4种人工湿地填料对磷的吸附特性分析

采用等温吸附、吸附动力学、填料饱和吸附后磷素释放实验,研究了紫色土、河沙、页岩、石灰岩对磷的吸附特征,结果表明Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附方程均能很好地拟合各填料对磷的吸附特征,各填料对磷的最大吸附量大小顺序依次为石灰岩(666.67 mg/kg)河沙(500.00 mg/kg)页岩(434.78 mg/kg)紫色土(416.67 mg/kg);从反应速率来看,吸附过程都可分为快、中、慢3个阶段;相对一级动力学方程、双常数方程而言,Elovich方程对4种填料的吸附动力学特征拟合最好,决定系数R~2在0.831～0.966之间;从磷的解吸率来看,各填料释磷大小顺序依次为河沙(4.257%)页岩(3.803%)石灰岩(3.638%)紫色土(2.134%)。综合考察得出,石灰岩更适合作为人工湿地污水除磷的填料。     

添加造纸污泥对土壤-白萝卜系统中镉迁移的影响

采用盆栽实验方法研究了红壤、紫色土母质发育的水稻土(红壤、紫色土)添加不同量的造纸污泥对土壤-白萝卜系统Cd迁移的影响。结果表明:添加造纸污泥能提高土壤的pH、有机质、N、CEC,降低紫色土有效态Cd含量;添加造纸污泥显著降低了白萝卜叶、地下茎中Cd含量,显著降低土壤-白萝卜系统中Cd的转运系数及富集系数;Cd的转运系数和富集系数与土壤pH、有机质存在显著负相关关系;红壤和紫色土中造纸污泥最适添加量分别为5%、10%时,白萝卜根茎中Cd含量以及Cd的转运系数和富集系数可达到相对最低值。造纸污泥农用能够在一定程度上降低重金属有效性,阻止其在土壤-作物系统中的迁移,可以为造纸污泥资源化和安全利用提供新途径。     

不同利用方式土壤中磷的吸附与解吸特性

研究不同利用方式土壤对磷的吸附解吸特性及其影响因素。采用室内恒温培养法研究了湖南典型土壤(红壤、潮土和紫色土)的不同利用方式(旱地、水田)土壤对P的吸附和解吸过程。土壤对磷的吸附解吸过程是分阶段进行的,用Langmuir方程拟合程度比Freundlich方程高,相关系数均在0.90(P<0.05)以上;从最大吸附量(Qm)、吸附反应常数(K)和最大缓冲容量(MBC)3项吸附参数综合考虑,旱地对P的吸附无论在强度还是容量方面均大于同母质的水田土壤;解吸率随着吸附量的增加而增大,其大小为旱地<水田。Qm与<0.002 mm粘粒及无定形铁含量呈正相关,相关系数分别为0.95和0.94(P<0.05)。不同利用方式土壤P吸附解吸特性差别较大,针对不同土壤应采取不同的磷素管理措施以实现作物增产和保护环境的双重效益。     

混凝强化除磷的模拟实验研究

以模拟污水为研究对象,考察了不同絮凝剂(聚合氯化铝、三氯化铁及硫酸亚铁)对污水中磷的去除效果及其影响因素,并对氢氧化铁的吸附除磷规律,以及氢氧化铁与絮凝剂复配除磷的效果进行了探讨,提出了聚合氯化铝、三氯化铁及硫酸亚铁可行的投加量.     

不同条件下高炉渣吸附水中无机磷的研究

高炉渣(BFS)是在冶炼生铁过程中产生的固体废弃物,开展高炉渣的资源化研究具有重要意义.为了对水淬高炉渣净化含磷污水的应用提供理论依据,采取等温吸附的实验方法,比较了不同水淬炉渣的吸附磷效果,研究了不同pH和不同温度下水淬炉渣吸附磷的特点,结果如下:利用Langmuir等温吸附方程炉渣吸附磷的过程进行拟合,其相关系数均能达到显著水平.炉渣的碱度越高,吸附磷的效果越好;炉渣对磷的吸附能力随溶液pH的增加而降低,且初始为酸性(pH=2、4)的溶液在吸附达到平衡后pH有所上升,而初始为碱性的溶液(pH=10、12)在吸附达到平衡后pH有所下降;炉渣对磷的吸附是一个自发放热过程.     

