逆王水电热板方法消解水和废水中的银

以感光行业废水、电镀工业废水为实验对象,优化了逆王水电热板消解银的回流时间和逆王水用量,建立了逆王水消解水质银的电热板消解方法。并对地下水、生活污水、电镀工业废水、感光行业废水开展加标回收实验。结果表明：采用逆王水消解,当消解液温度控制在80～95℃,回流时间为2 h,逆王水用量为3 mL HNO₃+1 mL HCl时,消解电镀工业废水、感光行业废水、生活污水及地下水中银的加标回收率为85.0%～115%,相对标准偏差为2.9%～6.4%。将该方法与《水质银的测定火焰原子吸收分光光度法》(GB 11907—1989)前处理方法开展比对,2种方法消解结果无显著差异。表明逆王水电热板消解方法可以用于水和废水中银火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定的前处理。     

2019—2021年徐州市大气细颗粒物化学组成特征及来源解析

徐州市地处四省交界,大气污染物来源复杂,颗粒物污染在气象条件不利时较为显著。通过地面观测数据、颗粒物组分连续观测、源解析及轨迹溯源等方法,对徐州市2019—2021年颗粒物变化特征进行了全面分析,以定量解析各类污染源的贡献,识别对颗粒物贡献显著的化学成分。结果表明：PM_2.5各组分质量占比中二次无机盐和有机碳相对较高,其中二次无机盐SNA(SO■、NO^-₃、NH⁺₄)占比达到59.1%～62.7%;水溶性离子总浓度逐年降低,但Mg²⁺和Ca²⁺浓度2021年分别同比增加2%和12.5%,说明扬尘污染存在反弹。秋冬季水溶性离子明显较高,Cl^-浓度明显高于其他季节,表明徐州市秋冬季受移动源、燃煤源和二次有机气溶胶共同影响。PM_2.5中OC与EC质量浓度比为4.88～8.40,说明徐州市颗粒物受多源影响,柴油、汽油机动车尾气排放以及燃煤排放对颗粒物贡献较大。后向轨迹分析表明,污染严重的1月污染物主...     

烟花爆竹燃放对河南省空气质量影响的研究

基于河南省常规空气污染物、颗粒物组分等数据,开展烟花爆竹燃放对空气质量影响的定量评估。结果表明：2023年元宵节期间,河南省PM_2.5质量浓度小时峰值为226μg/m³,仅次于2019年的239μg/m³,明显高于2022年的86μg/m³,正月十六重度及以上污染天数为历史最高值;烟花爆竹燃放造成K⁺、SO₄^2-、Cl^-浓度快速上升,对K⁺浓度影响最为显著,河南省K⁺小时峰值浓度较基准时刻平均上升了26.6倍;烟花爆竹燃放对河南省正月十五、十六PM_2.5日均值贡献分别为31.5%、31.8%,使PM_2.5质量浓度分别上升39μg/m³和57μg/m³,2 d的烟花爆竹燃放可使河南省2023年PM_2.5年均质量浓度上升0.26μg/m³,造成...     

基于小波分析优化PM 2.5浓度预测模型

采用多元线性回归方法(MLR)和BP神经网络方法(BPNN),按1 h、3 h、6 h、12 h、24 h、48 h预测时长对贵港市2015—2018年PM_2.5浓度建模并检验对比模型准确率。结果表明,基于MLR与BPNN都能对PM_2.5浓度作预测,预测效果随着预测时长的增加而下降,MLR、BPNN模型预测结果平均绝对误差(MAE)分别为4.01μg/m³~15.48μg/m³、3.89μg/m³~15.63μg/m³。采用小波分析方法对污染物数据优化并再次建模,结果表明,小波-多元线性回归(W-MLR)模型与小波-神经网络(W-BPNN)模型均得到优化,3 h~24 h预测时长优化效果尤为显著,W-MLR、W-BPNN模型预测结果分别使MAE降低1.6%~13.5%、0.8%~9.8%,且后者预测效果优于前者。     

