茶渣复混肥对茶园土壤的生态效应

施用茶渣有机-无机复混肥6个月后,茶园土壤15～30 cm土层的pH较菜饼、市售茶园有机肥及尿素处理的茶园土层稳定.土壤有机质测定结果表明,施用茶渣肥后,杭州茶园0～15 cm和15～30 cm土层的有机质含量比施用尿素分别增加80.7%和51.6%,新昌茶园0～15 cm和15～30 cm土层土壤的有机质含量分别比施用菜饼的增加30.2%和29.6%.施用茶渣肥的土壤,脲酶活性比未施肥的土壤下降19.4%～24.7%.施用茶渣肥后,0～15 cm及15～30 cm土层中的细菌、放线菌和真菌总数均高于市售茶园有机肥、菜饼和尿素处理.证明茶渣有机-无机复混肥可以明显改良茶园土壤的生态特性.     

水旱轮作原位钝化削减技术修复土壤镉污染

为筛选适用于西南地区水旱轮作土壤Cd污染的修复技术,采用水稻-油菜轮作模式和原位钝化实验相结合的方式,比较了施用石灰、生物炭和羟基磷灰石(HAP)3种常见修复剂对土壤基本理化性质、作物产量及籽粒吸收积累镉的影响。结果表明:3种处理均能显著提高土壤pH,与CK相比,使用石灰、生物炭和HAP后,水稻收获期土壤pH分别提高了1.18、 0.51和0.91个单位,油菜收获期土壤pH分别提升了0.29、0.81和0.63个单位,但在油菜收获期施用石灰和HAP处理的土壤pH出现明显回落,降幅为0.91个和0.30个单位,施用生物炭处理的土壤pH则进一步提高了0.28个单位;3种处理在水稻收获期均能提高土壤有机质含量,其中生物炭效果最佳;3种处理均能显著降低水稻收获期土壤有效Cd含量,与CK处理相比,分别降低了21.84%、34.08%和20.12%,但在油菜收获期施用石灰和HAP处理的土壤有效Cd含量较相同处理在水稻收获期时有所回升,而生物炭则进一步降低了41.76%;石灰、生物炭和HAP处理对作物产量影响不大,但与CK处理相比,稻米中Cd含量分别降低了30.00%、43.33%和38.00%,油菜籽中Cd含量分别降低了21.00%、53.57%和55.90%,施用生物炭和HAP处理效果较佳。综上所述,生物炭修复水旱轮作模式下农田Cd污染效果最佳。     

重庆市郊稻米Cd风险的原位钝化削减

为筛选适合应用于重庆市郊区稻田土壤及农作物Cd污染的修复技术,采用田间小区原位钝化实验和重金属来源加密监测相结合的方法,比较了石灰、腐殖酸、硅酸钾3种常见修复剂对Cd污染稻田的土壤基本理化性质、水稻各部位Cd富集量、稻米产量和稻米品质的影响。结果表明,该区域土壤Cd污染的主要原因为该区域土壤Cd本底值含量高且土壤酸化严重。在土壤全Cd为0.66 mg·kg~(-1),有效Cd为0.39 mg·kg~(-1)的污染程度下,施用3种修复剂均可显著降低土壤有效Cd和稻米中Cd含量。其中,施用腐殖酸可显著提高土壤有机质含量,收获期种植2种水稻的土壤中有效Cd含量比CK处理分别减少了32.1%和34.8%,稻米中Cd含量比CK处理分别较少了53.3%和48.2%,同时低于国家食品污染物限量标准0.2 mg·kg~(-1),其作用机理主要通过提高土壤有机质含量,降低水稻根系对土壤中Cd的富集量及向茎叶部Cd的运输量。同时,相比于其他修复剂,施加腐殖酸可降低稻米直链淀粉含量,提升稻米品质,但会降低稻米产量。施用石灰可显著提高土壤pH和稻米产量,但水稻收割后稻米中Cd含量高于腐殖酸处理,低于硅酸钾处理。     

土壤有机质对铊在土壤中吸附-解吸行为的影响

研究了土壤有机质对Tl＋在红壤和黄土2种土壤中的吸附-解吸行为的影响。结果表明,去除土壤有机质后红壤和黄土对Tl＋的吸附量均明显下降,下降幅度最高分别达到24.7%和28.2%,黄土的下降幅度大于红壤;黄土对Tl＋吸附率最高下降幅度约为20%,也高于红壤的15%。土壤有机质对Tl＋吸附的贡献率平均值分别是黄土39.2%、红壤32.8%。2种土壤对Tl＋的解吸量在去除有机质之后都明显增大,在初始Tl＋浓度较高的情况下,增大幅度明显;并且Tl＋的初始浓度越高,土壤在去有机质前后的解吸率相差就越大,在Tl＋最大处理浓度为20 mg/L时,红壤和黄土的解吸率增加分别达到60.8%和65.5%。     

水分管理对碱性Cd污染土壤中水稻Cd吸收的阻控研究

选取碱性Cd污染土壤,通过盆栽试验研究了不同水分管理方式对水稻产量和生物量、土壤有效态Cd含量及水稻植株总Cd积累的影响。结果表明,水分管理对水稻产量及地上部分生物量的影响不显著,但分蘖期就开始淹水的处理,其产量和地上部分生物量略高于分蘖期始终干湿交替的处理,其糙米和根中总Cd含量却显著低于分蘖期始终干湿交替的处理。由此可见,分蘖期淹水处理对水稻根吸收碱性Cd污染土壤中的Cd有很好的阻控效果,且能阻控Cd在糙米中积累。同时,从节约水资源的角度考虑,碱性Cd污染土壤种植水稻推荐使用的水分管理方式为:分蘖期先采取干湿交替灌溉方式3次,而后控制土壤水分大于100%最大田间持水量(WHC),抽穗扬花期至成熟期控制土壤水分为80%WHC。     

