电-Fenton氧化降解2,4-二氯酚

以气体扩散电极为阴极,以Ti/SnO₂-Sb₂O₅-IrO₂为阳极,构建了电-Fenton氧化系统降解水中2,4-DCP(2,4-二氯酚),在考察气体扩散阴极产生H₂O₂适宜电位基础上,研究了初始 c (Fe2+)和电化学反应时间对2,4-DCP降解的影响以及反应过程中 c (H₂O₂)、 c (Fe2+)和ρ(Cl-)的变化. 结果表明:该方法联合了电-Fenton氧化和钛基氧化物阳极氧化2种作用共同降解2,4-DCP,在阴极电位为-0.7 V、 c (Fe2+)为0.15 mmol/L、反应60 min时,2,4-DCP去除率为89.1%;反应120 min时,2,4-DCP的吸收特征峰完全消失,去除率达到100%;反应240 min时,ρ(TOC)降至9.15 mg/L,去除率达79.4%. 反应体系中ρ(H₂O₂)与ρ(Fe2+)呈负相关. 2,4-DCP被降解后,其苯环上的氯主要以Cl-的形式存在于溶液中.      

Pd-MWCNTs-泡沫镍电极对2,4-二氯苯酚的电催化加氢脱氯研究

为发展废水中氯代酚的处理技术和保护水环境安全,采用"浸渍-干燥-电沉积"法制备钯-多壁碳纳米管-泡沫镍电极,研究电极对2,4-二氯苯酚（2,4-DCP）的去除能力和动力学特征,并探讨了2,4-DCP的脱氯机理.结果表明,在MWCNTs和Pd负载量分别为0.7 mg·cm^-2和0.01 mmol·cm^-2时制备的电极对2,4-DCP去除效果最好;掺入多壁碳纳米管（MWCNTs）可增大电极的表面积,提高Pd的分散性,增强电极的催化效率.当Na₂SO₄浓度为0.05 mol·L^-1,工作电压为-1 V,反应液初始pH为7时,50 mg·L^-1的2,4-DCP降解90 min的去除率达到99.74%,降解过程符合一级反应动力学模型,速率常数为0.0667 min^-1.采用高效液相色谱法监测2,4-DCP的降解产物,发现苯酚为2,4-DCP还原的最终产物,降解途径包括直接脱去2个氯原子转化为苯酚和分步脱去2个氯原子再转化为苯酚,但以直接脱去2个氯原子为主要途径.活性基淬灭实验证明,电极通过产生的吸附态氢原子（H_ads）对2,4-DCP进行加氢脱氯.     

钛基氧化物阳极氧化降解水中2,4-二氯酚

采用热氧化法制备了具有TiO2、RuO2和IrO2涂层的钛基氧化物电极(Ti/TiO2/RuO2/IrO2),并以其为工作电极考察了:①水中2,4-二氯酚(DCP)的循环伏安特性;②pH值、阳极电位和反应时间对阳极氧化降解DCP的影响;③阳极氧化对DCP水溶液可生化性的影响.结果表明,电极的氧化物负载量显著影响DCP的循环伏安特性.较高的介质pH值利于DCP的电化学氧化降解,而低pH值更易导致DCP挥发.低阳极电位下,DCP主要通过阳极直接氧化降解,因受电流密度过低的限制其降解效果较差;高阳极电位下,DCP主要通过阳极间接氧化降解,当阳极电位为1.8V,反应时间为360min时,DCP去除率可达100%,COD的去除超过50%,但能耗较高.COD的检测与紫外-可视光谱曲线表明,DCP的电化学氧化降解过程产生了有机中间体.Ti/TiO2/RuO2/IrO2阳极氧化可显著提高DCP水溶液的可生化性,表明其在氯酚废水预处理或脱毒领域有一定应用潜力.     

