黄杜鹃叶提取物对桔二叉蚜的毒力及其毒理研究

黄杜鹃(Rhododendron molle)叶提取物对桔二叉蚜(Toxoptera aurantii)有较强的毒杀作用．黄杜鹃叶的乙醇总提物对桔二叉蚜无翅成蚜的半致死浓度(LC50)为1558mg/L在黄杜鹃叶提取物的4种萃取物中，乙酸乙酯萃取物对桔二叉蚜的毒力最强，其LC50为364mg／L，表明黄杜鹃叶含有的杀虫活性物质主要存在于乙酸乙酯萃取物中．实验表明，黄杜鹃叶乙酸乙酯萃取物对桔二叉蚜的乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)和羧酸酯酶(CarE)有一定的抑制作用．桔二叉蚜经10000mg/L的黄杜鹃叶乙酸乙酯萃取物溶液处理24h后，其体内的乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性为对照组的0．6543倍，羧酸酯酶的活性仅为对照组的0．4021倍．图2表4参10     

短叶对齿藓可培养内生细菌的分离及其发酵产物对宿主植物的影响

采用传统培养法分离内蒙古黄土丘陵区生物结皮的藓类植物优势种——短叶对齿藓(Didymodon tectorum)的内生细菌,并观察代表菌株的发酵产物对宿主植物孢子萌发及原丝体生长的影响.共分离出68株内生细菌,基于16S r DNA序列同源性分析及构建的系统发育树显示,它们分属于芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)下的7个种,其中优势种为枯草芽孢杆菌(B.subtilis).枯草芽孢杆菌菌株DT-1和蜡样芽孢杆菌菌株DT-9的石油醚相、乙酸乙酯相和正丁醇相萃取物在1μg/m L、10μg/m L及100μg/m L三种浓度下对孢子萌发均无显著影响;石油醚相萃取物在3种浓度下不同程度地抑制原丝体生长;而乙酸乙酯相和正丁醇相萃取物则促进原丝体的生长.本研究表明苔藓植物原丝体阶段的生长发育与内生细菌的次生代谢物密切相关,可为干旱、半干旱区藓类生物结皮人工促建提供参考资料和实验依据.     

几种萃取剂对土壤中重金属生物有效部分的萃取效果

采用6种萃取剂:pH=7的0.01mol/L CaCl_2、pH=7.3的0.005mol/L DTPA+0.1mol/L TEA(三乙醇胺)+0.01mol/L CaCl_2O.1mol/L NaNO_3、0.43mol/L HOAc、pH=7的0.05mol/L EDTA和pH=4.65的0.5mol/L NH_4OAc+0.02mol/L EDTA浸取液.对污染土壤中的重金属Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、的进行了萃取,并比较了萃取剂的萃取能力。实验结果表明,HOAc、EDTA以及NH_4OAc-EDTA萃取各种重金属的能力远远大于其它几种萃取剂的萃取能力,是比较理想的萃取剂。     

纤维素酸解副产物对Clostridium acetobutylicum CICC8012发酵的影响

为确定纤维素酸解副产物对C.acetobutylicum CICC8012发酵生产纤维燃料丁醇的影响,选择乙酸根、甲酸、葡萄糖醛酸、氯化钠、硫酸钠、糠醛、羟甲基糠醛(HMF)、香豆酸、阿魏酸、丁香醛、香草醛等纤维素酸解副产物,研究其对菌种发酵的影响.结果表明:甲酸和酚类物质的抑制作用强烈,0.5 g/L的甲酸、阿魏酸或香豆酸存在时对丁醇的抑制率分别为88.1%、22.1%、82.4%,丁香醛(≥0.5 g/L)、香草醛(≥2 g/L)可使发酵的延滞期变长,但抑制作用小于阿魏酸和香豆酸;1 g/L的糠醛、HMF、葡萄糖醛酸存在时对丁醇的抑制率分别为9.8%、4.6%、7.3%,10 g/L乙酸钠存在时对丁醇的抑制率为4.8%,这4种物质对丁醇发酵的抑制作用不大;硫酸钠、氯化钠质量浓度大于5 g/L时对发酵产生抑制作用,浓度达到20 g/L时菌体几乎不能生长.当各抑制物混合时,若抑制物的含量超过临界点,各抑制物间存在相互促进的作用;小麦秸秆水解液的发酵结果表明,水解液成分复杂,抑制作用更为强烈.     

