黄山夏季气溶胶光学特性观测分析

利用2011年6~8月黄山光明顶气溶胶光学参数的观测资料,分析了气溶胶各光学参数的逐日变化和非降水条件下日变化特征,并结合Hysplit后向轨迹模式,探讨了不同气团影响下气溶胶光学参数的变化特征.结果表明:黄山光明顶气溶胶消光作用以散射为主,观测期间气溶胶散射系数(σsc)、吸收系数(σab)、单次散射反照率(SSA)和后向散射比(BSR)的平均值(标准差)分别为62.59(49.17) Mm-1、5.49(3.67) Mm-1、0.89(0.04)和0.13(0.02);各光学特征量具有明显日变化特征.σsc、σab和SSA白天高,夜间低, BSR则相反,边界层活动是影响光明顶气溶胶光学性质日变化的主要因素.聚类分析结果显示光明顶主要受西北方大陆性气团、西南方大陆性气团以及东南方海洋性气团的影响.不同气团影响下,气溶胶光学参数有很大差异,其中北方大陆性气团影响下的σab、σsc和SSA最大,东南方海洋性气团影响下最小,表明大陆性气团传输过程中二次气溶胶生成的影响较为明显.     

Characterization of aerosol optical properties, chemical composition and mixing states in the winter season in Shanghai, China

Physical and chemical properties of ambient aerosols at the single particle level were studied in Shanghai from December 22 to 28, 2009. A Cavity-Ring-Down Aerosol Extinction Spectrometer（CRD-AES） and a nephelometer were deployed to measure aerosol light extinction and scattering properties, respectively. An Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer（ATOFMS）was used to detect single particle sizes and chemical composition. Seven particle types were detected. Air parcels arrived at the sampling site from the vicinity of Shanghai until mid-day of December 25, when they started to originate from North China. The aerosol extinction,scattering, and absorption coefficients all dropped sharply when this cold, clean air arrived.Aerosol particles changed from a highly aged type before this meteorological shift to a relatively fresh type afterwards. The aerosol optical properties were dependent on the wind direction.Aerosols with high extinction coefficient and scattering Angstrom exponent（SAE） were observed when the wind blew from the west and northwest, indicating that they were predominantly fine particles. Nitrate and ammonium correlated most strongly with the change in aerosol optical properties. In the elemental carbon/organic carbon（ECOC） particle type, the diurnal trends of single scattering albedo（SSA） and elemental carbon（EC） signal intensity had a negative correlation. We also found a negative correlation（r =-0.87） between high mass-OC particle number fraction and the SSA in a relatively clean period, suggesting that particulate aromatic components might play an important role in light absorption in urban areas.     

Enhanced mixing state of black carbon with nitrate in single particles during haze periods in Zhengzhou, China

Black carbon（BC） plays an important role in air quality and climate change, which is closely associated with its mixing state and chemical compositions. In this work the mixing state of BC-containing single particles was investigated to explore the evolution process of ambient BC particles using a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer（SPAMS） in March 2018 in Zhengzhou, China. The BC-containing particles accounted for 61.4% of total detected ambient single particles and were classified into f...     

气溶胶吸湿性的影响因素及其对光学特性的影响

吸湿性是气溶胶重要的理化性质之一,气溶胶吸湿增长不仅会通过大气辐射效应影响气候,还对大气能见度有重要影响。介绍了气溶胶粒径吸湿增长与散射吸湿增长的概念,总结了测量气溶胶吸湿增长的方法,分析了粒径、化学组分、污染条件和混合状态对吸湿性的影响。结果表明：气溶胶的吸湿增长会使颗粒物含水量增多,改变气溶胶消光能力,从而对大气能见度以及气溶胶辐射强迫造成影响。未来,建议着重关注高相对湿度（相对湿度大于95%）下的气溶胶吸湿增长,加强气溶胶吸湿增长的垂直观测研究,并广泛开展吸湿和脱水2种环境下的气溶胶散射吸湿增长的测量和研究。

     

