利用序批式生物膜反应器启动厌氧氨氧化研究

研究了在缺氧条件下利用序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)快速启动厌氧氨氧化过程,并考察了该过程中反应器的脱氮效率、厌氧氨氧化现象、生物膜性质及微生物群落的变化.从第60d开始出现ANAMMOX现象,经过100多天的启动,最高总氮负荷达0.67kg-N/m3×d,总氮去除率达到87.3%.生物膜厚度和污泥颜色、形态发生明显变化,厌氧氨氧化菌的相对含量达到40%以上,成为反应器的优势菌种.本研究表明SBBR是一种高效启动厌氧氨氧化的生物反应器.     

Effects of tourmaline on nitrogen removal performance and biofilm structures in the sequencing batch biofilm reactor

The effects of tourmaline on nitrogen removal performance and biofilm structures were comparatively investigated in two identical laboratory-scale sequencing batch biofilm reactors(SBBRs)(denoted SBBR1 and SBBR2) at different nitrogen loading rates(NLRs) varying from(0.24 ± 0.01) to(1.26 ± 0.02) g N/(L·day). SBBR1 was operated in parallel with SBBR2, but SBBR1 was filled with polyurethane foam loaded tourmaline(TPU) carriers and another(SBBR2) filled with polyurethane foam(PU) carriers. Results obtained from this study showed that the excellent and stable performance of SBBR1 was obtained. Ammonia nitrogen removal and total nitrogen removal were higher in SBBR1 than that in SBBR2 with increase of NLR. At an NLR of(0.24 ± 0.01) g N/(L·day), the majority of the spherical and elliptical bacteria were surrounded by the extracellular polymeric substance(EPS) and bacillus or filamentous bacteria in two SBBRs biofilms. When NLR increased to(1.26 ± 0.02) g N/(L·day), the clusters were more obvious in the SBBR1 biofilm than that in the SBBR2 biofilm. Bacteria in SBBR1 were inclined to synthesis more EPS, and the formed EPS could protect the bacteria from free ammonia(FA) under extreme condition NLR(1.26 ± 0.02) g N/(L·day). The results of polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis showed that the microbial community similarity in SBBR2 decreased more obviously than that in SBBR1 with the increase of NLR, which the microbial community in SBBR1 was relatively stable.     

Effect of the C:N:P ratio on the denitrifying dephosphatation in a sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR)

A series of investigations were conducted using sequencing batch biofilm reactor(SBBR) to explore the influence of C:N:P ratio on biological dephosphatation including the denitrifying dephosphatation and the denitrification process.Biomass in the reactor occurred mainly in the form of a biofilm attached to completely submerged disks.Acetic acid was used as the source of organic carbon.C:N:P ratios have had a significant effect on the profiles of phosphate release and phosphate uptake and nitrogen removal.The highest rates of phosphate release and phosphate uptake were recorded at the C:N:P ratio of 140:70:7.The C:N ratio of 2.5:1 ensured complete denitrification.The highest rate of denitrification was achieved at the C:N:P ratio of 140:35:7.The increase of nitrogen load caused an increase in phosphates removal until a ratio C:N:P of 140:140:7.Bacteria of the biofilm exposed to alternate conditions of mixing and aeration exhibited enhanced intracellular accumulation of polyphosphates.Also,the structure of the biofilm encouraged anaerobic–aerobic as well as anoxic–anaerobic and absolutely anaerobic conditions in a SBBR.These heterogeneous conditions in the presence of nitrates may be a significant factor determining the promotion of denitrifying polyphosphate accumulating organism(DNPAO) development.     