便携式气相色谱-氢火焰离子化检测器法测定低浓度总烃的氧气干扰特征研究

研究了采用便携式气相色谱-氢火焰离子化检测器法测定气体中的总烃浓度时,氧气浓度对测定结果的影响,并采用多元线性回归模型对总烃的测定结果进行了校准。当总烃的实际浓度不低于9 mg/m³时,氧气的干扰较小(相对标准偏差≤2%)。在试验的所有总烃实际浓度下(1~200 mg/m³),当氧气浓度为1%~7%时,也无需考虑氧气干扰的影响(相对标准偏差≤2%)。当总烃的实际浓度低于9 mg/m³且氧气浓度为9%~21%时,需依据多元线性回归分析原理并采用模型对测得的总烃浓度进行校准。线性回归方程分析结果显示,模型拟合情况良好(R²=0.999),可以用来修正测试结果,从而得到更加准确的总烃实际浓度。     

广州市城区站点冬季PM2.5时间变化及碳氮同位素组成特征

于2018年冬季在广州城区磨碟沙站点开展细颗粒物(PM_2.5)样品采集,并获得PM_2.5中水溶性离子、含碳组分、稳定碳氮同位素的组成及时间变化特征,重点讨论了PM_2.5浓度升高时段的化学组成特征变化,进而利用稳定碳氮同位素变化特征探究了主要污染来源。结果表明：采样期间,研究站点PM_2.5平均质量浓度为22.1μg/m³,共出现两个PM_2.5浓度水平升高时段,所对应的平均质量浓度分别达46.0μg/m³和63.0μg/m³。风速降低、温度升高等不利气象条件是导致上述时段PM_2.5浓度上升的重要原因。在上述时段,伴随着PM_2.5浓度的升高,NO^-₃和NH⁺₄浓度均出现显著升高,NO^-₃与SO^2-₄的摩...     

棉红褪色光度法测定废水中的微量铬Ⅵ

在pH=4.0的缓冲溶液中,磷酸和棉红在100℃下反应生成天蓝色物质(λmax=675nm),该物质在微量铬Ⅵ的催化下被溴酸钾氧化褪色,建立了测定痕量铬Ⅵ的催化动力学新方法,方法的检出限是0.76ng/ml,线性范围0～0.06μg/ml,用于测定电镀废水中铬Ⅵ,结果满意.     

固定污染源废气中硝酸雾测定方法研究

通过国内外文献调研和硝酸雾采样方法比对实验研究,提出了固定污染源废气中的硝酸雾包括硝酸气体、硝酸液滴及颗粒物中的硝酸盐。建立了固定污染源废气中硝酸雾的分析方法：使用经1 mol/L Na₂CO₃溶液浸渍的石英滤膜捕集固定污染源废气中的硝酸雾,离子色谱法进行分析。实验结果表明：当采样体积为0.4 m³时,方法检出限为0.04 mg/m³;低、中、高浓度空白加标样品相对标准偏差均在9.2%以内,加标回收率为89.9%～117%。选取4种典型硝酸雾固定污染源废气进行实际样品采集与分析,硝酸雾质量浓度分别为1.62、1.86、1.63、19.8 mg/m³。对电子元件电镀车间固定污染源废气进行不同浓度的实际样品加标回收实验,加标回收率分别为86.0%和104%。     

毛细管柱气相色谱法测定工业废气和废水中N,N-二甲基甲酰胺

采用HP-INNOWAX毛细管柱、气相色谱氢火焰离子化检测器测定工业废气和废水中的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺,可能共存的丙酮、乙醇和乙酰丙酮均对测试无干扰.方法在0.939 mg/L～75.1 mg/L范围内线性良好,对工业废水、无组织排放工业废气和有组织排放工业废气中N,N-二甲基甲酰胺的检出限分别为0.47 mg/L、0.16 mg/m3和0.31 mg/m3,标准溶液平行测定的RSD为1.9％ ～2.2％,废水样品加标回收率为94％～ 97％.     

