渤海湾潮间带表层和柱状沉积物中有机氯农药的沉积记录

测定了渤海湾潮间带表层和柱状沉积物样品中有机氯农药(OCPs)浓度,探讨了OCPs的垂直分布特征,结合柱状沉积物测年结果,研究了该区域OCPs的污染历史。结果表明,潮间带表层沉积物样品中OCPs为78.51～172.10 ng/g(以干质量计,下同),平均值为112.92 ng/g;六六六(HCHs)、滴滴涕(DDTs)、七氯的检出率和残留量均较高,其中HCHs为8.08～56.33 ng/g,平均值为26.35 ng/g;DDTs为5.18～45.02 ng/g,平均值为28.25 ng/g;七氯为10.15～77.16 ng/g,平均值为48.33 ng/g。该区域20世纪50年代开始使用OCPs,70年代达到最高峰。成分分析的结果表明,可能存在着DDTs类物质的输入。     

重庆典型岩溶区地下河表层沉积物OCPs初步研究

利用GC-ECD对重庆典型岩溶区地下河表层沉积物中19种有机氯农药进行分析,结果表明,研究区总有机氯农药浓度为4.73～286.03 ng/g,DDTs浓度为0.35～181.78 ng/g,HCHs浓度为nd～23.53 ng/g。与国内外其他河流表层沉积物有机氯农药相比为高,说明重庆典型岩溶区地下河已处于较高污染状态。统计DDE/DDD发现,除姜家溶洞外,其他取样点DDE/DDD均大于1,表明研究区DDT降解主要在好氧环境中进行。除靛水地下河,其他取样点表层沉积物(DDD+DDE)/DDT均大于0.5,表明这些地区近年来没有新的DDT类农药输入。     

北京城市雨水、树冠水和地表径流中有机氯农药的污染特征

对北京降雨过程中雨水、树冠水、地表径流等介质中有机氯农药(OCPs)的污染特征进行了研究,研究的污染物包括六氯苯(HCB)、六六六(HCH)和滴滴涕(DDT)。结果显示,在雨水、树冠水和地表径流中,HCH含量最高(几何平均浓度分别为11.1、21.6和25.1 ng/L),其次是HCB(几何平均浓度分别为3.71、3.54和5.91 ng/L)和DDT(几何平均浓度分别为2.64、4.66和10.6 ng/L)。对地表径流样品中所测的OCPs组分浓度与径流水质参数和气象参数的相关分析显示,所测各OCPs组分浓度与pH呈显著负相关,与径流的溶解性有机碳含量呈显著正相关,降雨量和雨前晴天数对不同组分OCPs的影响并不完全相同。平均贡献率的计算表明,雨水是城市地表径流中OCPs的一个重要来源,树冠水的贡献也不可忽视。     

太湖流域水源地有机氯农药分布特征与生态风险评价

为系统了解太湖流域主要水源地有机氯农药(OCPs)污染情况,于2012年3月和6月采集太湖流域主要水源地水相、悬浮颗粒物和沉积物样品,并利用气相色谱(GC)—质谱(MS)联用仪对水源地OCPs的浓度水平进行监测分析。结果表明,3月水相和悬浮颗粒物中OCPs的质量浓度分别为4.03~18.70ng/L、ND(未检出)~27.60ng/g,高于6月的0.23~1.57ng/L、1.06~5.05ng/g。3月沉积物中仅有Y3采样点检出OCPs,而6月各采样点均有检出。6月水相中Y5、Y7和Y10采样点以α-六六六(α-HCH)为主,Y3和Y8采样点以γ-六六六(γ-HCH)为主,其余采样点均为β-六六六(β-HCH)占绝对优势;悬浮颗粒物中γ-HCH、α-HCH构成六六六(HCHs)的主要物质,而稳定性较高的β-HCH浓度却很低。与国内外研究比较,太湖流域水源地OCPs污染水平较低。大部分悬浮颗粒物中OCPs污染低于风险评价高值(ER-M),部分采样点高于风险评价低值(ER-L),表明存在一定的生态风险,需加强相关方面的防治工作。沉积物中污染物的浓度均低于ER-L,表明太湖流域沉积物的污染程度较低,在安全生态风险范围内。     

海河干流、大沽排污河沉积物中有机氯农药的残留状况

调查了海河干流和大沽排污河沉积物中持久性有机氯杀虫剂(OCPs)的残留状况.在所选取的16个断面沉积物样品中均有大量HCHs、DDTs检出,表明海河和大沽排污河的DDT和HCH污染相当严重.海河沉积物中HCHs和DDTs总质量浓度分别为3.30～75.96、1.57～221.57 ng/g.大沽排污河沉积物中HCHs和DDTs的残留量分别为2.30～124.61、11.28～237.30ng/g.与国内外部分河流表层沉积物中HCHs、DDTs的含量相比,海河和大沽排污河沉积物中有机氯农药含量较高.最后根据两条河流沉积物中的OCPs的残留量,分析了其可能的污染源.     