堆置法处理油污土壤参数的优化

为了探究堆置法处理油污土壤的作用效果,采用单因素实验确定石油初始浓度、温度、土壤含水量、有机质含量、土壤C/N、菌剂浓度相关因素的水平取值范围。以石油烃降解率为评价指标,再通过正交实验进一步优化相关参数,确定最佳条件。结果表明:以石油初始浓度2%、温度35℃、土壤C/N 10∶1为控制变量;以菌剂浓度(X)、有机质含量(Y)、土壤含水量(Z)为变化因素设计正交实验组合L9(34)。可以得出,堆置法处理油污土壤的最佳水平组合为X2Y2Z3,即菌剂浓度5×109cfu·kg~(-1),有机质含量为5%,土壤含水量为60%。     

含铁材料对污染水稻土中砷的稳定化效果

通过化学实验方法,向砷污染水稻土中添加4种含铁材料(FeCl3、FeCl2、Fe0和Fe2O3),分析稳定后土壤中pH、砷形态及砷毒性浸出量的变化,研究4种含铁材料对污染水稻土中砷的稳定化效果。结果表明,FeCl3和FeCl2处理降低了土壤pH,Fe0和Fe2O3处理对土壤pH影响不大。4种含铁材料均明显降低了土壤中易溶态砷(WE-As)和毒性浸出砷含量。在最大添加量为8.00 g/kg时,FeCl3、FeCl2、Fe0和Fe2O3分别使易溶态砷比对照降低了86.4%、63.6%、77.3%和36.4%,使毒性浸出砷比对照降低了96.3%、88.9%、70.4%和30.4%。4种含铁材料均对水稻土壤中砷具有较好的稳定化效果,且能力大小依次为:FeCl3FeCl2、Fe0Fe2O3。Fe0和Fe2O3处理使WE-As、铝型砷(Al-As)、铁型砷(Fe-As)向钙型砷(Ca-As)和残渣态砷(RS-As)转化;FeCl3处理使土壤WE-As、Al-As向Fe-As、Ca-As和RS-As转化;FeCl2处理使土壤WE-As、Ca-As向Al-As、Fe-As转化,对RS-As影响不明显。说明Fe0固砷的机理与Fe2O3相似,与FeCl3有一定差异,与FeCl2的差异可能更大。     

不同有机物料对次生盐渍化设施土壤的修复效果研究

在设施大棚内,将不同用量的有机物料(商品有机肥、稻草、砻糠)还田栽培"春光"西瓜,研究有机物料对设施土壤盐渍化的防治效果。在连续2年4季的设施栽培过程中,分5次采集土壤样品,测定土壤有机质、全盐量、电导率(EC)、容重、孔隙度、最小持水量等物理化学性状指标。结果表明,有机物料对改善设施土壤次生盐渍化有一定作用,不仅降低了土壤全盐量和EC,提高土壤有机质含量,还可改善设施土壤结构,降低土壤容重,提高总孔隙度,改善土壤的水气矛盾。其中,高用量(9 000kg/hm2)砻糠处理组对设施土壤盐渍化修复效果最佳,土壤硝酸盐比单施无机肥料的对照组降低67.1%,有机质提高41.9%,最小持水量提高43.6%,土壤总孔隙度提高32.3%。     

土壤及其主要化学组分对五氯酚吸附特征研究

研究了土壤原样及其去锰氧化物、去铁氧化物、去有机质和去水溶性有机质(DOM)土壤样品对五氯酚(PCP)的吸附规律,分析了土壤及其主要化学组分对PCP的吸附机制.实验结果表明,Langmuir方程可较好地描述PCP在各土壤样品上的热力学吸附过程.PCP在土壤上的吸附行为与自身性质和土壤理化性质密切相关,有机质和铁氧化物对PCP的吸附起到促进作用,而锰氧化物和DOM则能在一定程度上抑制PCP的吸附.通过Langmuir方程得到的拟合结果,可判断PCP在各土壤样品上的最大吸附量为去锰氧化物土壤样品＞去铁氧化物土壤样品＞去DOM土壤样品＞土壤原样＞去有机质土壤样品.     

鸡粪有机肥对土壤中抗生素抗性基因和整合酶基因的影响

为探究施用有机肥对土壤中抗性基因和整合酶基因分布的影响及其与土壤环境因子的相关关系,利用高通量PCR技术监测了鸡粪有机肥施用120 d后土壤中四环素类抗性基因、大环内酯类抗性基因、整合酶基因和土壤理化性质的变化情况。研究结果表明,施肥土壤的电导率、pH、有机质含量均明显增加,而土壤氧化还原电位由217.27 mV降低到154.47 mV。施肥土壤中钾、氮、磷、铅、铜和锌含量均上升。施加鸡粪有机肥120 d后,土壤中tetM、tetQ、tetW、tetG和tetX 5种四环素类抗性基因相对丰度分别增加了2.90、0.97、6.80、0.98和0.94倍,而erm35、ermB、ermT、ermX和ermF 5种大环内酯类抗性基因相对丰度分别增加了0.98、136.68、0.95、2.89和2.89倍;但erm36相对丰度降低了0.75倍,其中施肥后土壤中ermB丰度最高而erm36丰度最低。施用鸡粪有机肥后,土壤中intI1和intI3的丰度分别降低了4.71×10-5和2.57×10-7,而intI2的丰度增加了3.74×10~(-6)。Network分析发现intI3与除ermB外的基因均呈显著负相关关系(R=-1.00,P0.05)。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.