中国地区气溶胶类型变化及其辐射效应研究

利用AERONET网站中国地区各区域多个站点长期的观测数据,通过各类气溶胶光学特性的差异（Extinction Angstrom Exponent,EAE;Single Scattering Albedo,SSA）将中国地区华北区域北京、香河站点,华东区域太湖站点,华南区域香港站点,西北区域SACOL站点气溶胶进行分类分析其气溶胶占比特征及年际变化,并进一步研究不同地区各类气溶胶光学及辐射特性差异.研究结果表明,不同地区各类气溶胶占比特征显著,华北区域北京、香河站点混合吸收型气溶胶Type5占比最多,分别占比35%、31%;其次为城市/工业型气溶胶Type3和Type4;华东区域以Type3、Type4和Type5三类气溶胶为主,分别占比32%、26%、25%;华南区域Type3、Type4气溶胶占比最为突出,占比分别达到46%、21%.西北区域Type5占比高达45%,出现高达34%的沙尘型气溶胶Type7.以不同地区各类气溶胶占比特征为基础,不同气溶胶的年际变化趋势差异较大.不同地区各类气溶胶光学特性参数（AOD（Aerosol Optical Depth）、EAE、SSA）年变化特征表明,华北、华东区域AOD减少、EAE变化小、SSA增大;华南区域整体AOD增大,但近年来AOD显著减少、EAE变化小、SSA增大;西北区域AOD增大、EAE增大、SSA减少,即除了西北区域外,其余区域环境空气质量逐渐好转,粒子尺度变化较小,吸收能力下降.地表气溶胶直接辐射强迫效率（ARFE-BOA）结果显示,除华东区域太湖站点外,Type1对地表的降温冷却作用最大,绝对值均大于210 W·m^-2,其次为Type2,即吸收型粒子对地表的贡献大于散射型粒子;关于ARFE-TOA的平均特征,Type4或Type7对大气顶的降温冷却作用最强,而各类气溶胶对大气层的加热作用与ARFE-BOA的平均特征类似,吸收型细粒子对大气层的加热作用较强.     

区域污染对本底地区气溶胶光学特性及辐射强迫影响的地基和卫星遥感观测研究

基于华北区域大气本底站(北京上甸子站)地面观测和卫星遥感监测数据,分析了2011年10月1~15日在天气系统和人为污染物排放的影响下3次华北平原地区污染输送事件对本底地区气溶胶质量浓度及其光学特性的显著影响.结果表明,受人为污染事件输送影响,上甸子站10月4~5日、7~9日及11~12日气溶胶浓度和反应性气体浓度显著增加,和10月1~3日背景条件相比,反应性气体NOx、CO体积浓度增加3~6倍,SO2体积浓度增加了10~20倍;PM2.5质量浓度10月9日达到200μg·m-3;污染期间500 nm日平均气溶胶光学厚度达到0.60~1.00,气溶胶单次散射反照率低于0.88,黑碳浓度增加4~8倍,表明此次污染事件气溶胶吸收很强,因气溶胶吸收作用导致大气吸收太阳辐射增加100~400 W·m-2,气溶胶吸收和散射导致地表入射太阳辐射下降100~300 W·m-2,地表入射太阳辐射减弱且大气加热增强将导致大气稳定度增加,这可能将显著影响云和降水过程,对区域天气和气候产生重要影响.     

Morphology, composition, and sources of individual aerosol particles at a regional background site of the YRD, China

Aerosol samples were collected at Lin'an, a background site of Yangtze River Delta(YRD).Morphology, size, composition, and mixing state of individual aerosol particles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy(TEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS), and the soluble ions of PM_(1.0) were studied by aerosol mass spectrometer(AMS). The daily average AMS mass concentrations of sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium were about 5.8, 8.6, and 5.6 μg/m~3, respectively. Individual aerosol particles were classified into seven types: S-rich, K-rich, organic matter(OM), soot, fly ash, metal, and mineral. S-rich particles were dominant in all size bins, and 51%(by number) of S-rich particles were internally mixed with other particles. The fraction of organic coating particles was 13.7% in morning, 25.2% in afternoon, and 11% in evening, suggesting that the strong photochemical process during afternoon produced more secondary organic aerosols(SOA) on the surface of inorganic particles. Fly ash and metal particles were abundant during the day, suggesting the influence of emissions from coal-fired power plants and steel plants. The results indicate that the intense industrial emissions in the YRD significantly transported to the background areas. PM_(2.5) concentration may be lower in background air than in urban air but complex mixing state of aerosol particles indicates that the long-range transported particles substantially influenced the background air quality.     

