芳烃抽提装置的环境保护设计

介绍了芳烃抽提装置的环保设计标准及设计原则，并讨论了芳烃抽提装置中污染物排放情况和治理措施。     

COF-PD/AgI纳米复合材料的光催化及抗菌性能研究

以2,5-二氨基吡啶和1,3,5-三甲酰基间苯三酚为前驱体,制备了由AgI修饰的共价有机骨架材料COF-PD/AgI.利用扫描电镜(SEM)、X-射线粉末衍射仪(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)表征了材料的形貌和组成.以亚甲基蓝(MB)和罗丹明B(RhB)为模拟有机污染物,测定其在可见光下的...     

顺丁橡胶装置技术改造的环境保护设计

介绍了顺丁橡胶装置技术改造的环境保护设计和设计原则，以及污染物的治理措施。     

二步法腈纶废水有机污染物组成分析研究

采用色谱技术,对二步法腈纶生产废水中所含的有机污染物,进行了系统的分析研究.结果表明,二步法腈纶废水的可生化性极差,其BOD5/CODcr的比值在0.1～0.2之间.其中所含有机污染物主要有芳香族及酚类的2,6-二(1,1-二甲基乙基)酚、硫代邻氨基苯酚、苯甲酸苄酯、邻二甲苯;腈类的丙烯腈、丁二腈、戊腈、己腈、β,β＇-亚氨基二丙腈;烷烃类的壬烷异构体、十二烷及其异构体、十三烷及其异构体、十五烷及其异构体、十六烷;其它有N,N-二甲基乙酰胺、2,2'-二硫基乙醇、硫醇(丙硫醇、乙硫醇)、丙烯酸甲酯、甲基丙烯磺酸钠等.     

始终抓住环保主题提高环保科技含量

沧炼继续狠抓环保治理工作不放松，并结合生产装置达标努力降低各类污染物的源头排放量，不断提高污染预防、治理和“三废”资源化水平，积极向实现污染物零排放的目标努力。     

噪声的污染与治理

介绍了大庆石化总厂化工二厂生产装置的噪声污染情况，防治措施。对今后噪声治理提出了设想．     

亚临界水氧化技术处理草甘膦母液的应用研究

以亚临界水氧化为核心,结合膜分离、蒸发结晶等技术处理草甘膦母液。与传统处理工艺相比,该工艺处理过程高效、不产生二次污染物,同时又能够回收价值副产品。某草甘膦企业以该技术处理1 800 m³/d的草甘膦母液,工程运行结果表明：整体工艺运行稳定,盐份均实现资源化,COD去除率达93%以上,磷回收率达99%以上,处理后废水进入生化系统最终达标排放。经核算,工程运行成本为177.3元/t,考虑磷回收价值467.2元/t,处理母液可增收289.9元/t,表明亚临界水氧化技术处理草甘膦母液具有显著的经济效益和环境效益。     

MnO2吸附-氧化去除草甘膦的研究

草甘膦是一种被广泛使用的除草剂,天然矿物的吸附-氧化作用对草甘膦的降解具有重要影响.本文研究了草甘膦在MnO2表面的吸附-氧化行为,考察了草甘膦在MnO2表面的降解动力学,以及反应体系pH和共存阳离子对MnO2吸附-氧化降解草甘膦的影响,初步分析了草甘膦的降解产物和可能的降解途径.结果表明,MnO2可有效降解草甘膦,草甘膦在MnO2表面的降解符合表观准一级动力学模型,表观反应动力学常数随草甘膦浓度的增大而减小;酸性条件有利于MnO2对草甘膦的去除,共存Cu2+对MnO2去除草甘膦有明显的抑制作用;草甘膦的降解产物包括肌氨酸、氨基乙酸、羟基乙酸、甲酸和乙酸及PO3-4、NH+4和NO-3.     

