资源环境与我国可持续发展

本文从资源、环境和人地关系的角度探讨我国的可持续发展问题 ,分析了影响我国可持续发展因素 ,指出中华民族的人口素质是我国可持续发展的关键 ,阐明科教兴国是我国可持续发展的必由之路     

完善气象灾害防御机制的思考

气象灾害已成为影响我国经济社会可持续发展的重大环境同题，然而我国目前的气象灾害防御机制尚不完善。该文通过回顾近两年来我国发生的极端气象灾害事件，深入分析了我国气象灾害防御工作现状和监测预警能力、应急机制、基础设施建设，预报预警信息发布、防灾减灾知识普及等方面存在的问题，从构建和谐社会、健全突发事件应急法律体系；保障经济社会可持续发展，落实《应对气候变化国家方案》等政治、法律、经济、外交四个方面，阐述了完善气象灾害防御机制对我国可持续发展的重大战略意义，并为完善我国气象灾害防御机制提出了建立健全气象灾害防御法律法规体系，构建多部门联动和信息共享的应急协调机制、开展工程建设气候可行性论证、加强气象灾害综合监测和重视气象灾害科学研究等建议。     

中国循环经济发展的空间分异与优化

实施可持续发展战略,积极调整生产方式和消费模式将成为我国各省(市)区加速现代化建设的迫切要求和21世纪区域经济持续增长的磐由之路,发展循环经济是实现可持续发展战略的重要途径.我国的循环经济仍处于起步阶段,在理论和实践上尚存在许多亟待解决的困难与问题.由于我国区域间在国土规模、资源禀赋、经济基础、文化背景等方面的不同,各地区循环经济发展水平和能力必然存在着明显的差异性.本文在构建评价区域循环经济发展水平指标体系的基础上,运用主成分分析方法,对我国循环经济发展的空间差异进行了定量化的测度,并对存在的主要问题进行了深入的分析和探讨.一方面,我国各省(市)区的循环经济发展能力存在着明显的差异;另一方面,我国不同水平循环经济发展能力的地区中,循环经济发展能力较弱的地区处于控制地位,反映了目前我国发展循环经济仍然任重道远.尽管我国目前在推动循环经济发展方面取得了一定成效,但从总体上看,我国发展循环经济仍面临着一些障碍,需要综合运用经济、法律、行政等手段来加以克服.     

世纪之交我国人口,资源,环境的趋势分析与对策

本文全面分析了我国人口、资源、环境的现状;及其在“九五”和2010年的发展趋势;并提出了促进我国经济建设与人口、资源、环境协调发展的对策和建议。     

我国水污染防治立法理念、机制和制度的创新

面对日益突出的水污染问题,我国现行《水污染防治法》难以适应水污染防治的要求,《水污染防治法》的修订及相关立法问题在国家立法机构、行政部门和环境法学界因而备受关注。对当前我国环境法理论界和实践部门关于水污染防治立法的观点和主张以及相关研究进展和成果进行了系统分析和整理,从为完善我国《水污染防治法》提供立法参考的目的出发,运用概括、分类和归纳的方法,对我国水污染防治立法理念、机制和制度创新进行了分析和归纳,并提出了具体的立法建议。     

跨世纪时期的世界矿产资源形势和我国的对策

本文研究分析了世界资源、尤其是矿产资源的供需形势,以及全球资源紧张与危机的状况和发展趋势。结合我国资源状况和国情,从经济、社会长期发展战略角度,论述了客观分析、参与研究国际及我国社会基础资源问题的重要性、紧迫性,并提出建立我国资源供需持续、稳定、协调发展的方略对策。     

白色农业:21世纪养活16亿中国人的重大工程

白色农业是我国新的农业科技革命的重要组成部分。发展白色农业既可以满足我国２１ 世纪对食品数量增加、质量改善和安全性的需求,又能有效地提高动、植物资源利用率,改善和保护生态环境。白色农业是我国２１ 世纪养活１６ 亿人的强有力保证。     