上海一次典型雾霾过程中不同天气现象的气溶胶光学特性及转化机制

以上海市2013年冬季一次持续雾霾过程为例,根据能见度和相对湿度的地面观测资料将雾霾过程划分为干霾、湿霾、雾3种不同天气现象,对不同天气现象的气溶胶光学特性垂直分布特征进行了研究,并初步分析不同天气现象的转化机制.结果表明,3种不同天气现象的发生顺序为湿霾→干霾→湿霾及湿霾→雾→干霾→湿霾,相对湿度对能见度的影响最大,温度次之,再次是风速,而PM_(2.5)对能见度的影响最小.CALIPSO(Cloud Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation)探测期间,存在2~3 km明显气溶胶层,且不同天气现象的气溶胶层厚度不同(雾湿霾干霾);雾霾发生期间,1.0 km以下高度气溶胶消光能力最大;在干霾、湿霾到雾的转化过程中,球形、大粒径气溶胶增多,非球形、小粒径气溶胶减少.     

An intensive study on aerosol optical properties and affecting factors in Nanjing, China

The optical properties of aerosol as well as their impacting factors were investigated at a suburb site in Nanjing during autumn from 14 to 28 November 2012. More severe pollution was found together with lower visibility. The average scattering and absorption coefficients(B sca and B abs) were 375.7 ± 209.5 and 41.6 ± 18.7 Mm~(-1), respectively. Higher ?ngstr?m absorption and scattering exponents were attributed to the presence of more aged aerosol with smaller particles. Relative humidity(RH) was a key factor affecting aerosol extinction. High RH resulted in the impairment of visibility, with hygroscopic growth being independent of the dry extinction coefficient. The hygroscopic growth factor was 1.8 ± 1.2 with RH from 19% to 85%.Light absorption was enhanced by organic carbon(OC), elemental carbon(EC) and EC coatings,with contributions of 26%, 44% and 75%(532 nm), respectively. The B sca and B abs increased with increasing N_(100)(number concentration of PM_(2.5)with diameter above 100 nm), PM_1 surface concentration and PM_(2.5)mass concentration with good correlation.     

黄山顶夏季气溶胶数浓度特征及其输送潜在源区

利用轨迹聚类方法对2011年6~8月黄山光明顶的气团轨迹进行聚类分组,得到2011年夏季到达黄山顶的主要气团输送轨迹,结合黄山顶的气溶胶数浓度观测资料,分析不同类型输送轨迹与黄山顶积聚模态颗粒物数浓度的关系.利用潜在源贡献因子分析法PSCF(potential source contribution function analysis)定性分析了不同气团背景下黄山顶积聚模态颗粒物数浓度的潜在源区,最后结合浓度权重轨迹分析法CWT(concentration weighted field)定量分析不同潜在源区对黄山顶积聚模态颗粒物数浓度的贡献.结果表明,积聚模态颗粒物(0.5~1μm)数浓度约占0.5~20μm颗粒物数浓度的94.9%;黄山顶6~8月大陆气团的发生频率最高,约43.4%;影响黄山光明顶积聚模态颗粒物数浓度的潜在源区主要来自一些工业发达人口密集的城市群:湖北东部、安徽中部、河南、江西境内、两广交界处、湖南南部以及浙江北部地区.而垂直方向上,来自西北和西南方向高度约2~5km的自由对流层气团对黄山顶积聚模态粒子数浓度贡献较大.     

华东高山背景点大气气态汞含量与传输特征

利用高时间分辨率自动测汞仪（Tekran 2537B）于2017年6月~2018年5月对武夷山气态元素汞（GEM）进行了连续1a的观测.结果表明，武夷山GEM年均浓度为（1.70±0.43）ng/m³，稍高于北半球背景值，表明武夷山受到一定程度的大气汞污染.GEM浓度表现为冬季>秋季>春季>夏季，季风和风速是影响武夷山GEM季节变化的主要因素.武夷山四季GEM表现为不同的日变化特征，早上8：00之后，春秋季GEM继续呈现下降趋势，其他季节则呈现先升后降再上升，并在晚上不同时刻出现峰值.GEM值白天低于晚上，这与风速和汞的长距离迁移有关.后向轨迹和浓度权重轨迹分析结果表明，偏西风背景下污染气团经江西向武夷山输送是大气汞迁移的主要路径，而江西和福建中北部为武夷山大气汞污染的潜在源区.△GEM/△CO值表明武夷山GEM汞污染主要来源于人为工业排放，生物质燃烧贡献较弱.     