蚯蚓细胞色素P450亚酶及代谢组学对土壤亚致死剂量草甘膦除草剂的响应

以赤子爱胜蚓（Eisenia fetida）为受试生物,通过外源添加污染物的方法,研究了暴露于亚致死剂量草甘膦（添加剂量分别为5、10、20、40 mg·kg^-1）的土壤中7 d后,蚯蚓生长抑制率、细胞色素P450亚酶（CYP1A2、2C9与3A4）活力及代谢组学对土壤草甘膦的响应,旨在探讨亚致死剂量草甘膦能否对非靶标生物蚯蚓产生不良影响及其毒性作用机制,初步推断其毒性作用阈值,并筛选敏感生物标记物.结果表明：从蚯蚓生长抑制率来看,各处理组与对照组无显著差异;从蚯蚓CYP亚酶活力来看,在高剂量草甘膦（20、40 mg·kg^-1）处理下,CYP亚酶活力均受到显著抑制;基于代谢组学鉴定并筛选出14个小分子代谢物标记物,其中9个小分子代谢物（分别是1,6-二磷酸果糖、β-D-果糖6-磷酸、丙酮酸、组氨酸、赖氨酸、鸟氨酸、延胡索酸、肌酸、甜菜碱）在5~40 mg·kg^-1草甘膦暴露下显著低于对照水平,另外2个小分子代谢物（尿酸与二十-羟-二十烷四烯酸）则在草甘膦处理下显著升高.代谢组学的响应表明,草甘膦暴露（5~40 mg·kg^-1）致使蚯蚓糖酵解与三羧酸循环减弱,氨基酸代谢受损,嘌呤代谢紊乱,细胞渗透功能受损,对蚯蚓产生了明显毒副作用,其毒副作用还与细胞色素P450酶代谢相关.蚯蚓CYP亚酶活力与小分子代谢物标记物作为敏感生物标记物,可联合诊断土壤亚致死剂量草甘膦污染.     

硫酸法钛白粉“三废”治理与利用的研究进展

介绍了硫酸法钛白粉生产工艺和污染物产生环节，详细阐述了生产废气、废液和废渣的特性和种类，从污染物综合治理的角度分析了“三废”治理的技术路线，重点阐述了煅烧尾气、酸解尾气和酸性废水治理措施以及废酸和硫酸亚铁的综合利用情况。     

臭氧氧化降解除草剂草甘膦的实验研究

以有机磷农药草甘膦作为目标污染物,进行了臭氧氧化试验.研究了不同臭氧投量、草甘膦初始浓度、初始pH对臭氧氧化去除草甘膦的影响,并对降解途径进行了探究.实验结果表明：臭氧投量越大,草甘膦初始浓度越低,臭氧氧化草甘膦的反应速率越快;不同pH条件下,碱性体系中草甘膦的去除速率最快,中性次之,酸性体系中草甘膦的去除速率最慢;臭...     

Degradation of 14C-glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in three agricultural soils

Glyphosate (N-phosphonomethyl glycine) is the most used herbicide worldwide. The degradation of 14C-labeled glyphosate was studied under controlled laboratory conditions in three di erent agricultural soils: a silt clay loam, a clay loam and a sandy loam soil. The kinetic and intensity of glyphosate degradation varied considerably over time within the same soil and among di erent types of soil. Our results demonstrated that the mineralization rate of glyphosate was high at the beginning of incubation and then decreased with time until the end of the experiment. The same kinetic was observed for the water extractable residues. The degradation of glyphosate was rapid in the soil with low adsorption capacity (clay loam soil) with a short half-life of 4 days. However, the persistence of glyphosate in high adsorption capacity soils increased, with half-live of 19 days for silt clay loam soil and 14.5 days for sandy loam soil. HPLC analyses showed that the main metabolite of glyphosate, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) was detected after three days of incubation in the extracts of all three soils. Our results suggested that the possibility of contamination of groundwater by glyphosate was high on a long-term period in soils with high adsorption capacity and low degrading activities and/or acid similar to sandy loam soil. This risk might be faster but less sustainable in soil with low adsorption capacity and high degrading activity like the clay loam soil. However, the release of non-extractable residues may increase the risk of contamination of groundwater regardless of the type of soil.     

