水力负荷对蚯蚓生物滤池污水处理效果的影响

通过分析不同水力负荷下蚯蚓生物滤池进出水水质以及蚯蚓生存状况,研究水力负荷对蚯蚓生物滤池污水处理效果的影响.结果表明,水力负荷由2.0m3/(m2·d)增大到6.0m3/(m2·d)时,蚯蚓生物滤池出水各污染物浓度均缓慢增大,受水力负荷影响较小.当水力负荷增大到6.7m3/(m2·d)时,滤池出水COD、BOD5、SS、NH 4-N、TP浓度明显增大,出水TN浓度则呈下降趋势,蚯蚓出现严重不适现象.随着水力负荷增大,蚯蚓相对摄食能力呈先升高后降低趋势,水力负荷为4.8 m3/(m2·d)时,蚯蚓相对摄食能力最大,有机物去除效果良好.滤池内蚯蚓平均重量、平均密度,单位面积蚯蚓生物量和水力负荷均呈极显著负相关.推荐蚯蚓生物滤池运行水力负荷4.8m3/(m2·d),不宜超过6.7m3/(m2·d).     

水力负荷对矿化垃圾反应器处理渗滤液效果的影响

构建3个微曝气(0.1 L/min)矿化垃圾反应器进行渗滤液处理,研究较长时期内不同水力负荷对矿化垃圾处理渗滤液效果的影响。结果表明:随着水力负荷的增加,反应器对渗滤液中有机污染物和氮污染物的降解能力降低。在试验运行稳定阶段,水力负荷为28,42,56 L/(m3·d)时,COD平均去除率分别为88%、66%、56%;NH+4-N平均去除率分别为94%、90%、71%;TN平均去除率分别为52%、50%、45%。当水力负荷42 L/(m3·d)时出现NO-2-N累积现象,且水力负荷越大NO-2-N累积越严重。建议微曝气矿化垃圾反应器处理渗滤液过程中水力负荷不宜大于42 L/(m3·d)。     

水力负荷与气水比对人工湿地净水效果的影响

以某高海拔地区污水处理厂的二级生化处理水为研究对象,通过对人工湿地进出水中COD、NH+4-N、TP浓度的变化,研究了水力负荷、气水比两个参数对人工湿地净水效果的影响。结果表明:人工湿地去除生活污水中COD、NH4+-N、TP的最佳水力负荷为0.33 m3/(m2·d)、气水比为3:1,在此最佳试验条件下,COD、NH4+-N、TP的去除率分别可达84%、69%、68%,出水水质满足《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅲ类水质标准。     

曝气生物滤池处理生活污水的试验研究

对升流式二级曝气生物滤池去除COD和NHs—N的效果进行了试验研究,并在各个阶段对比中找出最优的运行工况,从而达到节约能源,降低运行成本的目的。通过试验对水力负荷、有机负荷、气水比等参数的变化对去除COD和NH3-N效果的影响。研究结果表明,在进水水力负荷为1～4m3／m^2·h、有机负荷为4-13kgCOD／ms·d及气水比1：1～3：1的工艺条件下,COD和NH3-N的出水水质均能满足杂用水需要。     

再生水工艺中曝气生物滤池的特性研究

对再生水工艺中曝气生物滤池(BAF)的运行特性进行了试验研究,结果表明:BAF对浊度的平均去除率为72%,出水浊度稳定在5NTU以下;COD最佳水力负荷为7 m/h,最佳容积负荷为5.89 kg/(m3.d);NH4+-N最佳水力负荷为5.0 m/h;水力冲击负荷对硝化菌的影响较小,而对异养碳化菌影响较大。     

潜流人工湿地去除效果研究

在连续运行条件下,采用水平潜流人工湿地净化低浓度的生活污水,考察了其净化效果。结果表明,该系统能够有效的降低生活污水中的COD、TN、TP,适合于城镇生活污水的处理。在0.1、0.2 m3/(m2.d)的水力负荷条件下,系统较容易出现死水区;当0.3 m3/(m2·d)的水力负荷条件下,水流呈推流状态,有效容积和水力效率得到提高,去除率分别为90.3%、86.6%和96.7%。试验表明,适当增加水力负荷,有利于污染物的去除。     

利用人工湿地系统深度处理城市污水尾水

利用垂直复合流模拟人工湿地系统对城市污水厂尾水进行深度处理实验研究,植物床选用美人蕉、菖蒲、茭草、芋头和象草混合栽种,采用石英砂为主体填料。实验研究表明:人工湿地系统在停留时间为24h,水力负荷为0.4m3(m2·d)的运行条件处理效果较佳,在此条件下连续稳定运行10个月,处理后的尾水主要指标达到(GBT189212002)标准。     

常温下EGSB反应器处理环氧树脂生产废水

在常温下研究利用EGSB反应器处理环氧树脂生产废水的启动运行。结果表明：水力负荷和污泥负荷是影响EGSB反应器处理效果的重要参数,水力负荷在0.8～3 m/h,进水COD浓度在2500～7500 mg/L的范围内,COD的去除率在80%以上;运行时反应器内的污泥负荷稳定在0.4 kgCOD/（kgSS·d）左右,通过提高水力负荷,有利于污泥的生长;污泥经过启动驯化后能够适应EGSB反应器的运行条件。     

多塘湿地对降雨径流的截留特点

为考察降雨过程对径流发生的影响及其对多塘湿地进出水水质、水量的影响,基于2017年8月25日和9月6日两次降雨过程中湿地进出水水质水量长时间的变化特征,探究降雨过程中湿地水质水量变化及污染物净化特征. 结果表明:①多塘湿地进水量峰值出现的时间滞后于降雨雨强峰值及累计雨量峰值. 降雨雨强对湿地进水量影响不显著,而累计雨量影响径流的产生量,进而影响湿地进水量,造成湿地水力负荷急剧上升,最高达2.45 m3/(m2·d). 降雨过程中多塘湿地水位上升,水深加深,有效容积增大,水力停留时间延长. ②进水水质变化随降雨过程无显著规律,但进水污染物负荷量始终大于非降雨期,说明降雨期间径流污染仅采用污染物浓度洪峰控制是不充分的,特别是雨季降雨频繁的地区,应重视污染负荷对多塘湿地净化效能的影响. ③降雨期间多塘湿地对径流污染有良好的截留作用,TN、TP去除率分别为33.6%~88.7%和25.2%~78.0%. 研究显示,进水水力负荷的增加增强了湿地的扰动,导致部分单元污染物出口浓度高于进水,但由于调蓄塘-表流湿地-塘-生态浮床-稳定塘耦合工艺的梯级单元有助于湿地系统对污染物消纳截留,增强了湿地对降雨径流的截留稳定性.      

两级曝气生物滤池工艺的小试研究

对两级曝气生物滤池(上向流-下向流)处理生活污水进行了试验研究。试验表明,两级曝气生物滤池在水力负荷小于4m/h,进水COD浓度变化范围为100~500mg/L,一级气水比为3∶1~5∶1,二级气水比为1∶1~2∶1的条件下,出水水质稳定,出水水质达到生活杂用水水质标准。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.