碳纳米管对水中4-氯酚和2,4-二氯酚的吸附性能研究

碳纳米管是一种具有独特结构和优异性能的新型纳米材料。文章利用碳纳米管对水溶液中的4-氯酚和2,4-二氯酚进行了吸附研究,考察了吸附时间、pH值、温度等对吸附效果的影响,并采用Langmuir和Freundlich方程进行拟合,探讨了其可能的吸附机理。研究结果表明,碳纳米管对4-氯酚和2,4-二氯酚的最佳吸附酸度在pH=2～6。碳纳米管对2,4-二氯酚吸附量大于对4-氯酚的吸附量,二者动力学特征均符合准二级动力学方程。研究了4-氯酚和2,4-二氯酚在碳纳米管上的吸附等温线。研究结果表明:4-氯酚和2,4-二氯酚在碳纳米管上的吸附量随着温度的升高而下降。吸附过程是一个放热的过程,Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附方程均能较好地拟合吸附等温线。碳纳米管能较好地用于除去水溶液中的4-氯酚和2,4-二氯酚。     

含钛高炉渣制光催化剂降解水中2,4-二氯酚的研究

以攀钢含钛高炉渣为原料制备了光催化剂,并将其用于降解水中2,4-二氯酚,研究了光催化剂投加量、光照强度、反应物浓度、反应时间对2,4-二氯酚降解率的影响。结果表明:高炉渣制光催化剂对2,4-二氯酚具有良好的光催化效果,在催化剂投加量为0.3g/L,光照时间为2h的条件下,浓度为50mg/L的2,4-二氯酚的降解率达到了77.1%。通过反应的动力学分析,确立出高炉渣制光催化剂对水中2,4-二氯酚的降解反应为一级反应。对2,4-二氯酚的光催化降解产物进行分析发现,苯环上的C—Cl键被光催化剂产生的羟自由基·OH氧化断裂,氯取代基成为游离Cl-存在于溶液中,2,4-二氯酚被·OH降解生成中间小分子有机产物,这些小分子有机物再进一步被光催化降解。     

稳定型纳米零价铁去除地下水中2,4-二氯苯酚

为改善纳米零价铁(NZVI)在水溶液中容易发生团聚和易被氧化的缺点.本文研究利用廉价易得的环境友好型材料羧甲基淀粉钠(CMS)对NZVI进行包覆改性,利用空间位阻效应提高其分散悬浮性.利用透射电镜和X射线衍射研究了改性后的纳米铁微观结构及物相组成,通过化学实验研究其对2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-DCP)的去除效果.结果表明,改性后的NZVI直径大约在80~100 nm,呈链状或分散颗粒分布,主要物质组成为零价铁,具有强还原性.当CMS的比例为80.00%时,悬浮性最佳;经过CMS包覆改性后,NZVI还保留原有的活性,在不同包覆比例对于2,4-DCP的去除效果的实验中发现,同样CMS比例为80%时去除效果最好,达到83.69%,且有明显的脱氯降解过程.     

CMC改性的纳米Fe/Cu双金属去除2,4-二氯苯酚的研究

为解决纳米零价金属在水中暴露出的极易聚集与氧化的问题,本研究使用铜作为纳米零价铁(NZVI)的复合金属,制得纳米Fe/Cu双金属,并用羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)对其包覆改性.使用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射以及氮气吸附/脱附等温线对改性前后的双金属进行表征.结果表明,改性之后的材料具有更大的尺寸以及比表面积,且抗氧化性得到显著增强.材料的沉降实验以及对2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-DCP)降解实验的结果揭示,CMC的包覆比对改性后双金属的分散性与反应活性影响较大.当包覆比为80%时,双金属的分散稳定性最强,释放的活性位点个数最多,表现为最高的反应活性.此时脱氯效率达到90.3%,且脱氯过程和产物发生明显改变.     