测定电镀废水中铬(Ⅵ)的新光度法

在硝酸介质中,二甲基黄先显色而后在加热条件下褪色,铬( )能显著阻抑此褪色反应,且阻抑程度与铬( )含量相关,据此建立了测定痕量铬( )的新方法。方法检出限是1.55×10-10g/ml,线性范围0.1～1.2μg/10ml,用于电镀废水中铬( )的测定,结果满意。     

Prevalence of heavy metal resistance in bacteria isolated from tannery effluents and affected soil

In the present study, a total of 198 bacteria were isolated, 88 from the tannery effluents and 110 from agricultural soil irrigated with the tannery effluents. Tannery effluents and soils were analyzed for metal concentrations by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The tannery effluents and soil samples were found to be contaminated with chromium, nickel, zinc, copper, and cadmium. All isolates were tested for their resistance against Cr^6?+?, Cr^3?+?, Ni^2?+?, Zn^2?+?, Cu^2?+?, Cd^2?+?, and Hg^2?+?. From the total of 198 isolates, maximum bacterial isolates were found to be resistant to Cr^6?+? 178 (89.9%) followed by Cr^3?+? 146 (73.7%), Cd^2?+? 86 (43.4%), Zn^2?+? 83 (41.9%), Ni^2?+? 61 (30.8%), and Cu^2?+? 51 (25.6%). However, most of the isolates were sensitive to Hg^2?+?. Among the isolates from tannery effluents, 97.8% were resistant to Cr^6?+? and 64.8% were resistant to Cr^3?+?. Most of the soil isolates were resistant against Cr^6?+? (83.6%) and Cr^3?+? (81.8%). All isolates were categorized into Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In a total of 114 Gram-positive isolates, 91.2% were resistant to Cr^6?+? followed by 73.7% to Cr^3?+?, 42.1% to Zn^2?+?, 40.4% to Cd^2?+?, and 32.5% to Ni^2?+?. Among Gram-negative isolates, 88.1% were found showing resistance to Cr^6?+?, 75.0% to Cr^3?+?, and 47.6% were resistant to Cd^2?+?. Majority of these metal-resistant isolates were surprisingly found sensitive to the ten commonly used antibiotics. Out of 198 isolates, 114 were found sensitive to all antibiotics whereas only two isolates were resistant to maximum eight antibiotics at a time. Forty-one and 40 isolates which constitute 20.7% and 20.2% were resistant to methicilin and amoxicillin, respectively.     

Biosorption kinetics of heavy metals by leaf biomass of Jatropha curcas in single and multi-metal system

Biosorption of Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, and Cr⁶⁺ from aqueous solutions by leaf biomass of Jatropha curcas was investigated as a function of biomass concentration, initial metal ion concentration, contact time, and pH of the solution systematically. The aim of this study was to optimize biosorption process and find out a suitable kinetic model for the metal removal in single and multi-metal system. The experimental data were analyzed using two sorption kinetic models, viz., pseudo-first- and pseudo-second-order equations, to determine the best fit equation for the biosorption of metal ions Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, and Cr⁶⁺ onto the leaf biomass of J. curcas in different metal systems. The experimental data fitted well the pseudo-second-order equation and provided the best correlation for the biosorption process. The findings of the present investigation revealed that J. curcas leaf biomass was an eco-friendly and cost-effective biosorbent for the removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater.     

Incidence of metal and antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas spp. from the river water, agricultural soil irrigated with wastewater and groundwater

A total of 144 isolates of Pseudomonas spp. (48 each from the Yamuna River water, wastewater irrigated soil and groundwater irrigated soil) were tested for their resistance against certain heavy metals and antibiotics. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of Hg^2?+?, Cd^2?+?, Cu^2?+?, Zn^2?+?, Ni^2?+?, Pb^2?+?, Cr^3?+? and Cr^6?+? for each isolate were also determined. A maximum MIC of 200 ??g/ml for mercury and 3,200 ??g/ml for other metals were observed. The incidences of metal resistance and MICs of metals for Pseudomonas isolates from the Yamuna water and wastewater irrigated soil were significantly different to those of groundwater irrigated soil. A high level of resistance against tetracycline and polymyxin B (81.2%) was observed in river water isolates. However, 87.5% of Pseudomonas isolates from soil irrigated with wastewater showed resistance to sulphadiazine, whereas 79.1% were resistant to both ampicillin and erythromycin. Isolates from soil irrigated with groundwater exhibited less resistance towards heavy metals and antibiotics as compared to those of river water and wastewater irrigated soil. Majority of the Pseudomonas isolates from water and soil exhibited resistance to multiple metals and antibiotics. Resistance was transferable to recipient Escherichia coli AB2200 strains by conjugation. Plasmids were cured with the curing agent ethidium bromide and acridine orange at sub-MIC concentration.     

