基于基尼系数的乌梁素海流域污染负荷分配

在水体污染物总量控制分配中,科学合理地分配污染物排放指标是实施水体环境管理的关键.将应用在经济领域衡量居民收入分配公平程度的基尼系数引入环境领域,提出环境基尼系数这一新概念用于解决流域内各分区污染物总量控制分配的问题.以乌梁素海流域为例,分别以流域内各分区人口、水资源量和国内生产总值(GDP)作为流域内基尼系数的分配指...     

陆海统筹的南流江流域污染物总量分配研究

综合考虑广西南流江流域陆域和廉州湾海域水质目标,遵循南流江流域、南流江河口、廉州湾近岸海域的污染路径,构建了基于陆海统筹的南流江流域污染物总量分配技术体系。首先,以廉州湾近岸海域环境功能区水质目标为约束条件,计算入海化学需氧量(COD)、氨氮、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)的最大允许排放量,分别为24 494、3 425、10 052、776 t/a。然后以南流江河口最大允许排放量和南流江流域水功能区水质目标为约束条件,计算南流江流域陆域COD、氨氮、TN和TP的最大允许排放量,分别为126 365、5 403、8 939、1 127 t/a。为实现入海总量的控制目标要求,重点应在南流江流域削减污染物排放量,到2020年,南流江流域主要污染控制工程项目的削减能力已超过2020年污染物总量控制削减量,因此2030年实现南流江和廉州湾控制断面全面稳定达到相应功能区水质目标压力不大。     

基于公平与效益原则的流域水污染负荷分配研究

为改善流域水环境质量，以乡镇单元为流域污染物总量控制单元，基于公平与效益原则构建了多目标水污染负荷分配模型，分别采用理想点法与基于淘汰算子的改进非支配排序遗传算法Ⅲ(NSGA-Ⅲ-EO)求解分配模型。以眉山市东坡区江东片区为研究区，对研究区COD入河总量进行分配，分析了两种求解算法的优化性能，并制定了兼顾公平与效益的污染物排放方案。研究结果表明：理想点法获得的优化分配方案具有较高的污染物削减率(16.65%);NSGA-Ⅲ-EO得到的综合最优分配方案的效益与公平性更佳，其中污染物削减率为12.70%,综合环境基尼系数为2.489 8,环境效益为37.84亿元，污染排放成本为89.89亿元。证实了流域污染总量控制中存在兼顾社会公平和效益的均衡策略，构建的优化模型可为流域污染防治提供多种可选的污染防控方案，为各利益主体提供策略参考。     

北京市"十二五"期间主要水污染物减排对策研究

分析了北京市"十一五"期间主要水污染物减排取得的成效及存在的问题.根据国家"十二五"水污染物总量控制新要求,分别预测了北京市城镇生活源及工业源新增的COD及氨氮排放量.北京市污染减排将面临存量削减空间有限,新增污染物排放量削减压力巨大的新形势.提出了北京市"十二五"期间污染减排工作应以城镇生活污水治理为主,与环境改善相...     

综合考虑减排效益的污染物总量分配方法研究

如何在目标总量控制和容量总量控制间找到契合点,使总量控制既体现环境改善需求,又能促进环保基础设施建设和经济调控目标的实现成为当前的研究重点。基于目标总量控制,探索一种综合考虑减排效益的污染物总量分配方法,构建了以人口、GDP、水资源量、水环境容量和环保投资作为评价指标的环境基尼系数最小化模型,并将其应用于内蒙古自治区COD总量的优化分配。结果表明,与初始分配相比,优化分配后的环境基尼系数总和下降了0.85%,优化后的分配方案更公平、合理。在优化分配过程中,各评价指标间互相制约,较好提高了最终分配结果的科学性和可操作性。     

基于DEA模型的区域削减指标分配研究

运用数据包络分析(DEA)方法,建立了区域削减指标分配模型,综合分析了2005年全国31个省、市、自治区的主要污染物COD和SO2排放绩效以及水资源、能源的利用效率.分析表明,我国COD、SO2的排放效率、水资源和能源的利用效率比较低,节水节能减排的潜力很大.根据效率原则,得到了全国各地区节能节水减排的削减指标分配表.     