On-line controlling system for nitrogen and phosphorus removal of municipal wastewater in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR)

The objectives of this study were to establish an on-line controlling system for nitrogen and phosphorus removal synchronously of municipal wastewater in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The SBR for municipal wastewater treatment was operated in sequences: filling, anaerobic, oxic, anoxic, oxic, settling and discharge. The reactor was equipped with on-line monitoring sensors for dissolved oxygen (DO), oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and pH. The variation of DO, ORP and pH is relevant to each phase of biological process for nitrogen and phosphorus removal in this SBR. The characteristic points of DO, ORP and pH can be used to judge and control the stages of process that include: phosphate release by the turning points of ORP and pH; nitrification by the ammonia valley of pH and ammonia elbows of DO and ORP; denitrification by the nitrate knee of ORP and nitrate apex of pH; phosphate uptake by the turning point of pH; and residual organic carbon oxidation by the carbon elbows of DO and ORP. The controlling system can operate automatically for nitrogen and phosphorus efficiently removal. __________ Translated from Water & Wastewater Engineering, 2006, 26(5): 728–733 [译自: 给水排水]     

间歇式厌氧折流板反应器处理分散养猪冲洗水的影响因素

针对分散养猪冲洗水间歇产生的特点,采用间歇式厌氧折流板反应器(ABR,装置B)对其进行处理,考察COD负荷、冲洗次数、进水时间和温度对处理性能的影响,并与连续运行ABR(装置A)进行对比。结果表明:与进水COD相比,装置B对进水量更敏感,且其能承受的COD负荷较装置A低,但在平均COD负荷分别为1.03、2.06、1.39和1.82 kg/(m³·d)时,对应的COD平均去除率分别为76.2%、77.3%、86.0%和85.4%;增加冲洗次数至每天2次,有利于提升装置B的处理能力;延长进水时间至2 h,对装置B的处理性能没有影响;低温严重影响ABR的性能,温度降至15 ℃以下时,装置B对COD的平均去除率由17 ℃时的75.8%降至60.0%。     

Removal of veterinary antibiotics from anaerobically digested swine wastewater using an intermittently aerated sequencing batch reactor

A lab-scale intermittently aerated sequencing batch reactor(IASBR)was applied to treat anaerobically digested swine wastewater(ADSW)to explore the removal characteristics of veterinary antibiotics.The removal rates of 11 veterinary antibiotics in the reactor were investigated under different chemical organic demand(COD)volumetric loadings,solid retention times(SRT)and ratios of COD to total nitrogen(TN)or COD/TN.Both sludge sorption and biodegradation were found to be the major contributors to the removal of veterinary antibiotics.Mass balance analysis revealed that greater than 60%of antibiotics in the influent were biodegraded in the IASBR,whereas averagely 24%were adsorbed by sludge under the condition that sludge sorption gradually reached its equilibrium.Results showed that the removal of antibiotics was greatly influenced by chemical oxygen demand(COD)volumetric loadings,which could achieve up to 85.1%±1.4%at 0.17±0.041 kg COD/m-3/day,while dropped to 75.9%±1.3%and 49.3%±12.1%when COD volumetric loading increased to 0.65±0.032 and1.07±0.073 kg COD/m-3/day,respectively.Tetracyclines,the dominant antibiotics in ADSW,were removed by 87.9%in total at the lowest COD loading,of which 30.4%were contributed by sludge sorption and 57.5%by biodegradation,respectively.In contrast,sulfonamides were removed about 96.2%,almost by biodegradation.Long SRT seemed to have little obvious impact on antibiotics removal,while a shorter SRT of 30–40 day could reduce the accumulated amount of antibiotics and the balanced antibiotics sorption capacity of sludge.Influent COD/TN ratio was found not a key impact factor for veterinary antibiotics removal in this work.     

序批式生物膜法的脱氮特性及机理研究

对序批式生物膜法工艺中所表现出来的脱氮特性进行了探讨，并提出了过量储存－SND脱氮作用机理。厌氧段脱氮主要靠生物膜对含碳氮有机物的过量储存作用；好氧段脱氮主要靠生物膜的SND作用，反硝化的有机碳源主要为生物膜中在厌氧段过量储存的有机碳源。     