The mechanism of different cyanobacterial responses to glyphosate

Glyphosate, the most extensively used herbicide globally, has raised ecotoxicological concerns because it can be transported into the aquatic environment and cause adverse effects on the aquatic system. However, the functional mechanism of glyphosate on cyanobacteria are not completely disentangled. In this study, we selected six common cyanobacteria to evaluate glyphosate effects on cyanobacterial growth in monoculture experiment. Results showed that the growth of five tested cyanobacterial species were promoted under different degrees, and only Pseudanabaena was inhibited by glyphosate. In the phylogenetic tree based on gene sequences of 5-enol-pyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), a target for glyphosate, we found that the position of Pseudanabaena is the closest to plant, which was sensitive to glyphosate, thereby explaining the inhibitory effect of Pseudanabaena following glyphosate exposure. The primary degraded metabolites or analogs did not induce cyanobacterial growth, laterally demonstrating that glyphosate was used as a source of phosphorus to accelerate cyanobacterial growth because phosphorus levels increased in the medium of glyphosate treatment. Overall, this study provides a better understanding of the influence of glyphosate on the composition of aquatic microbiota and explains the mechanism of cyanobacterial response to glyphosate.     

乳状液膜法治理草甘膦废水

采用液膜分离技术从草甘膦生产废水中回收可利用资源草甘膦,并通过实际工业废水进行验证。主要考察了外水相pH值、乳水比及内水相浓度对草甘膦去除的影响。试验结果表明:以航空煤油为溶剂,3%表面活性剂(质量分数),4%载体(体积分数),10%NaOH内水相,油内比Roi为2∶1乳状液膜体系,处理初始浓度为1%的草甘膦工业废水,在pH值为2,乳水比Rew为1∶5的传质条件下,草甘膦去除率可达85%以上。     

Leaf metabolic influence of glyphosate and nanotubes on the Arabidopsis thaliana phyllosphere

Chemical exposure can indirectly affect leaf microbiota communities, but the mechanism driving this phenomenon remains largely unknown. Results revealed that the co-exposure of glyphosate and multi-carbon nanotubes (CNTs) caused a synergistic inhibitory effect on the growth and metabolism of Arabidopsis thaliana shoots. However, only a slight inhibitory effect was induced by nanotubes or glyphosate alone at the tested concentrations. Several intermediate metabolites of nitrogen metabolism and fatty acid synthesis pathways were upregulated under the combined treatment, which increased the amount of energy required to alleviate the disruption caused by the combined treatment. Additionally, compared with the two individual treatments, the glyphosate/nanotube combination treatment induced greater fluctuations in the phyllosphere bacterial community members with low abundance (relative abundance (RA) <1%) at both the family and genus levels, and among these bacteria some plant growth promotion and nutrient supplement related bacteria were markable increased. Strikingly, strong correlations between phyllosphere bacterial diversity and metabolites suggested a potential role of leaf metabolism, particularly nitrogen and carbohydrate metabolism, in restricting the range of leaf microbial taxa. These correlations between phyllosphere bacterial diversity and leaf metabolism will improve our understanding of plant-microbe interactions and the extent of their drivers of variation and the underlying causes of variability in bacterial community composition.     

典型农药废盐热处理过程动力学特征

为了探究农药废盐热处理适宜性,采用热重分析法结合动力学模型分别对3种典型农药废盐--咪鲜胺、烟嘧磺隆和草甘膦废盐进行研究.试验结果表明咪鲜胺废盐仅有一个明显失重阶段,温度高于600℃后质量基本不发生变化,烟嘧磺隆和草甘膦废盐有两个明显失重阶段,温度分别高于300℃和450℃后失重速率明显变缓,三种废盐的明显失重温度和减重率均不相同,说明不同类型废盐的热解/燃烧特性存在明显差异;3种废盐各自的燃烧和热解的失重过程均较为相似,说明氧气的存在不会对热处理过程产生影响.并结合热处理动力学参数可知,废盐的热处理是复杂的反应过程,烟嘧磺隆废盐燃烧和热解所需活化能相近为0.297~5.894kJ/mol,热处理过程最容易发生,咪鲜胺和草甘膦废盐燃烧的活化能低于热解活化能,说明氧气会促进咪鲜胺和草甘膦废盐的热处理过程,废盐的热处理在空气气氛下即可.     

