异较大,南部海域的细菌多样性低于北部海域.人类活动和陆源输入是影响浮游细菌分布的决定性因素,台湾暖流对细菌胞外酶活性及其分布有着决定性的影响,复杂的环境条件是细菌群落结构和多样性差异的主要原因之一.海洋细菌在东海赤潮高发区的生态作用有待进一步研究.     

黄河口附近海域浮游植物种群变化

根据2004～2006年期间、每年5月和8月共6个航次对黄河口附近海域33个站点(38°02′00″～37°20′00″N、119°03′24″～119°31′00″E)的浮游植物调查资料,研究了该海域浮游植物种类的数量和优势种类的年际及季节变化特征。镜检结果表明,6个航次共获得浮游植物52属129种,隶属硅藻、甲藻、金藻和黄藻4门,其中硅藻99种,甲藻25种,金藻3种,黄藻2种。在浮游植物数量组成中,硅藻占绝对优势;5月浮游植物细胞数量平均值为3.74×105/m3,8月平均值为1.17×107/m3。种类多样性指数(H′)平均值5月为1.83,8月为2.43。3a期间,5月浮游植物种类多样性指数H′值逐渐升高。与20世纪90年代同期相比,黄河口附近海域8月浮游植物细胞数量和种类多样性指数H′值均明显升高,5月和8月的优势种类组成也发生了较大改变。该海域营养盐浓度的升高可能是造成浮游植物优势种类组成变化的主要因素。     

长江口及邻近海域夏季浮游植物分布现状与变化趋势

根据2000～2003年夏季4个航次的调查数据,对长江口及邻近海域浮游植物数量分布状况及变动趋势进行分析和探讨.结果表明:舟山渔场西部浮游植物平均细胞数最高(12 332.30×104/m3),长江口次之(3 961.38×104/m3),杭州湾水域最低(569.11×104/m3),长江口水域年间出现高值(1 000×104/m3)的稳定性明显高于舟山渔场和杭州湾;长江口(122°30′E以西)7月径流量变化是导致8月浮游植物总量年间变化的主要因素之一.浮游植物优势种群从单一种数量优势向多种群数量优势的方向发展,以往单峰型的季节变化和单一种主导浮游植物总数量分布的格局将有所改变.     

渤海浮游植物群落结构的季节变化及其环境影响因子研究

浮游植物在海洋生态系统中发挥着重要作用,浮游植物群落变化可以反映海洋环境的变化。渤海海域受人类活动影响剧烈,水体富营养化及赤潮问题日趋严重。本研究以渤海中部（37°70′-39°70′N,119°00′-121°51′E）为研究海域,于2016年12月和2017年2月、5月、9月采集浮游植物样品,对浮游植物物种组成、丰度、优势种及群落多样性等进行了研究。此次调查共确定浮游植物3门68属131种,具体为硅藻46属90种,甲藻19属37种,金藻3属4种。该海区的浮游植物群落结构和优势物种显示了一定的季节演替特征,冬季、春季和夏季硅藻占优,秋季硅藻和甲藻联合占优。与历史同期资料对比发现,具槽帕拉藻（Paralia sulcata）和圆筛藻属（Coscinodiscus）仍为该海域主要优势种,但某些硅藻类群如细线条月形藻（Amphora lineolata）、新月柱鞘藻（Cylindrotheca closterium）和圆海链藻（Thalassiosira rotula）优势度有所提高。营养盐的浓度和结构是渤海浮游植物群落结构差异的重要影响因子。本研究有助于了解渤海的生物多样性,可为渤海海域...     

象山港海洋病毒时空分布特征及其环境影响因素

分别于2007年的7月(夏季)、11月(秋季)与2008年的1月(冬季)、4月(春季)采集样品,研究了象山港海域的水样(表层海水和上覆水)中的浮游病毒及沉积物中的底层病毒丰度的时空分布特征,并采用主成分分析及多元逐步回归分析方法研究了影响浮游病毒丰度时空分布的主要因素,结果表明,调查期间象山港海域表层海水、上覆水及沉积物样品中浮游(底层)病毒丰度实测值的变化范围为6.48×104~1.01×108cells/mL,均值分别为1.55×107,1.03×108,1.13×108cells/mL.季节分布特征为秋季 > 夏季 > 春季 > 冬季.病毒丰度垂直分布表现为上覆水均大于表层海水;平面分布均为从港底到港口递减、养殖区高于非养殖区、电厂附近海域出现较高值的趋势.近岸人类活动的陆源污染及水产养殖污染是造成此空间分布特征的主要原因.溶解氧、水温及叶绿素a是制约表层海水浮游病毒丰度的主要影响因素;营养盐含量及浮游细菌丰度是制约上覆水中浮游病毒丰度的主要影响因素,沉积物中的病毒丰度与细菌丰度具有显著正相关性(P < 0.01).     

2007年春夏季锦州湾浮游植物群落结构特征

研究了2007年春季和夏季辽宁省锦州湾16个大面站网采浮游植物的群落结构特征。共检出浮游植物4门38属59种,在两个季节的调查中硅藻在物种数量和细胞丰度上占绝对优势。春季平均细胞丰度为5.44×104/m3,主要优势种为中肋骨条藻Skeletonema costatum和具槽帕拉藻Paralia sulcata;夏季平均细胞丰度为9.73×104/m3,主要优势种为扭链角毛藻Chaetoceros tortissimus和劳氏角毛藻C. lorenzianus。锦州湾春季细胞丰度高值区位于湾西部和东南部;夏季细胞丰度则呈现西高东低的分布趋势。两季节浮游植物的Shannon-W iener指数值均较高,表明锦州湾春夏季浮游植物群落结构较稳定。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.