F-127改性纳米零价铁及对水中2,4-DCP的去除

为了增强纳米零价铁的分散性,本研究采用环境友好型材料Pluronic F-127对纳米零价铁(NZVI)进行表面改性,形成分散型纳米零价铁(F-NZVI),并用于水中2,4-DCP的去除.通过不同质量比的F-NZVI颗粒沉降试验和对2,4-DCP的去除试验,发现存在沉降去除和悬浮去除两个阶段,确定F-127与NZVI颗粒的最佳质量比为2∶1,2,4-DCP最大去除率为72.32%.通过SEM、FTIR、XRD、XPS对样品进行表面形貌、组成和晶体结构分析,发现F-127对提高NZVI分散性和抗氧化性有显著作用.通过控制不同因素研究F-NZVI去除水中2,4-DCP的最优条件,实验结果表明,当2,4-DCP初始浓度为20 mg·L~(-1)时,F-NZVI去除2,4-DCP的最佳pH值为5,F-NZVI最佳投加量为3 g·L~(-1).     

O-NiCoP/Ni2P电催化还原2,4-二氯苯酚性能研究

针对电催化还原工艺处理氯酚类有机废水受到限制等问题,制备了过渡金属O-NiCoP/Ni₂P催化电极,并用于目标污染物2,4-二氯苯酚废水的电催化还原降解.同时,主要考察了2,4-二氯苯酚浓度、电流密度、电解质浓度、pH和温度等因素对O-NiCoP/Ni₂P催化电极降解效能的影响.结果表明,在2,4-二氯苯酚初始浓度为10 mg·L^-1,温度为25℃,溶液pH=7,Na₂SO₄电解质浓度为50 mmol·L^-1,电流密度为10 mA·cm^-2的条件下,O-NiCoP/Ni₂P电极催化降解180 min,对2,4-二氯苯酚去除率可达到72.2%.同时,催化电极循环使用10次,2,4-二氯苯酚的去除效率保持在72.1%~72.7%,表明电极具有良好的稳定性和实际应用的潜在价值.     

Biodegradation of 3,5-dimethyl-2,4-dichlorophenol in saline wastewater by newly isolated Penicillium sp. yz11-22N2

In this study,the performance of 3,5-dimethyl-2,4-dichlorophenol(DCMX) degradation by a screened strain was investigated.18 S r DNA and the neighbor-joining method were used for identification of the isolated strain.The results of phylogenetic analysis and scanning electron micrographs showed that the most probable identity of the screened strain should be Penicillium sp.Growth characteristics of Penicillium sp.and degradation processes of DCMX were examined.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of the inoculated DCMX solution was recorded,which supported the capacity of DCMX degradation by the screened Penicillium sp.Under different salinity conditions,the highest growth rate and removal efficiency for DCMX were obtained at p H 6.0.The removal efficiency decreased from 100%to 66% when the DCMX concentration increased from 5 to 60 mg/L,respectively.Using a Box–Behnken design,the maximum DCMX removal efficiency was determined to be 98.4%.With acclimation to salinity,higher removal efficiency could be achieved.The results demonstrate that the screened Penicillium sp.has the capability for degradation of DCMX.     

土壤中2,4-二氯酚在非均匀电动力学作用下的迁移

研究了土壤中的2,4-二氯酚(2,4-DCP)在非均匀电动力学作用下的迁移特征和影响因素,揭示利用非均匀电动力学技术修复2,4-DCP污染土壤的特性．结果表明,非均匀电动力学过程能有效地促进土壤中2,4-DCP的解吸和迁移,其作用效果与土壤性质、电极反应和运行方式等密切相关．土壤pH较高时,2,4-DCP主要通过电迁移向阳极运动,向阴极的电渗析作用影响较小．电极反应影响土壤pH和2,4-DCP的离解,使2,4-DCP的迁移随时间而变化,其变化程度与土壤酸碱缓冲能力和Zeta电位密切相关．采用适当的运行方式可以控制土壤中2,4-DCP的运移．     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

A high activity of Ti/SnO2-Sb electrode in the electrochemical degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol in aqueous solution