Use of Fe/Al drinking water treatment residuals as amendments for enhancing the retention capacity of glyphosate in agricultural soils

Fe/Al drinking water treatment residuals (WTRs), ubiquitous and non-hazardous by-products of drinking water purification, are cost-effective adsorbents for glyphosate. Given that repeated glyphosate applications could significantly decrease glyphosate retention by soils and that the adsorbed glyphosate is potentially mobile, high sorption capacity and stability of glyphosate in agricultural soils are needed to prevent pollution of water by glyphosate. Therefore, we investigated the feasibility of reusing Fe/Al WTR as a soil amendment to enhance the retention capacity of glyphosate in two agricultural soils. The results of batch experiments showed that the Fe/Al WTR amendment significantly enhanced the glyphosate sorption capacity of both soils (p < 0.001). Up to 30% of the previously adsorbed glyphosate desorbed from the non-amended soils, and the Fe/Al WTR amendment effectively decreased the proportion of glyphosate desorbed. Fractionation analyses further demonstrated that glyphosate adsorbed to non-amended soils was primarily retained in the readily labile fraction (NaHCO₃-glyphosate). The WTR amendment significantly increased the relative proportion of the moderately labile fraction (HCl-glyphosate) and concomitantly reduced that of the NaHCO₃-glyphosate, hence reducing the potential for the release of soil-adsorbed glyphosate into the aqueous phase. Furthermore, Fe/Al WTR amendment minimized the inhibitory effect of increasing solution pH on glyphosate sorption by soils and mitigated the effects of increasing solution ionic strength. The present results indicate that Fe/Al WTR is suitable for use as a soil amendment to prevent glyphosate pollution of aquatic ecosystems by enhancing the glyphosate retention capacity in soils.     

草甘膦废水有机污染物的微生物降解

生物处理技术,是从自然界中选育菌株来处理废水的原始形式,即利用废水中的有毒污染物作为唯一碳源,微生物利用其进行生长,从而达到使废水降解的效果。以草甘膦废水为唯一碳源,通过选择性富集培养法、驯化培养法、划线分离和纯化,从湖北宜昌某化工集团污水处理厂排污口活性污泥中分离得到菌株XF150。三次驯化过程中,菌株XF150降解草甘膦废水最高降解率达95.52%。经观察形态特征及培养特征,初步鉴定菌株XF150为青霉菌属(Penicillium sp).。由单因子优化法实验法探讨了温度、pH值、底物浓度对菌株XF150降解草甘膦废水的影响,得出菌株XF150降解草甘膦废水的最适条件:温度为30℃、pH为7.0、底物浓度为600mL/L,在最适条件下菌株对草甘膦废水降解率可达84.18%,其矿化程度较高,为草甘膦废水的生物处理技术提供最佳处理方案。     

硝酸根对有机磷光解释放磷酸根的影响

为了解硝酸根（NO₃^-）的光化学活性对水体中有机磷间接光解释放磷酸根过程的影响,采用室内模拟实验,研究了NO₃^-在草甘膦光解转化为磷酸根中的作用及NO₃^-浓度对该反应速度的影响,并以甲醇为羟基自由基（·OH）猝灭剂,印证了NO₃^-对富营养化湖泊水体中有机磷光解释放磷的作用.结果表明,在紫外光（UV）照射下,草甘膦可以直接光解转化为磷酸根,其磷酸根的释放量随着溶液初始pH和草甘膦浓度的增加而增大.加入NO₃^-处理,光照60min后,磷酸根的释放量由空白处理的0.05mg/L增加到了0.43mg/L.添加Fe³⁺可促进这一过程,而添加腐殖酸（HA）和碳酸氢根（HCO₃^-）则可以显著抑制磷酸根的释放.在湖泊水体中,添加草甘膦,磷酸根的释放量显著高于空白,而增加湖水中NO₃^-浓度时,磷酸根的释放量则进一步增大.在湖水/草甘膦/NO₃^-体系中添加·OH猝灭剂甲醇后,磷酸根的释放量显著降低.可见在紫外光条件下,NO₃^-的光化学作用对有机磷释放磷酸根过程具有重要影响.