溴虫腈在土壤的残留动态

通过超临界流体萃取技术结合气相色谱法,研究了土壤中溴虫腈的残留降解动态。正交试验L9(33)结果表明,在流量25~27 m3.h-1,夹带剂甲醇1 mL.g-1样品时,最佳萃取条件为压力25 MPa,温度39℃,时间30 min。超临界萃取试验结果表明,主要影响因素对溴虫腈回收率的影响高低程度依次为萃取温度,萃取时间,萃取压力。验证试验表明,在上述最佳萃取条件下,溴虫腈添加量为10μg、100μg、200μg时,回收率分别是105.00%、80.33%、102.33%,变异系数分别是7.32%、4.58%、4.95%。降解动态试验表明溴虫腈在土壤中的消解动态方程为Ct=0.097 2e-0.4501 t,R2=0.973 7,t1/2=2.4 d。溴虫腈10%悬浮剂(商品名除尽)在推荐剂量50 mL.(667 m2)-1或100 mL.(667 m2-)1使用2~3次,3~7 d后在土壤中残留量为6.44~23.58μg.kg-1,消解速度较快,属于易降解农药,可合理使用于无公害蔬菜生产。     

一株踝节霉菌的培养特性及其在污泥生物淋滤中的应用

于实验室嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans)淋滤处理城市污泥酸性废液中分离出一株踝节霉菌ZJ-1,并对其进行了摇瓶液体培养特性研究.单因素试验结果表明:该菌株的最适碳源和氮源分别为葡萄糖和酵母膏,最适温度为28℃,最适转速为140 r/min,最适初始pH值为5.0.正交试验优化得到碳、氮源的最优水平分别为葡萄糖70 g/L,酵母膏15 g/L.采用HPLC对该菌株PDA培养液中的有机酸进行了分析,发现其中含有丙酮酸.初始PDA培养液中丙酮酸含量为0.039 g/L,接菌培养d 5.5时其含量达0.106 g/L.为探讨踝节霉菌ZJ-1对嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌淋滤污泥过程的影响,在生物淋滤起始阶段接种10%A.ferrooxidans和4%踝节霉菌ZJ-1,以仅接种10%A.ferrooxidans作为对照.结果表明A.ferrooxidans和踝节霉菌ZJ-1的复合菌组与对照组相比,淋滤耗时由7 d缩短至4 d,淋滤处理时间缩短了43%.     

荒漠草原4种典型植物群落夏季土壤呼吸及枯枝落叶分解释放CO2贡献量

采用动态密闭气室分析法测定了沙蒿(Artemisia desertorum)群落、赖草(Leymus secalinus)群落、甘草(Glycyrrhizauralensis)群落和冰草(Agropyron crisatum)群落4种典型荒漠草原植物群落土壤呼吸和枯落物分解的CO2释放速率(RS+L)、土壤呼吸CO2释放速率(RS),利用推导法估算得到了枯落物分解的CO2释放速率(RL)及其对总释放的贡献。得到了如下结论:(1)4种群落的RS+L差异较大,其平均值大小排序分别为冰草群落>赖草群落>甘草群落>沙蒿群落,且各群落的RS+L在1 d中是不稳定的,均表现为不对称的单峰曲线形式;土壤基础呼吸大小排序分别为冰草群落>甘草群落>赖草群落>沙蒿群落,且土壤基础呼吸高的土壤,其土壤养分状况较好。(2)RS相对于气温具有时滞性,4个群落的平均值大小为冰草群落>赖草群落>沙蒿群落>甘草群落。(3)RL平均值大小排序分别为冰草群落>甘草群落>赖草群落>沙蒿群落;对RS+L的贡献率大小排序为甘草群落>冰草群落>沙蒿群落>赖草群落,表明RL值大的,其对RS+L的贡献率不一定大,两者之间不存在正相关关系。不同植物群落枯落物对土壤呼吸的贡献与枯落物量、温度因子的相关关系并未表现出一致性,但与15 cm处的地温相关性最高。夏季RL对RS+L的平均贡献量(以CO2计)在0.05~0.16 g.m-2.h-1之间,平均贡献率在12.88%~35.33%,是大气CO2的一个重要的排放源。     