厌氧/好氧运行方式对颗粒污泥形成的影响

序批式反应器(SBR)饱食-饥饿的运行方式对颗粒污泥的形成具有一定的促进作用,为考察该作用的大小,采用小试SBR装置,按照厌氧/好氧(An/O)交替的方式运行,考察了强化饱食-饥饿效应对颗粒污泥形成的影响.研究发现,An/O方式运行的第7d,反应器内即有微颗粒出现,30d后该颗粒污泥系统趋于稳定.通过对典型周期内厌氧和好氧末期污泥中胞外聚合物(EPS)的测定分析,发现厌氧末期的胞外多糖(PS)由最初的13mg/g-VSS逐渐上升到后期的55mg/g-VSS,且厌氧饱食阶段的PS含量一直高于好氧饥饿段.在颗粒形成初期,好氧饥饿阶段胞外蛋白质(PN)的平均含量为10mg/g-VSS,大于厌氧饱食段的6mg/g-VSS;而在颗粒成熟阶段,好氧末期PN为13mg/g-VSS,厌氧末段为20mg/g-VSS.在整个颗粒污泥的形成过程中,PS含量一直高于PN.由此可见,PS所具有的黏性作用在颗粒的形成中起到了比较重要的作用. An/O交替的运行方式会对SBR所特有饱食/饥饿效应起到强化作用,刺激微生物分泌大量的EPS,同时筛选出具有厌氧储存有机物能力的微生物,从而促进了颗粒污泥的形成.     

Evaluation of the correlation between ammonia nitrogen and p-toluidine using sequencing batch reactor treating synthetic p-toluidine wastewater

This paper presents lab-scale experiment carried out to evaluate the correlation between ammonia nitrogen （NH3-N） and p-toluidine using sequencing batch reactor treating synthetic p-toluidine wastewater. The profiles of NH3-N and p-toluidine were traced under the concentration of sucrose in the influent varied from 0 to 500 mg/L, aerated airflow varied from 0.6 to 1.2 L/min and temperature varied from 10 to 25℃, respectively. The results showed that the concentration of NH3-N turned from increase to decrease when p-toluidine was nearly completely biodegraded, so the profile of NH3-N could clearly indicate the endpoint of p-toluidine biodegradation. And the profile of NH3-N was not influenced by the sucrose in the influent, aerated airflow and temperature. It is showed that using ammonia nitrogen as monitoring and control parameter is feasible and reliable and has promising application in amine wastewater treatment by SBR.     

Performance evaluation of up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor for treatment of paper mill wastewater

IntroductionInrecentyearsenergyconsiderationsandenvironmentalconcernshaveincreasedtheinterestindirectanaerobictreatmentofindustrialwastes.Theanaerobicmethodofwastetreatmentoffersunderthepresentcircumstancesanumberofsignificantadvantageswithlittleseriousorinsuperabledrawbacksoverothertreatmentmethods .Conventionalwastemanagementtechnologiescommonlyadoptedintropicalclimatesarenotonlyexpensivebutalsowarrantexactoperationandmaintenancerequirements .Mostofthedevelopingcountriessufferfromsevereenvir…     

SBR反应器厌氧氨氧化系统启动过程中细菌群落结构的变化

以白洋淀岸边带沉积物为接种污泥,启动了SBR厌氧氨氧化反应器.对反应器启动过程中的进出水水质进行了连续监测,并采用PCRDGGE、定量PCR和基因测序等分子生物学技术研究了系统内总细菌和厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)细菌群落结构随培养时间的变化规律.结果表明:在启动过程中,总微生物菌群动态变化水平为26.6%~50.5%;微生物多样性先变小后增大,优势菌种得到重新分布;ANAMMOX细菌的群落结构变得单一化,最后系统的优势ANAMMOX细菌是Brocadia属.富集培养阶段SBR系统中ANAMMOX细菌的最大生物量达到了1.73×109copies·g~(-1)干污泥,而且总氮的去除率最高达到约82%.     