Electrochemical degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) in aqueous solution was investigated over Ti/SnO₂-Sb anode. The factors influencing the degradation rate, such as applied current density (2-40 mA/cm²), pH (3-11) and initial concentration (5-200 mg/L) were evaluated. The degradation of 2,4-DCP followed apparent pseudo first-order kinetics. The degradation ratio on Ti/SnO₂-Sb anode attained > 99.9% after 20 min of electrolysis at initial 5-200 mg/L concentrations at a constant current density of 30 mA/cm² with a 10 mmol/L sodium sulphate (Na2SO4) supporting electrolyte solution. The results showed that 2,4-DCP (100 mg/L) degradation and total organic carbon (TOC) removal ratio achieved 99.9% and 92.8%, respectively, at the optimal conditions after 30 min electrolysis. Under this condition, the degradation rate constant (k) and the degradation half-life (t_1/2) were 0.21 min^-1 and (2.8±0.2) min, respectively. Mainly carboxylic acids (propanoic acid, maleic acid, propanedioic acid, acetic acid and oxalic acid) were detected as intermediates. The energy efficiencies for 2,4-DCP degradation (5-200 mg/L) with Ti/SnO₂-Sb anode ranged from 0.672 to 1.602 g/kWh. The Ti/SnO₂-Sb anode with a high activity to rapid organic oxidation could be employed to degrade chlorophenols, particularly 2,4-DCP in wastewater.     

2,4-二氯酚对杞柳的毒性及在其体内的吸收与降解

在含有2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-DCP)人工配置的营养液中培养杞柳(Salix integra),研究了2,4-DCP 对杞柳的急性毒理效应以及在杞柳体内的吸收降解规律.结果表明,杞柳暴露在10~100mg/L 2,4-DCP 下,生长明显受到抑制.2,4-DCP 主要累积在杞柳根系中,在前48h, 2,4-DCP在根系和地上部中的含量急剧上升;96h 内, 2,4-DCP 在杞柳根系和地上部中的浓度分别为265.14,12.51mg/kg,根浓缩系数(RCF)达到了70.18.在无污染的营养液中培养,杞柳根系和地上部中的2,4-DCP 在7d 内下降到50.74,2.66mg/kg,且降解过程符合一级动力学方程,降解速率常数分别为0.0141,0.0066h-1.同时,根系组织中多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性受到2,4-DCP 的明显抑制.在低浓度污染水环境下,杞柳是修复2,4-DCP 的较好植物.     

Powdered activated carbon adsorption of two fishy odorants in water: Trans,trans-2,4-heptadienal and trans,trans-2,4-decadienal

Powdered activated carbon(PAC) adsorption of two fishy odorants, trans,trans-2,4-heptadienal(HDE) and trans,trans-2,4-decadienal(DDE), was investigated. Both the pseudo first-order and the pseudo second-order kinetic models well described the kinetics curves, and DDE was more readily removed by PAC. In isotherm tests, both Freundlich and Modified Freundlich isotherms fitted the experimental data well. PAC exhibited a higher adsorption capacity for DDE than for HDE, which could be ascribed to the difference in their hydrophobicity. The calculated thermodynamic parameters(ΔG~0, ΔH~0, and ΔS~0) indicated an exothermic and spontaneous adsorption process. PAC dosage, p H, and natural organic matter(NOM) presence were found to influence the adsorption process. With increasing PAC dosage, the pseudo first-order and pseudo second-order rate constants both increased. The value of p H had little influence on HDE or DDE molecules but altered the surface charge of PAC, and the maximum adsorption capacity occurred at p H 9. The presence of NOM, especially the fraction with molecular weight less than1 k Dalton, hindered the adsorption. The study showed that preloaded NOM impaired the adsorption capacity of HDE or DDE more severely than simultaneously fed NOM did.     