荒漠草原4种典型植物群落夏季土壤呼吸及枯枝落叶分解释放CO2贡献量

采用动态密闭气室分析法测定了沙蒿（Artemisia desertorum）群落、赖草（Leymus secalinus）群落、甘草（Glycyrrhizauralensis）群落和冰草（Agropyron crisatum）群落4种典型荒漠草原植物群落土壤呼吸和枯落物分解的CO2释放速率（RS＋L）、土壤呼吸CO2释放速率（RS）,利用推导法估算得到了枯落物分解的CO2释放速率（RL）及其对总释放的贡献。得到了如下结论：（1）4种群落的RS＋L差异较大,其平均值大小排序分别为冰草群落〉赖草群落〉甘草群落〉沙蒿群落,且各群落的RS＋L在1 d中是不稳定的,均表现为不对称的单峰曲线形式;土壤基础呼吸大小排序分别为冰草群落〉甘草群落〉赖草群落〉沙蒿群落,且土壤基础呼吸高的土壤,其土壤养分状况较好。（2）RS相对于气温具有时滞性,4个群落的平均值大小为冰草群落〉赖草群落〉沙蒿群落〉甘草群落。（3）RL平均值大小排序分别为冰草群落〉甘草群落〉赖草群落〉沙蒿群落;对RS＋L的贡献率大小排序为甘草群落〉冰草群落〉沙蒿群落〉赖草群落,表明RL值大的,其对RS＋L的贡献率不一定大,两者之间不存在正相关关系。不同植物群落枯落物对土壤呼吸的贡献与枯落物量、温度因子的相关关系并未表现出一致性,但与15 cm处的地温相关性最高。夏季RL对RS＋L的平均贡献量（以CO2计）在0.05~0.16 g.m-2.h-1之间,平均贡献率在12.88%~35.33%,是大气CO2的一个重要的排放源。     

4种重金属离子对克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)NAGase活力的影响

研究了Ag+、Pb2+、Zn2+、Hg2+等重金属离子对克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkia)N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAGase)活力的影响,结果表明:4种重金属离子对酶活力均有不同程度的可逆抑制作用,其中Hg2+、Zn2+对酶的抑制作用较强,表现为反竞争性抑制,对结合酶(ES)的抑制常数KIS分别为0.07 mmol/L和22.04 mmol/L;而Ag+、Pb2+对酶有先激活后抑制的作用,其中Ag+对酶的抑制作用类型表现为反竞争性抑制,其抑制常数KI为1.08 mmol/L,Pb2+对酶的抑制作用类型表现为非竞争性抑制,其抑制常数KI为26.17 mmol/L.     

漂白废水白腐菌脱色的条件

碳源、氮源、Mn^2 浓度及pH值对F7菌漂白废水脱色有较大的影响,最佳培养基组成为：ρ（葡萄糖）10g/L,ρ（NH4Cl）0．13g/L,ρ（Mn^2 )20mg/L,随葡萄糖和NH4Cl添国量的增加,菌体生物量增加,但高浓度的NH4Cl对F7菌脱色有抑制作用,F7菌适宜生长pH值为4－5,适宜脱色pHwfhgo 3-6,最适脱色pH值为5．0另外,经脱色处理的漂白废水的毒性明显下降。     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Potential for Electropositive Metal to Reduce the Interactions of Atlantic Sturgeon with Fishing Gear

Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhynchus) populations have been declared either endangered or threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Effective measures to repel sturgeon from fishing gear would be beneficial to both fish and fishers because they could reduce both fishery‐associated mortality and the need for seasonal and area closures of specific fisheries. Some chondrostean fishes (e.g., sturgeons and paddlefishes) can detect weak electric field gradients (possibly as low as 5 Μv/cm) due to arrays of electroreceptors (ampullae of Lorenzini) on their snout and gill covers. Weak electric fields, such as those produced by electropositive metals (typically mixtures of the lanthanide elements), could therefore potentially be used as a deterrent. To test this idea, we recorded the behavioral responses of juvenile Atlantic sturgeon (31–43 cm fork length) to electropositive metal (primarily a mixture of the lanthanide elements neodymium and praseodymium) both in the presence and absence of food stimuli. Trials were conducted in an approximately 2.5 m diameter × 0.3 m deep tank, and fish behaviors were recorded with an overhead digital video camera. Video records were subsequently digitized (x, y coordinate system), the distance between the fish and the electropositive metal calculated, and data summarized by compiling frequency distributions with 5‐cm bins. Juvenile sturgeon showed clear avoidance of electropositive metal but only when food was present. On the basis of our results, we conclude that the electropositive metals, or other sources of weak electric fields, may eventually be used to reduce the interactions of Atlantic sturgeon with fishing gear, but further investigation is needed. El Potencial del Metal Electropositivo para Reducir las Interacciones del Esturión Atlántico con Instrumentos de Pesca Bouyoucos, Bushnell & Brill 13–003     

The role of time and species identities in spatial patterns of species richness and conservation