人工快速渗滤系统对污染物的去除机制

人工快速渗滤系统(CRI)是在传统的污水快速渗滤处理系统(RI)的基础上发展起来的一种新型的污水土地处理技术.通过对CRI的模拟,揭示了非生物机制与生物机制对有机物、营养元素的降解机制.结果表明,CRI对污水中污染物的去除是在非生物机制与生物机制协同作用下完成的.对污水中的有机物和氮的降解以生物机制为主、非生物机制为辅;对磷的降解则以非生物机制为主、生物机制为辅.生物机制对有机物、氮的去除占70%以上,非生物机制对磷的去除占61.9%.系统中氮转化以硝化效果为主,反硝化效果较弱.     

氧化锌纳米颗粒对污水生物除磷的影响及其机理研究

在序批式反应器中探究了不同浓度氧化锌纳米材料(ZnO NPs)对污水生物强化除磷的影响。结果表明:(1)低质量浓度(1mg/L)ZnO NPs对污水生物除磷影响不明显,而高质量浓度(32mg/L)ZnO NPs能明显降低生物除磷效率(除磷效率仅为55%左右)。(2)高浓度ZnO NPs的存在能抑制厌氧释磷和好氧吸磷。32mg/L ZnO NPs作用下聚磷菌相对丰度仅为21.6%,明显低于空白组,与除磷相关的酶活也明显低于空白组。     

实际污水与模拟污水活性污泥系统的特性差异

实验中经常采用人工配置的模拟生活污水,为了研究其与实际生活污水活性污泥系统的特性差异,采用2个序批式间歇反应器(SBR)进行平行实验(厌氧、好氧方式运行),系统地考察了在进水主要组分和运行参数相同的情况下,不同原水对活性污泥系统脱氮、除磷、比好氧速率、污泥絮体形态和出水水质等方面的影响。结果表明,模拟污水系统的硝化活性强于实际污水系统,两者的平均硝化速率分别为7.43 mg NH4+-N/(L.h)和5.55 mg NH4+-N/(L.h)。在前置厌氧段,模拟污水系统的释磷量比实际污水系统高出36.45%。两者在后续好氧阶段都能够充分吸磷。模拟污水系统的平均比好氧速率(SOUR)高达64.54 mg O2/(g MLSS.h),而实际污水系统的则只有32.81 mg O2/(g MLSS.h)。模拟污水系统的污泥絮体疏松,粒径小,形状不规则,沉降性差,沉后出水平均悬浮物浓度(SS)为20 mg/L;而实际污水系统的污泥絮体则密实、粒径大,沉降性好,沉后水十分清澈,SS几乎检测不出。     

毒死蜱在不同土壤腐殖酸上的吸附/解吸特征

通过平衡振荡法研究毒死蜱在不同来源土壤腐殖酸(Has)上的吸附/解吸行为.结果表明,毒死蜱在Has上的等温吸附行为用Freundlich模型描述相对更合理;它们的吸附等温线在实验范围内基本呈直线,且吸附能力很强,顺序为:紫色潮土Has＞黄壤Has＞中性紫色土Has＞酸性紫色土Has＞腐殖土Has;但毒死蜱的解吸率较小,其值均小于26.70%,有明显的滞后现象,尤其是腐殖土Has和紫色潮土Has,固定能力顺序为:紫色潮土Has＞腐殖土Has＞中性紫色土Has＞酸性紫色土Has＞黄壤Has.由于不同来源土壤中Has的组成结构差异明显,它们对毒死蜱的吸附/解吸规律表现出不同的特征.土壤Has对毒死蜱的吸附/解吸行为的影响是多种因素综合作用的结果,具体作用机理尚待进一步研究.     

新型微生物菌剂在生活污水处理中的应用研究

对利用新的微生物源抗菌除臭剂去除生活污水中的COD、NH4 -N、TP及臭气的效果进行了评价.结果表明:(1)在好氧的条件下,当V菌液/V污水的比值为5/10 000～1/1 000时,COD的去除率提高幅度较大,为10%左右;当V菌液/V污水的比值为5/1 000时,对污水中NH4 -N的去除效果最好,增幅达37.62%;只有V菌液/V污水达到5/1 000以上时,对除磷才有较显著的促进作用,增幅约7%.(2)对污水除臭有很好的效果,不同嗅阈值的污水应选择适宜浓度的菌液.     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.