碳氮比对活性污泥胞外聚合物的长期影响

以人工模拟废水为研究对象,采用4组SBR反应器（R₀,R₅,R₁₀和R₁₅）,重点考察了碳氮比（C/N）对胞外聚合物（EPS）含量及其组分（蛋白质（PN）、多糖（PS）和核酸（DNA））的影响.试验结果表明：C/N对EPS及其组分具有显著影响.随着C/N由0升高至15,EPS和紧密结合型胞外聚合物（TB-EPS）含量逐渐升高,而松散型胞外聚合物（LB-EPS）含量逐渐降低,EPS以TB-EPS为主（占77.4%~93.6%）.EPS和TB-EPS中的PN、PS和DNA含量随着C/N值升高而升高,LB-EPS中的PN、PS和DNA含量随C/N升高而降低.此外,随着C/N的增大,毛细吸水时间（CST）和污泥比阻（SRF）值显著增大,污泥的脱水性能变差.     

序批式颗粒污泥系统中磷的变化和去向分析

在实验室序批式活性污泥法(SBR)处理系统中以普通活性污泥为接种污泥,采用厌氧-好氧的运行方式提高系统的除磷效果.同时培养颗粒污泥,并对系统中磷的变化和去向进行分析.结果表明,整个试验共运行146 d,成熟颗粒污泥平均粒径为603μm,污泥体积指数(SVI)约为30 mL.g-1,COD去除率可达90%,磷的去除率可达95%左右.颗粒污泥系统除厌氧放磷和好氧聚磷以外,还存在明显的污泥颗粒积磷现象.磷的去除途径主要为:系统排泥(出水悬浮物和专门排泥)和污泥积磷.由厌氧末期颗粒污泥的X射线衍射(XRD)分析结果可知,化学沉淀是污泥积磷的一种重要方式,大量的金属离子会与磷形成无机盐沉积在污泥颗粒上.     

高效厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥膨胀床(EGSB)工艺性能研究

采用模拟含氨废水和颗粒污泥膨胀床(EGSB)反应器研究了厌氧氨氧化工艺的高效性能.试验结果表明,厌氧氨氧化EGSB工艺具有很高的容积效率,在35℃、进水氨氮浓度247.1～444.8mg·L-1、亚硝氮浓度为308.7～483.8mg·L-1的条件下,反应器水力停留时间可缩至0.237～0.267h,平均容积去除速率可高达61.4kg.m-.3d-1(以N计).同时,该工艺具有超常的运行稳定性,在进水基质浓度、进水流量和pH波动的情况下,总氮去除率和出水浓度的相对标准偏差分别为3.6%～6.9%和14.4%～22.6%.厌氧氨氧化EGSB工艺的高效稳定性可归因于反应器的强污泥持留能力和厌氧氨氧化污泥的高反应活力.系统内持留的污泥浓度高达24～28g·L-1(以VSS计),分批培养测得的最高比污泥活性为2.19g.g-1.d-1(以N计),连续培养测得的最高比污泥活性为3.62g.g-.1d-1(以N计).     

投加FeSO4对序批式生物膜反应器中DHA、EPS和处理效果的影响

针对化学协同生物除磷过程,研究了序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)中FeSO_4对悬浮相活性污泥脱氢酶活性(DHA)、胞外聚合物(EPS)及系统处理效果的影响.结果表明,少量FeSO_4对DHA和EPS的分泌具有促进作用,但最佳投加量不一致,分别为0.10 mmol·L-1和0.20 mmol·L-1;大量的FeSO_4则会引发抑制.FeSO_4投加量少于0.30 mmol·L-1时会使污泥MLVSS、MLVSS/MLSS增加,超过0.30 mmol·L-1时则使MLVSS、MLVSS/MLSS下降,但MLSS和SVI随着FeSO_4投加量的增加分别持续增加和下降.FeSO_4对COD和TN的去除具有抑制作用,但并不显著,去除率分别在77%和72%左右;TP的去除效果明显改善,在投加量为0.30 mmol·L-1时效果最好.投加FeSO_4协同生物除磷时建议最佳投加量为0.30 mmol·L-1,此时污泥DHA被轻微抑制,但污泥浓度、EPS、TP去除率均已达到最大,出水水质满足一级A排放标准.     