春节前后华北平原农村地区黑碳浓度及来源

在河南某农村站点利用黑碳仪（AE33）对春节前后（2018年2月12日~3月12日）黑碳气溶胶（eBC）进行在线连续监测,获得其质量浓度、昼夜变化及来源.结果表明：春节期间的eBC浓度最高,（8.22±4.17）μg/m³,该时期人为活动对eBC影响最为明显.春节前,生物质燃烧产生的eBC占其总浓度百分比最大,为（41.1±5.3）%,并随时间推移逐渐减小,降至（26.8±12.0）%.AAE（1.40±0.16）说明,该地区春节前后eBC的化石燃料排放和生物质燃烧贡献程度接近.与城市点位相比,本研究的AAE值较高.春节前后,观测地区的eBC昼夜变化存在2个明显高值时段,分别在7：00~9：00和20：00左右.春节期间的eBC昼夜变化无明显波动.根据浓度权重轨迹分析显示,春节期间eBC的潜在源区有山西、陕西、安徽和江苏等省份,其他时期集中在河南、湖北境内.本研究对于识别冬季农村燃烧源排放黑碳演化特征及其对区域重霾形成和发展的影响具有重要意义,也可为黑碳气溶胶气候、环境和健康模拟提供基础数据.     

Aerosol optical properties under different pollution levels in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region of China

To clarify the aerosol hygroscopic growth and optical properties of the Pearl River Delta(PRD)region,integrated observations were conducted in Heshan City of Guangdong Province from October 19 to November 17,2014.The concentrations and chemical compositions of PM_2.5,aerosol optical properties and meteorological parameters were measured.The mean value of PM_2.5 increased from less than 35(excellent) to 35-75 μg/m³(good) and then to greater than 75 μg/m³(...     

Physico-chemical characterization and source tracking of black carbon at a suburban site in Beijing

Particles from ambient air and combustion sources including vehicle emission, coal combustion and biomass burning were collected and chemically pretreated with the purpose of obtaining isolated BC (black carbon) samples. TEM (transmission electron microscopy) results indicate that BC from combustion sources shows various patterns, and airborne BC appears spherical and about 50 nm in diameter with a homogeneous surface and turbostratic structure. The BET (Barrett–Emmett–Teller) results suggest that the surface areas of these BC particles fall in the range of 3–23 m²/g, with a total pore volume of 0.03–0.05 cm³/g and a mean pore diameter of 7–53 nm. The nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms are indicative of the accumulation mode and uniform pore size. O₂-TPO (temperature programmed oxidation) profiles suggest that the airborne BC oxidation could be classified as the oxidation of amorphous carbon, which falls in the range of 406–490°C with peaks at 418, 423 and 475°C, respectively. Generally, the BC characteristics and source analysis suggest that airborne BC most likely comes from diesel vehicle emission at this site.     

Study of aerosol characteristics and sources using MAX-DOAS measurement during haze at an urban site in the Fenwei Plain

Atmospheric aerosols have effects on atmospheric radiation assessments, global climate change, local air quality and visibility. In particular, aerosols are more likely transformed and accumulated in winter. In this paper, we used the Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) instrument to study the characteristics of aerosol type and contributions of PM_2.5 chemical components to aerosol extinction (AE), vertical distribution of aerosols, and source. From December 30, 2018 to January 27, 2019, we conducted MAX-DOAS observations on Sanmenxia. The proportion of PM_2.5 to PM₁₀ was 69.48%–95.39%, indicating that the aerosol particles were mainly fine particles. By analyzing the ion data and modifying Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) method, we found that nitrate was the largest contributor to AE, accounting for 31.51%, 28.98%, and 27.95% of AE on heavily polluted, polluted, and clean days, respectively. NH₄⁺, OC, and SO₄^2? were also major contributors to AE. The near-surface aerosol extinction retrieved from MAX-DOAS measurement the PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ concentrations measured by an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) have the same trend in vertical distribution. AE increased about 3 times from surface to 500 m. With the backward trajectory of the air mass during the haze, we also found that the continuous heavy pollution was mainly caused by transport of polluted air from the northeast, then followed by local industrial emissions and other sources of emissions under continuous and steady weather conditions.     

北京一次严重雾霾过程气溶胶光学特性与气象条件

对北京地区2013年10月2~7日一次严重雾霾过程中的气溶胶光学特性开展研究,分析了气象条件对雾霾过程的影响,并结合HYSPLIT模型分析污染物的来源.结果表明,在污染天气中气溶胶光学厚度、?ngström波长指数、细模态体积尺度谱峰值浓度远高于清洁天.10月5日雾霾最为严重,440nm波长处气溶胶光学厚度高达3.89.在雾霾发生前后,单次散射反照率日均值随波长增大而增大,而在10月5日,单次散射反照率值随波长增加先增大后减小,在675nm波长处达到最大值0.965.雾霾过程中大气气溶胶以强散射型细粒子为主,人为因素贡献较大,且受气象条件影响明显.     