Vehicular stress a cause for heavy metal accumulation and change in physico-chemical characteristics of road side soils in Pahalgam

In an effort to determine vehicular impact on soil quality, soil samples were collected from three different zones (Pahalgam, Batakote, and Chandanwari) in Pahalgam forest ecosystem. Results showed that a significant decrease in moisture content, organic carbon, available nitrogen, and potassium was observed in nearby road side soils. However, pH was observed to be on neutral side and available phosphorus recorded high concentration. The concentration of heavy metals Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Ni²⁺, and Cd²⁺ estimated was also significantly high. Furthermore, concentration of Pb²⁺ at high vehicular load subzones was observed to be highest (1.168 mg/Kg) followed by Zn²⁺ (0.896 mg/Kg), Ni²⁺ (0.649 mg/Kg), Cu²⁺ (0.415 mg/Kg), and Cd²⁺ (0.079 mg/Kg). An inter-zone analysis revealed that the concentration of the heavy metals (Pb²⁺?>?Ni²⁺?>?Cd²⁺) was observed to follow the trend, Z-I?>?Z-II?>?Z-III. Variation along the temporal gradient and the impact on soil qualities were notably higher in summer. Vehicular pollution to a great extent impacts physico-chemical characteristics and more interestingly adds substantial concentration of heavy metals in soils.     

On-site solid-phase extraction and application to in situ preconcentration of heavy metals in surface water

An on-site solid-phase extraction, consisting of the sorption, the separation and the elution function units, was designed for in situ preconcentration of heavy metals ions. The D401 resin powder was employed as sorbent to capture Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺, Co²⁺, and Ni²⁺, and then they desorbed with 2 mol/L nitric acid as eluent. Under the optimized conditions, these heavy metals ions in West Lake, Taihu Lake, and Yangtze River of China were captured and then determined by ICP-OES with the recovery of 92.5% to 111.5%. The on-site solid-phase extraction achieved a quick preconcentration of heavy metals to avoid the transport and storage of a large volume water sample. It is suitable for in situ monitoring of water quality in mountains, tablelands or other remote areas.     

Multiple metal tolerance and biosorption of cadmium by Candida tropicalis isolated from industrial effluents: glutathione as detoxifying agent

The ability of cadmium uptake by metal-resistant yeast, Candida tropicalis, from the liquid medium and wastewater was evaluated. The minimum inhibitory concentration of Cd^2?+? against C. tropicalis was 2,500 mg L^???1. The yeast also showed tolerance toward Zn^2?+? (1,400 mg L^???1), Ni^2?+? (1,000 mg L^???1), Hg^2?+? (1,400 mg L^???1), Cu^2?+? (1,000 mg L^???1), Cr^6?+? (1,200 mg L^???1), and Pb^2?+? (1,000 mg L^???1). The yeast isolate showed typical growth curves, but lag and log phases extended in the presence of cadmium. The yeast isolate showed optimum growth at 30°C and pH 8. The metal processing ability of the isolate was determined in a medium containing 100 mg L^???1 of Cd^2?+?. C. tropicalis could decline Cd^2?+? 70%, 85%, and 92% from the medium after 48, 96, and 144 h, respectively. C. tropicalis was also able to remove Cd^2?+? 40% and 78% from the wastewater after 6 and 12 days, respectively. Cd produced an increase in glutathione (GSH) and nonprotein thiol levels by 135% and 134% at 100-mg L^???1 concentration, respectively. An increase in the synthesis of GSH is involved in metal tolerance, and the presence of increasing GSH concentrations may be a marker for high metal stress in C. tropicalis. C. tropicalis, which is resistant to heavy metal ions and is adaptable to the local environmental conditions, may be employed for metal detoxification operations.     