Powdered activated carbon adsorption of two fishy odorants in water: Trans,trans-2,4-heptadienal and trans,trans-2,4-decadienal

Powdered activated carbon (PAC) adsorption of two fishy odorants, trans,trans-2,4-heptadienal (HDE) and trans,trans-2,4-decadienal (DDE), was investigated. Both the pseudo first-order and the pseudo second-order kinetic models well described the kinetics curves, and DDE was more readily removed by PAC. In isotherm tests, both Freundlich and Modified Freundlich isotherms fitted the experimental data well. PAC exhibited a higher adsorption capacity for DDE than for HDE, which could be ascribed to the difference in their hydrophobicity. The calculated thermodynamic parameters (ΔG⁰, ΔH⁰, and ΔS⁰) indicated an exothermic and spontaneous adsorption process. PAC dosage, pH, and natural organic matter (NOM) presence were found to influence the adsorption process. With increasing PAC dosage, the pseudo first-order and pseudo second-order rate constants both increased. The value of pH had little influence on HDE or DDE molecules but altered the surface charge of PAC, and the maximum adsorption capacity occurred at pH 9. The presence of NOM, especially the fraction with molecular weight less than 1 k Dalton, hindered the adsorption. The study showed that preloaded NOM impaired the adsorption capacity of HDE or DDE more severely than simultaneously fed NOM did.     

表面活性剂对2,4-二氯苯酚在黄土中吸附行为的影响

 研究了用阳离子表面活性剂单独改性和用阴、阳离子表面活性剂共同改性的黄土对水中2,4-二氯苯酚的吸附行为以及环境pH值和离子强度的影响.结果表明,天然黄土对2,4-二氯苯酚的等温吸附曲线满足Freundlich方程;改性后的黄土对2,4-二氯苯酚的吸附能力明显增强,吸附率提高2～9倍,且随着阳离子表面活性剂加入量的增多而增大,等温吸附曲线与天然黄土有所不同,并且阴离子表面活性剂的存在会减小相应阳离子表面活性剂改性黄土对2,4-二氯苯酚的吸附;随着pH值的逐渐增大,2,4-二氯苯酚的离子形态逐渐增多不利于改性黄土对2,4-二氯苯酚的吸附,而离子强度对吸附的影响程度却随着pH值的逐渐增大而增强.     

Statistical optimization of adsorption processes for removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol by activated carbon derived from oil palm empty fruit bunches

The adsorption capacity of activated carbon produced from oil palm empty fruit bunches through removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol from aqueous solution was carried out in the laboratory. The activated carbon was produced by thermal activation of activation time with 30 min at 800℃. The adsorption process conditions were determined with the statistical optimization followed by central composite design. A developed polynomial model for operating conditions of adsorption process indicated that the optimum conditions for maximum adsorption of phenolic compound were： agitation rate of 100 r/min, contact time of 8 h, initial adsorbate concentration of 250 mg/L and pH 4. Adsorption isotherms were conducted to evaluate biosorption process. Langmuir isotherm was more favorable （R^2=0.93） for removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol by the activated carbon rather than Freundlich isotherm （R^2=0.88）.     

2,4-二氯酚废水处理的试验研究

研究了活性炭吸附法处理2,4-二氯酚废水的工艺过程。研究结果表明。活性炭对该废水具有良好的吸附效果。此外,还对吸附过程的动力学进行了研究,结果表明吸附过程遵循Lagergren一级动力学模型,并得出25℃和35℃时速率常数分别为k298=0．0072min^-1、k308=0．0118min,吸附活化能Ea=38．5kj／mol。     

2,4-二硝基酚厌氧生物降解动力学研究

研究了间歇试验条件下,2,4-二硝基酚(2,4-DNP)与葡萄糖共基质时的厌氧降解动力学.结果表明:2,4-DNP与葡萄糖能同时被微生物降解;葡萄糖浓度高低对2,4-DNP的降解影响不大,而2,4-DNP的存在明显影响COD的降解.当2,4-DNP浓度<225 mg/L时,其比降解速率随浓度增大而增大,浓度为225 mg/L时比降解速率达到最大;由于底物抑制,当2,4-DNP浓度>225 mg/L时,其比降解速率呈下降趋势.选用Andrews非竞争性抑制模型描述2,4-DNP厌氧降解动力学,对实验数据进行非线性拟合,求得模型参数q_max、K_s和K_i分别为3.24 mg/(h·g)、196.23 mg/L和165.91mg/L,实验数据与该动力学方程拟合较好.