我国跨行政区环境管理协调机制建设的策略研究

目前我国跨行政区环境问题十分突出,而传统条块分割的管理模式在解决跨行政区环境问题时产生了许多矛盾.尽管我国部分地区已认识到跨行政区环境合作的重要性,也开展了一些有益的探索和实践,但建立跨行政区的环境管理协调机制研究显得不足.本文从机构、立法和手段三个方面总结了我国跨行政区环境管理协调机制的现状,指出了在管理体制、法律法规、制度和政策、支撑体系等方面存在的问题.通过借鉴国外的成功经验并且结合我国的实际情况,从体制、政策和支撑体系三个方面提出了我国跨行政区环境管理协调机制的建设策略.     

对外开放、人口增长对我国二氧化硫排放的影响

环境问题一直是发展中国家经济发展中必须面对的一个重大议题。对于我国而言,环境问题已成为制约我国经济可持续发展的一个重大问题。在梳理已有文献的基础上,本文将对外开放和人口增长纳入一个统一的分析框架下,利用我国2000年—2008年间的省际面板数据,通过建立面板数据模型,综合考察了FDI、出口和人口增长对我国SO2排放量的影响。研究表明人口增长、FDI和出口对我国SO2排放均产生了负面影响,其中人口增长对SO2排放的影响最大,FDI次之。尽管我国商品的出口也促使了我国环境的进一步恶化,然而,与人口增长和FDI带来的影响相比,却显得相对较弱。因此,就保护环境、减少SO2排放而言,我国当务之急则应控制人口快速增长,引导FDI运用统一的环境标准,减少对我国的环境污染,让外资真正在构建环境友好型社会,实现生态现代化的过程中发挥作用。     

我国人口问题与社会持续发展

本文分析了我国人口的主要特点和人口问题，指出人口问题已成为我国社会、经济发展的重要制约因素，进而论述了人口与资源、环境、经济协调发展的基本原理和宏观对策     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

Comparative analysis of the effect of predator odor on morphological and physiological parameters of adult male Campbell hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus campbelli</Emphasis>) and dwarf hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus sungorus</Emphasis>)

The effect of long-term exposure to natural excretions of the European polecat on the morphological parameters and hormonal status of adult male Campbell hamsters (Phodopus campbelli) and dwarf hamsters (Ph. sungorus) was studied. Exposure to volatile components of natural excreta of a potential predator did not have any significant effect on hamsters. The combined influence of volatile and nonvolatile components of the polecat’s excretions caused physiological stress in Ph. campbelli, while in Ph. sungorus, on the contrary, an increase in thymus weight and the plasma testosterone level was recorded.     

How Do Groups Solve Local Commons Dilemmas? Lessons from Experimental Economics in the Field

The use of experimental settings to observe human behaviour in a controlled environment of incentives, rules and institutions, has been widely used by the behavioural sciences for sometime now, particularly by psychology and economics. In most cases the subjects are college students recruited for one to two hour decision making exercises in which, depending on their choices, they earn cash averaging US$ 20. In such exercises players face a set of feasible actions, rules and incentives (payoffs) involving different forms of social exchange with other people, and that in most cases involve some kind of externalities with incomplete contracts, such as in the case of common-pool resources situations. Depending on the ecological and institutional settings, the resource users face a set of feasible levels of extraction, a set of rules regarding the control or monitoring of individual use, and sometimes ways of imposing material or non-material costs or rewards to those breaking or following the rules. We brought the experimental lab to the field and invited about two hundred users of natural resources in three Colombian rural villages to participate in such decision making exercises and through these and other research instruments we learned about the ways they solve - or fail to - tragedies of the commons with different social institutions. Further, bringing the lab to the field allowed us to explore some of the limitations of existing models about human behaviour and its consequences for designing policies for conserving ecosystems and improving social welfare.