Adsorption studies and the removal of dissolved metals using pyrolusite as adsorbent

The adsorption of metals from aqueous solutions of Pb²⁺, Zn²⁺ and Mg²⁺ on naturally occurring pyrolusite have been studied. The chemical stability of the pyrolusite has been determined in NaOH, H₂SO₄, HNO₃, HCl, NaCl and NK₄Cl solutions of various concentrations. Adsorption of the metal ions followed the order Pb²⁺>Zn²⁺>Cd²⁺.The maximum adsorption of Pb²⁺ (100%) occurred at pH 7. the relation between the amount of Pb²⁺ adsorbed per unit weight of pyrolusite and the concentration of Pb²⁺ at equilibrium follows the Freundlich adsorption isotherm.The efficiency of pyrolusite has been demonstrated by removing lead from synthetic waste water. 100% and 96% removal of lead have been achieved from synthetic waste water containing 5 mg l^–1 and 120 mg l^–1 of Pb²⁺ respectively at pH 7. The results of these studies suggest that pyrolusite might provide an economical method for the removal of lead from industrial waste water.     

高氯酸铁可见分光光度法测定水中叠氮化物研究

基于Fe~(3+)显色技术,建立了测定地表水、地下水、生活污水和工业废水中叠氮化物的高氯酸铁分光光度法。研究结果表明:N_3~-与Fe~(3+)反应生成的棕红色络合物的特征吸收峰为454 nm;氨基磺酸铵可有效掩蔽NO_2~-的干扰,蒸馏能消除色度、CN~-、SCN~-硫化物等对测定的影响;当取样体积为150 mL、蒸馏定容体积为100 mL、使用10 mm比色皿时,方法检出限为0.08 mg/L(以N_3~-计),测定下限为0.32 mg/L;平均回收率为88.0%~104%,相对标准偏差(n=6)为0.3%～5.6%。对实际工业废水样品进行了测定,结果为1.37 mg/L。该方法准确度高、精密度好、操作简单,能够满足水污染物排放标准中叠氮化物的测定要求。     

Bacteria with dual resistance to elevated concentrations of heavy metals and antibiotics in Nigerian contaminated systems

Samples of soil, water, and sediments from industrial estates in Lagos were collected and analyzed for heavy metals and physicochemical composition. Bacteria that are resistant to elevated concentrations of metals (Cd^2?+?, Co^2?+?, Ni^2?+?, Cr^6?+?, and Hg^2?+?) were isolated from the samples, and they were further screened for antibiotic sensitivity. The minimum tolerance concentrations (MTCs) of the isolates with dual resistance to the metals were determined. The physicochemistry of all the samples indicated were heavily polluted. Twenty-two of the 270 bacterial strains isolated showed dual resistances to antibiotics and heavy metals. The MTCs of isolates to the metals were 14 mM for Cd^2?+?, 15 mM for Co^2?+? and Ni^2?+?, 17 mM for Cr^6?+?, and 10 mM for Hg^2?+?. Five strains (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Actinomyces turicensis, Acinetobacter junni, Nocardia sp., and Micrococcus sp.) resisted all the 18 antibiotics tested. Whereas Rhodococcus sp. and Micrococcus sp. resisted 15 mM Ni^2?+?, P. aeruginosa resisted 10 mM Co^2?+?. To our knowledge, there has not been any report of bacterial strains resisting such high doses of metals coupled with wide range of antibiotics. Therefore, dual expressions of antibiotics and heavy-metal resistance make the isolates, potential seeds for decommissioning of sites polluted with industrial effluents rich in heavy metals, since the bacteria will be able to withstand in situ antibiosis that may prevail in such ecosystems.     

Effects of Cu2+, Pb2+ and Zn2+ on voltage-activated currents in Helix pomatia L. Neurons

Effects of Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺ and Zn²⁺ were studied on voltage-activated Na-, Ca-, and K-currents in snail neurons. It was found that: 1. In normal physiological saline Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺ and Zn²⁺ ions exerted complex changes on the total ionic currents; 2. All three metal ion have depressed the inward Na-currents but with different K _D , moreover Pb ²⁺ increased Na-current at low concentrations (5 M); 3. The inward Ca-current was also reduced. The sequence of the blocking effect of metals was different: Pb>Cu>Zn, however the steady-state inactivation was influenced only by Cu²⁺; 4. Outward currents were decreased in all neurons by Cu²⁺, but the effects of Pb²⁺ and Zn²⁺ were either depression or enhancement in different indentified neurons; 5. The possibility of binding heavy metals to wide variety of membrane proteins and the observed effects on different ionic channels suggest that the metal effect is complex and cannot be taken as a specific one to a single channel type or site of location.