2019—2020年福建水体总放射性监测

2019—2020年在福建省设置河流、湖泊（水库）、饮用水源地水、地下水监测点位,定量分析水中总α、总β放射性活度浓度。试验表明：河流总α、总β放射性活度浓度测定值分别为0.004 Bq/L～0.130 Bq/L、0.056 Bq/L～0.840 Bq/L,湖泊（水库）测定值分别为0.005 Bq/L～0.057 Bq/L、0.066 Bq/L～0.170 Bq/L,饮用水源地水测定值分别为0.001 Bq/L～0.103 Bq/L、0.039 Bq/L～0.243 Bq/L,地下水测定值分别为0.012 Bq/L～0.110 Bq/L、0.046 Bq/L～1.10 Bq/L。说明2019—2020年福建地区地表水、地下水总α、总β放射性变化稳定,未出现异常,饮用水源地水放射性水平符合国家标准。     

广东省部分饮用水源地水中总α和总β放射性水平

调查广东省不同地区饮用水源地水中总α、总β放射性水平,分丰水期和枯水期2次各采集20个不同水样,按照《生活饮用水标准检验方法放射性指标》(GB/T 5750.13—2006),利用BH1227型低本底α、β测量仪测定样品。结果表明,40个水样中总α、总β放射性水平分别为0.017 Bq/L~0.286 Bq/L和0.027 Bq/L~0.397 Bq/L,测量值均在正常本底波动范围之内,放射性指标符合国家《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749—2006)。     

芦山县地震灾区饮用水水源地总放射性水平的初步调查

通过对地震后雅安市芦山县的饮用水水源地总放射性水平调查,初步掌握该县重点区域饮用水水源地放射性浓度的水平。参考《生活饮用水标准检验方法放射性指标》(GB/T 5750.13—2006),通过测定质量厚度-计数效率曲线获取不同质量厚度的样品源所对应的计数效率值,计算水质中总放射性浓度。结果显示,所采集的雅安芦山地震灾区40个饮用水源地水样中的总α、总β放射性活度浓度范围分别为9.13×10-3Bq/L~9.83×10~(-2)Bq/L和1.68×10~(-2)Bq/L~1.36×10-1Bq/L,均符合我国《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749—2006)中放射性活度浓度指标限值要求(总α≤0.5 Bq/L,总β≤1 Bq/L)。说明地震没有造成该地区饮用水源地水质的放射性污染。     

鄂尔多斯市水中总α、总β放射性活度浓度及实验质量控制初探

依据水中总α、总β放射性活度浓度测量方法 HJ 898-2017和HJ 899-2017,采用厚源法,测定了鄂尔多斯市矿井水、医疗废水和地下水中总α、总β放射性活度浓度,测量结果均在国家标准要求范围内。为保证实验质量,从仪器检查、期间核查和不确定度评定三个方面探讨了水中总α、总β放射性测量实验方法的质量控制。     

田湾核电站厂区及周围环境大气气溶胶中总α和总β放射性水平监测

通过2011—2013年对田湾核电站厂区及周围环境大气气溶胶中总α、总β放射性水平的监测,结果表明:该核电站厂区及周围环境大气气溶胶中总α、总β放射性浓度范围分别为0.023 m Bq/m3~0.296 m Bq/m3、0.240 m Bq/m3~2.460 m Bq/m3,放射性水平在本底范围内,未见明显差异;总α、总β放射性水平波动受气象条件影响,呈季节性变化特征。     

2016—2020年四川省地级市(州)饮用水源地总α、总β放射性水平及健康风险评估

为了解四川省各地级市(州)饮用水源地的放射性水平,评价其水源地辐射水平的安全性,于2016—2020年对全省各地级市(州)饮用水源地进行布点、采样,分析水中总α、总β的放射性水平,利用健康风险模型对居民的健康风险进行评估。结果显示:各地级市(州)饮用水源地的总α、总β放射性浓度范围分别为0.008~0.094、0.011~0.190 Bq/L,不同年度、不同水源地、不同水源地类型的总α和总β放射性水平间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);不同水期的总α、总β放射性水平的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),总α和总β放射性对各年龄段居民的总致癌风险均低于WHO和ICRP发布的最严格控制限值。该次调查显示,四川省21个地级市(州)饮用水源地的总α和总β放射性处于安全水平,各年龄组的健康风险都是处于可接受的范围内。     

水中总α、总β、~(238)U放射性水平及其与残渣含量的关系

本文报道了新疆地区37个不同水源水中总α、总β、~(238)U放射性比活度和残渣含量的调查结果.结果表明,水中总α、总β、~(238)U放射性比活度和残渣含量的算术均值和标准偏差分别为0.84±0.74,0.48±0.37, 0.24±0.16(Bg/L)和1.27±0.72(g/L).水中总α放射性主要是天然铀系核素贡献.水中总α、总β和~(238)U放射性水平与残渣含量呈直线正相关,且可用通式y=a+bx描述.     

云南水环境放射性水平监测结果分析

根据2013—2020年云南省河流、湖泊、饮用水和地下水省控点、国控点的水中放射性水平监测结果,分析了水中总α、总β、U、Th、²²⁶Ra、⁴⁰K、¹³⁷Cs、⁹⁰Sr的监测浓度。结果表明:六大水系监测断面水中总α、总β均小于0.5、1.0 Bq/L;九大高原湖泊水中放射性水平相对较高的是Ⅴ类水体杞麓湖、异龙湖,放射性水平相对较低的是Ⅰ类水体抚仙湖、泸沽湖,滇池内海水中U、Th浓度优于滇池外海;饮用水源地水中放射性总α、总β均显著低于《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749—2022)规定限值。     

HPLC-FLD测定水中联苯胺的方法研究

探讨了利用液相色谱分离,荧光检测器测定地表水中联苯胺的可行性。前处理方法对比验证了液液萃取法和固相萃取法。水样在碱性条件下(pH=11~12)进行提取,当提取体积为1.0 L时,液液萃取液相色谱荧光法检测,方法检出限为1.4 ng/L,定量下限为5.5 ng/L;固相萃取液相色谱荧光法检测,方法检出限为0.9 ng/L,定量下限为3.6 ng/L。分别对地表水、生活废水、工业废水3种不同水体进行基体加标试验,加标浓度为10.0、40.0、80.0 ng/L。结果显示,对于3种不同基体和不同加标浓度的水样,两种方法均有较好的准确性和重现性,方法回收率为80%~120%,相对标准偏差均小于20%,满足《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)中对联苯胺的监测需求。     

胭脂红酸分光光度法测定废水中硼

用胭脂红酸分光光度法测定废水中的硼,着重进行了方法的条件和干扰试验。方法检测限为0.063mg/L,线性范围为0.21mg/L-1.25mg/L。5个实验室对5.00mg/L硼标准样品测得重复性相对标准差为3．4％,再次性相对标准差为3．6％;相对误差为－0．8％－1．4％,回收率在95．2％－104．6％之间。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).     

An investigation on biological stability of product water generated by lab-scale and pilot-scale distillation systems

Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, total U, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu,²⁴¹Am, and ¹³⁷Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y^-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1and 1.6 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10^-4 mGyd^-1 and 4.7 × 10^-4 mGy d^-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.