基于减排的水污染物新增量计划指标分配思路和方法

基于中国刚性减排的污染物总量控制制度,在分析总量控制体系基本逻辑关系的基础上,提出以减量定增量的水污染物新增量计划指标分配思路,在强力削减污染物存量的同时,对区域新增建设项目的污染物新增量进行量化和约束性控制,保障减排目标的实现。     

污染物排放削减潜力评估方法——以中小型钢铁企业为例

根据中国中小型钢铁企业污染物排放情况,确立了污染物排放削减潜力评估方法。采用污染物排放削减潜力的数学模型,计算当前生产水平下实施清洁生产和末端治理后对SO2产生量和烟粉尘排放量的削减率,并预测中长期实施清洁生产和末端治理后,污染物产生量和排放量的削减潜力。结果表明,通过采取清洁生产措施和末端治理技术,中小型钢铁企业2020年在4种不同模式下,SO2产生量削减率分别为61.8%、66.4%、73.3%、84.7%;烟粉尘排放量削减率分别为37.9%、44.1%、53.4%、68.9%。通过污染物排放削减潜力的初步研究,不仅从宏观层次上说明了实施清洁生产和末端治理技术的积极意义,而且计算出不同经济发展模式下污染物产生量和排放量的削减量,为行业或区域污染物总量的指标分配和总量控制方案的制订提供了参考依据。     

农业源水污染物削减技术探讨

农业面源污染是水体中COD、氮、磷等指标的主要来源。它包括农药化肥施用、畜禽养殖和农村生活污水排放。对农业源水污染物进行削减是实现污染物总量控制的重要手段。通过详细总结国内外现有农业源水污染物削减技术方法,分析对比其优缺点和实用性,筛选出适用于不同农业污染来源的污水处理技术。结果表明,畜禽养殖废水的适宜处理技术有厌氧/缺氧/好氧(A/A/O)、序批式活性污泥法(SBR)、膜生物反应器(MBR)、升流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)、厌氧沼气池;农地施肥污水的适宜处理技术有SBR、MBR、UASB;农村生活污水的适宜处理技术有厌氧沼气池、生物滴滤池、人工湿地、稳定塘。     

西安市水污染物削减费用函数研究

对西安市2005—2009年生活污水COD去除量与去除费用的关系进行了研究,发现COD去除费用随着去除量的增加呈指数增长的趋势。结果表明,若要降低污水处理厂处理费用,需采取技术改造等措施。同时利用西安市工业水污染物处理数据,建立了工业水污染物联合削减费用函数,并进一步探讨了工业COD削减量与削减费用之间的关系,发现两者之间存在指数关系;从研究结果看出,不同行业具有不同的削减费用,同时企业需采取措施减少污染物的排放,来降低生产成本,获得最大收益。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的策划

在实施ISO／IEC 17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核策划阶段的关键环节，提出审核范围确定、审核计划和抽样方案制订的质量控制要求，为有序高效地实施内部审核提供了技术方法。     

Characterization of products of ozonolysis of acrylonitrile in liquid phase

In order to elucidate the reaction mechanism of the ozonolysis of acrylonitrile in the liquid phase, characterization of reaction products has been attempted. One of the products, which was volatile, has been found to be formaldehyde by derivatizing with dimedone. The infrared and mass spectra of the derivative corresponded with that of alkylidene dimedone. Three other reaction products were isolated by TLC using silica gel, CHCl₃:MeOH (80:20). These have been tentatively identified as glyoxal, epoxide of acrylonitrile and acetamide from their mass spectra. Based on these findings a reaction pathway for the formation of formaldehyde is proposed to be that described by Criegee.