Many conservation actions are justified on the basis of managing biodiversity. Biodiversity, in terms of species richness, is largely the product of rare species. This is problematic because the intensity of sampling needed to characterize communities and patterns of rarity or to justify the use of surrogates has biased sampling in favor of space over time. However, environmental fluctuations interacting with community dynamics lead to temporal variations in where and when species occur, potentially affecting conservation planning by generating uncertainty about results of species distribution modeling (including range determinations), selection of surrogates for biodiversity, and the proportion of biodiversity composed of rare species. To have confidence in the evidence base for conservation actions, one must consider whether temporal replication is necessary to produce broad inferences. Using approximately 20 years of macrofaunal data from tidal flats in 2 harbors, we explored variation in the identity of rare, common, restricted range, and widespread species over time and space. Over time, rare taxa were more likely to increase in abundance or occurrence than to remain rare or disappear and to exhibit temporal patterns in their occurrence. Space–time congruency in ranges (i.e., spatially widespread taxa were also temporally widespread) was observed only where samples were collected across an environmental gradient. Fifteen percent of the taxa in both harbors changed over time from having spatially restricted ranges to having widespread ranges. Our findings suggest that rare species can provide stability against environmental change, because the majority of species were not random transients, but that selection of biodiversity surrogates requires temporal validation. Rarity needs to be considered both spatially and temporally, as species that occur randomly over time are likely to play a different role in ecosystem functioning than those exhibiting temporal structure (e.g., seasonality). Moreover, temporal structure offers the opportunity to place management and conservation activities within windows of maximum opportunity.     

Main nutrient compounds in food bodies of Mexican <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acacia</Emphasis> ant-plants

Summary. Myrmecophytic plants use obligate ant mutualists as a constitutive indirect defence mechanism. These plants often produce cellular food bodies (FBs) to nourish their resident ants. Lipids, proteins, and even highly specialised compounds such as glycogen have been reported from FBs, but detailed chemical analyses of FB composition have so far been presented only for Southeast Asian Macaranga and Central American Piper myrmecophytes. Here we report the chemical composition of FBs of five myrmecophytic Acacia (Fabaceae) species from Mexico using HPLC (carbohydrates and proteins) and GC-MS (lipids). Feeding experiments revealed no hints on any use of external food sources by the inhabiting Pseudomyrmex ants. These ants obviously rely completely on FBs and extrafloral nectar provided by their hosts. The total content of nutrients in Acacia FBs was 15-25% of FB dry mass, being much lower than in Macaranga or Piper FBs. Proteins were dominating (8-14 % dm) in Acacia FBs and thus were present in higher amounts than in Macaranga FBs, yet in lower amounts than in Piper. Lipids contributed 1-9 % of dry mass, showing a lower proportion than in FBs of Macaranga or Piper. Carbohydrates made up 3-11 % dm, reaching in most Acacia species the same range as observed in Macaranga and in Piper FBs. Water content was 18-24 % of FB fresh mass, and structural tissue obviously made up a much higher proportion in Acacia FBs than in Macaranga or Piper FBs. Both characters might represent an adaptation to producing FBs unprotected at the leaf tips under dry conditions. Acacia FBs contain all amino acids and all fatty acids that are considered essential for insects, and their contents of lipids and proteins are higher than in the leaves from which they are ontogenetically derived. This indicates a putatively adaptive enrichment of nutritionally valuable compounds in structures functioning as ant-food.     

Examining the uncertain origin and management role of martens on Prince of Wales Island,Alaska

Conservation biologists are generally united in efforts to curtail the spread of non‐native species globally. However, the colonization history of a species is not always certain, and whether a species is considered non‐native or native depends on the conservation benchmark. Such ambiguities have led to inconsistent management. Within the Tongass National Forest of Alaska, the status of American marten (Martes americana) on the largest, most biologically diverse and deforested island, Prince of Wales (POW), is unclear. Ten martens were released to POW in the early 1930s, and it was generally believed to be the founding event, although this has been questioned. The uncertainty surrounding when and how martens colonized POW complicates management, especially because martens were selected as a design species for the Tongass. To explore the history of martens of POW we reviewed other plausible routes of colonization; genetically and isotopically analyzed putative marten fossils deposited in the late Pleistocene and early Holocene to verify marten occupancy of POW; and used contemporary genetic data from martens on POW and the mainland in coalescent simulations to identify the probable source of the present‐day marten population on POW. We found evidence for multiple routes of colonization by forest‐associated mammals beginning in the Holocene, which were likely used by American martens to naturally colonize POW. Although we cannot rule out human‐assisted movement of martens by Alaskan Natives or fur trappers, we suggest that martens be managed for persistence on POW. More generally, our findings illustrate the difficulty of labeling species as non‐native or native, even when genetic and paleo‐ecological data are available, and support the notion that community resilience or species invasiveness should be prioritized when making management decisions rather than more subjective and less certain conservation benchmarks.