序批式气提生物反应器(SABR)处理氯苯胺类有机废水好氧污泥颗粒化研究

研究了序批式气提生物反应器(SABR)处理氯苯胺类(CAs)有机废水过程中好氧污泥的颗粒化.SABR运行15d后,反应器内出现细小污泥颗粒,通过缩短循环时间与污泥沉降时间,并逐步提高COD与CAs进水负荷,SABR运行48d后污泥颗粒化明显;反应器在循环时间为12h、污泥沉降时间为6min、表面气速为2.4cm.s-1、COD负荷为1.0~3.6kg.m-3.d-1、CAs负荷逐步提升至800g.m-3.d-1的条件下继续运行50d,SABR污泥颗粒化趋于成熟,COD、CAs去除率稳定在90%、99.9%以上.根据污泥形态、最小沉降速率、SVI和目标污染物降解性能的变化,好氧污泥颗粒化过程可分为启动期、颗粒污泥形成期、生长期和成熟期.成熟好氧颗粒污泥粒径为0.9~2.5mm,平均颗粒密度为64g.L-1(以MLVSS计),污泥最小沉降速率为68.4m.h-1,SOUR为167mg.g-1.h-1;颗粒污泥外形为圆形或椭圆形,呈橙黄色,结构较致密,颗粒内外分布有丰富的类球菌、类短杆菌,与胞外多聚物交织共存.     

A collaborative strategy for enhanced reduction of Cr(VI) by Fe(0) in the presence of oxalate under sunlight: Performance and mechanism

Nanometer-size zero-valent iron (NZVI) is an efficient reducing agent, but its surface is easily passivated with an oxide layer, leading to reaction inefficiency. In our study, oxalate (OA) was introduced into this heterogeneous system of NZVI, which could form ferrioxalate complexes with the NZVI surface-bound Fe³⁺ and dissolved Fe³⁺ in the solution. Photolysis of ferrioxalate complexes can facilitate the generation of Fe²⁺ from Fe³⁺ and CO₂^?- radical, both species have strong reduction capacity. Hence, a “photo-oxalate-Fe(0)” system through sunlight induction was established, which not only prohibited the formation of a surface passivation layer, but also displayed a synergetic mechanism of ferrioxalate photolysis to enhance reduction, exhibiting remarkably higher degradation activity (several times faster) toward the model pollutant Cr(VI) than the mechanism with NZVI alone. Factor tests suggested that both NZVI dosage and OA content markedly affected the reduction rate. Low pH was beneficial to the reduction efficiency. Moreover, recyclability experiment showed that the reduction rate decreased from 0.21706 to 0.03977 min^?1 after three cycles of reuse due to the NZVI losing reaction activity generally, but the system still maintained considerable reduction capacity. Finally, a mechanism was revealed whereby NZVI would transform to Fe oxides after the exhaustion of its reductive power, and the photolysis of ferrioxalate to promote the cycling of iron species played the predominant role in providing extra reduction ability. These features confirm that introduction of OA into Cr(VI) reduction by NZVI through sunlight induction is advantageous and promising.     

Efficiency of stormwater control measures for combined sewer retrofitting under varying rain conditions: Quantifying the Three Points Approach (3PA)

We present a method to assess and communicate the efficiency of stormwater control measures for retrofitting existing urban areas. The tool extends the Three Points Approach to quantitatively distinguish three rainfall domains: (A) rainwater resource utilisation, (B) urban stormwater drainage pipe design, and (C) pluvial flood mitigation. Methods for calculating efficiencies are defined recognizing that rainfall is both a valuable resource and a potential problem. Efficiencies are quantified in relation to rainfall volume, supplied potable water volume and volume of wastewater treated. A case study from Denmark is used to illustrate how the efficiency varies between the rainfall domains. The method provides a means for communicating some important quantitative aspects of stormwater control measures among engineers, planners and decision makers working with management of water resources, stormwater drainage and flood risks.