沈阳一次雾霾天气颗粒物浓度及光学特征变化

利用2011年10月17～22日连续在线观测沈阳地区大气能见度、颗粒物质量浓度ρ(PM10)、ρ(PM2.5)、ρ(PM1.0)、以及通过太阳光度计测量数据反演得到的气溶胶光学厚度、Angstrom波长指数、气溶胶粒子谱分布数据,结合相对湿度、风速、温度等气象资料,分析了2011 年秋季沈阳一次雾霾天气过程中能见度与颗粒物质量浓度及气溶胶光学特征变化.结果表明:相对温度偏高、小风天气以及颗粒物质量浓度累积是造成沈阳能见度下降、引发雾霾天气的主要因素;雾霾期间细粒子所占比例较高,ρ(PM10)、ρ(PM2.5)、ρ(PM1.0)平均值分别为138.8、103.3、94.9μg/m3,比雾霾过程前均增加约2倍左右,PM2.5/PM10和PM1.0/PM10分别为74.7%和68.6%;当RH0.90),RH >80%时, 能见度与颗粒物浓度间的相关性减弱;雾霾期间气溶胶光学厚度明显增加,雾霾前气溶胶光学厚度和Angstrom波长指数平均值分别为0.82和0.94,雾霾期间气溶胶光学厚度和Angstrom波长指数平均值分别为1.42和1.25;雾霾天气过程中,细模态粒子的峰值浓度约是雾霾前细粒子浓度的2倍,说明沈阳地区大气污染物以细粒子为主,进而影响气溶胶光学特征发生变化.     

沂蒙山区不同覆被棕壤理化特征对径流溶解态氮磷输出的影响

以沂蒙山区的棕壤为例,利用野外原位模拟降雨试验,在分析荒草地、侧柏林、金银花、山楂园和花生地等5种典型覆被下棕壤坡地径流溶解态氮(DN)、磷(DP)输出特征的基础上,探讨了不同土地覆被类型下棕壤主要理化性质差异对径流DN、DP输出的影响.结果表明,在降雨强度(70 mm·h-1)、地形和植被覆盖度等条件较为一致的情况下...     

北京市海坨山冬季不同污染过程下气溶胶化学组分及其潜在来源分析

为了探讨京津冀地区冬季背景大气中气溶胶化学组分特征及其来源分布,使用GRIMM 180、单颗粒黑碳光度计(SP2)和高分辨率飞行时间气溶胶质谱仪(HR-TOF-AMS)观测了海坨山2020年12月28日至2021年2月3日PM和化学组分,结合气象数据和HYSPLIT模式,计算了潜在源贡献因子(PSCF)和浓度权重轨迹(...     

Chemical and optical properties of aerosols and their interrelationship in winter in the megacity Shanghai of China

A field campaign on air quality was carried out in Shanghai in winter of 2012. The concentrations of NO, NO₂, NO_x, SO₂, CO, and PM_2.5 increased during haze formation. The average masses of SO₄^2-, NO₃^- and NH₄⁺ were 10.3, 11.7 and 6.7 μg/m³ during the haze episodes, which exceeded the average (9.2, 7.9, and 3.4 μg/m³) of these components in the non-haze days. The mean values for the aerosol scattering coefficient (b_sp), aerosol absorption coefficient (b_ap) and single scattering albedo (SSA) were 288.7, 27.7 and 0.91 Mm^-1, respectively. A bi-peak distribution was observed for the mass concentrations of CO, NO, NO₂, and NO_x. More sulfate was produced during daytime than that in the evening due to photochemical reactions. The mass concentration of NH₄⁺ achieved a small peak at noontime. NO₃^- showed lower concentrations in the afternoon and higher concentrations in the early morning. There were obvious bi-peak diurnal patterns for bsp and bap as well as SSA. bsp and bap showed a positive correlation with PM_2.5 mass concentration. (NH₄)₂SO₄, NH₄NO₃, organic mass, elemental carbon and coarse mass accounted for 21.7%, 19.3%, 31.0%, 9.3% and 12.3% of the total extinction coefficient during non-haze days, and 25.6%, 24.3%, 30.1%, 8.1% and 8.2% during hazy days. Organic matter was the largest contributor to light extinction. The contribution proportions of ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate to light extinction were significantly higher during the hazy time than during the non-haze days.