湿地系统对痕量有机物的去除效果分析

以处理工业污水和生活污水的表流湿地系统为研究对象,利用气相色谱/质谱联用仪(GC/MS)检测其进、出水中的16种多环芳烃和6种邻苯二甲酸酯浓度,分析进、出水中的典型污染物并对比其浓度差异,以确定湿地系统的处理效果。结果表明:湿地系统工业污水的典型污染物为萘、菲、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯,质量浓度为122.62~760.61ng/L;湿地系统生活污水的典型污染物为萘、蒽、菲、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯,质量浓度为280.21~7 998.06ng/L。湿地系统出水的典型污染物为萘、菲、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯,质量浓度为42.00~1 430.74ng/L。湿地系统对痕量有机物有较强的去除效果,各污染物的去除率为10%~99%,其中有19种污染物的去除率在70%以上。     

冀中典型农业区农作物中有机氯农药的生物富集特征与健康风险评价

分析了冀中典型农业区土壤-农作物体系中有机氯农药(OCPs)残留与生物富集特征,探讨了该地区所产农作物的可食部分对人体健康产生的潜在风险。结果表明:11种OCPs以滴滴涕(DDTs)和六六六(HCHs)为主要残留物。土壤中DDTs和HCHs残留量总计达36.52~73.45ng/g,在各自的异构体中p,p’-DDT和γ-HCH所占比例最高,表明OCPs污染主要为近期输入所致。玉米和小麦各器官中,OCPs均在籽粒中最高,分别残留20.66~33.33、19.14~34.57ng/g。小麦和玉米对HCHs的富集能力均强于DDTs。研究显示,该地区玉米与小麦籽粒中OCPs含量虽未超过《农产品安全质量无公害蔬菜安全要求》(GB 18406.1—2001)和《食品安全国家标准食品中农药最大残留限量》(GB 2763—2012),但OCPs致癌总风险相对较高,玉米和小麦中均超过了1×10-6,小麦中OCPs的非致癌总风险和致癌总风险均大于玉米,因此该地区应该优先关注OCPs对小麦所造成的粮食安全问题。     

A~2/O—膜生物反应器组合工艺去除典型内分泌干扰物的特性研究

以环境水体中21种典型内分泌干扰物(EDCs)为目标物,对其在某城市污水处理厂A~2/O—膜生物反应器(MBR)组合工艺中的去除特性和行为归趋进行了长期研究。结果表明:21种EDCs在该组合工艺进水中,己烷雌酚(HES)质量浓度最小(4.6ng/L),双酚A(BPA)质量浓度最大(219.1 ng/L);出水中HES质量浓度最小(0.2 ng/L),BPA质量浓度最大(6.7 ng/L)。该组合工艺对21种EDCs有很强的去除能力,除己烯雌酚(DES)、双烯雌酚(DIES)、壬基酚(4-n-NP)和辛基酚(4-OP)的去除率分别为85.1%、84.9%、77.1%、75.8%外,其余EDCs的去除率均在95%以上。EDCs在A~2/O—MBR组合工艺中泥水两相的迁移行为可用泥-水分配系数(Kd)表征,21种EDCs的Kd均较高,表明污泥对EDCs有一定的吸附作用,大部分EDCs是通过污泥吸附去除。     

风浪扰动对太湖梅梁湾水体总磷变化的驱动模式研究

风浪扰动下的底泥再悬浮是浅水湖泊水体底泥内源性磷向水体释放的关键驱动因子。水体总磷(TP)受底泥内源磷释放过程影响频繁波动。基于风浪扰动强度与底泥悬浮物(SS)浓度定量关系模型,采用太湖原位未扰动柱状底泥开展水体底泥再悬浮过程模拟研究,分别模拟在小风(搅拌强度100～125 r/min)、大风(搅拌强度200～220 r/min)模式下底泥内源释放过程,探究风浪扰动对太湖梅梁湾水域TP浓度波动的贡献。结果表明,风浪扰动显著增加(P<0.01)了水体SS,小风与大风下水体SS均值分别增加了80.9%与360.8%,但随着扰动周期的延长,风浪扰动的效果会削弱。不同风浪扰动强度下水体TP均呈先上升后下降趋势。小风下水体TP为0.08～0.20 mg/L;大风下水体TP为0.09～0.34 mg/L。与对照组相比,小风组水体TP浓度呈现显著下降的趋势(P<0.05),而大风组水体TP浓度则表现为显著上升的趋势(P<0.01)。此外,大风持续扰动增加了水体TP浓度,但效果不显著(P>0.05)。风浪扰动致使0～3 cm底泥内的TP含量有所提高,底泥表面氧化还原条件的改变是...     

(汍)汊湖水体和表层沉积物中有机氯农药分布特征

用GC/ECD内标法定量测定了(汍)汉湖水体和表层沉积物中的有机氯农药(OCPs).(汍)汊湖水样和表层沉积物中20种OCPs均有检出.表层沉积物上层中(0～2 cm)的OCPs明显高于下层(2～10 cm),这是(汍)汉湖具有稳定的水动力条件所致.氯丹在表层沉积物中浓度最高,与该化合物在环境中的强稳定性以及在该地区的大量使用有关.表层沉积物样品DCHsO2上层OCPs中o,p'-DDT主要成分,表明近期可能有新的DDTs,特别是含大量o,p'-DDT的三氯杀螨醇的使用.DDD/DDE则显示表层沉积物上层DDTs的降解主要处在厌氧条件下,而下层处在好氧条件下.     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.