新疆某矿冶区周边土壤重金属生物有效性与生态风险评价

矿业活动对土壤系统良性运转带来较大的环境负荷,矿区周边土壤重金属污染风险评估是土壤污染防治和资源可持续开发的关键。在应用单因子污染指数法、潜在生态风险指数法、风险评价编码法(RAC),并结合空间分析和冗余分析手段的基础上,对新疆某矿冶区周边土壤重金属生物有效性和生态风险进行了系统研究。结果表明：研究区土壤As、Cu、Mn和Cd超标率分别为88%、38%、49%和24%;土壤Mn、Zn、As和Cd弱酸可溶态高值区主要集中在尾砂库和收砷房的附近区域。单因子污染指数评价揭示As和Cu污染累积较为严重。潜在生态风险评价显示,As、Cd和Cu生态风险较高,Mn为低生态风险。风险编码法(RAC)评价结果进一步揭示Mn和Cd具有显著的土壤迁移风险。冗余分析结果显示,空间异质性是影响土壤重金属弱酸可溶态含量变异的主要因素。土壤pH和重金属弱酸可溶态是影响潜在生态风险指数(RI)的2个重要因素。综合风险评价手段与多尺度分析方法的联合应用有助于提高区域风险评价的准确性。     

日照市典型农用地土壤重金属来源分析及环境质量评价

于日照市典型农用地采集1 089个表层土壤样品,对土壤中的As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn的含量进行测定分析,利用多元统计分析方法解析土壤重金属的主要来源,并对土壤环境质量进行评价。结果表明:(1)研究区农用地表层土壤中除Cd外,其余7种重金属平均值均大于背景值,存在一定程度的重金属富集趋势;(2)8种重金属来源可识别为3个主成分,主成分1为工农业污染和自然因素的共同作用;主成分2可归为受成土母质影响的自然因素作用;主成分3代表了自然来源和大气沉降的共同作用;(3)研究区农用地土壤环境质量基本状况良好,8种重金属均不存在污染风险较高的情况出现,多以无风险的土壤为主,可满足农业耕作对土壤的环境质量要求。     

Long-term environmental monitoring of persistent organic pollutants and metals in a chemical/petrochemical area: human health risks

Organic pollutants such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), as well as some metals are periodically monitored in soil and vegetation samples collected in Tarragona County (Spain). We here report the temporal trends of the concentrations of the above pollutants between the initial survey (2002) and that recently (2009) performed. The area under evaluation was divided into 4 sections (chemical, petrochemical, urban/residential and unpolluted). In general terms, urban soils presented the highest concentrations of PCDD/Fs, PCNs and PAHs, confirming that traffic is a very important emission source of these pollutants. In addition, substantially higher levels of PAHs and some metals were found in vegetation samples from the petrochemical complex. The assessment of health risks of these contaminants indicated that the current concentrations of micropollutants did not mean additional non-carcinogenic or cancer risks for the population living in the zone.     

电子垃圾拆解区不同用地类型土壤重金属空间分布特征与风险评价

为了探究电子垃圾拆解区不同用地类型土壤重金属的空间分布特征及潜在生态风险,对广东某电子垃圾拆解区稻田、菜地、荒地和拆解地土壤重金属Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb的质量分数及形态空间分布特征进行了研究,并采用地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法分别评价重金属潜在的生态风险。结果表明,4种用地类型土壤的Cd质量分数全部超标,超标倍数为1.42~94.2倍,Cd是4种用地类型土壤潜在危害最大的重金属。拆解地土壤的4种重金属质量分数远远超过土壤环境质量标准限值,Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb质量分数分别为标准限值的8.79、1.38、27.6和6.20倍。各用地类型土壤的潜在生态风险指数介于165(荒地)~2 587(拆解地),拆解地土壤达到极强风险水平,其它用地类型土壤为中等风险水平。本研究结果可为电子垃圾拆解区土壤重金属污染防治与修复实践提供理论参考。     

Human health risk assessment of organochlorines associated with fish consumption in a coastal city in China

Food consumption is an important route of human exposure to organochlorines (OCs). In order to assess the potential health risks associated with these contaminants due to fish consumption, five species of fish were collected from a local market in Zhoushan City, an island in the East China Sea. Dioxin-like compounds, such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/ dibenzofurans, in the fish samples were screened by H4IIE-luc cell bioassay, and the concentrations of specific organochlorines were measured by gas chromatograph-electron capture detector (GC-ECD). The bioassay results indicated that concentrations of dioxin-like compounds in the fish samples were below detection limit (0.64 pg/mL). The concentrations of OC pesticides and PCBs ranged from 0.67 to 13 and 0.24 to 1.4 ng/g wet wt., respectively. Significantly, concentrations of p,p'-DDE in fish meat were comparatively high (average 3.9 ng/g wet wt.) compared with the other OC pesticides. The daily fish consumption, based on a dietary survey conducted among 160 local healthy residents, was determined to be 105 g/person. The relevant cancer benchmark concentrations of HCB, dieldrin, chlordane, DDTs and PCBs were 0.36, 0.04, 1.6, 1.7, and 0.29 ng/kg per day, respectively, based on the local diet. The hazard ratios (HRs), based on non-cancer endpoints were all less than 1.0, while the HRs based on cancer were greater than 1.0 for certain contaminants based on the 95th centile concentration in fish tissue.     

Trace metals and organochlorines in sediments near a major ocean outfall on a high energy continental margin (Sydney, Australia)

Sewage effluent from a large ocean outfall south of Sydney, southeastern Australia, is efficiently dispersed on this high energy continental margin. An enrichment of Ag, Cu, Pb and Zn is only detectable in the fine fraction (<62.5 microm) of sediment. Ag, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in the bulk sample correlate strongly with the mud content of surficial sediment, making an identification of the anthropogenic trace metal source difficult using total sediment analyses. The concentrations of HCB and DDE in the total sediment are also slightly elevated near the outfall. In the vicinity of the outfall, the estimated sewage component in the fine fraction of sediment, using Ag, Cu and Zn in a conservative, two-endmember physical mixing model, is <5% and is <0.25% of the total sediment. A greater anthropogenic Pb component in the fine fraction (mean: 24.8%) of surficial sediment compared to Ag, Cu and Zn may suggest a source other than sewage to Sydney continental margin sediments.     

杭州西湖景区PM2.5中重金属来源及健康风险评价

研究了杭州西湖景区PM_(2.5)中12种重金属元素的污染特征、来源及健康风险。结果表明,2018年杭州西湖景区PM_(2.5)年均质量浓度为36.40μg/m~3,其中V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Nb、Ag、Sn、Pb的年均质量浓度分别为3.16、3.61、22.68、304.84、2.58、9.69、96.38、5.26、197.45、3.89、5.65、27.85ng/m~3,12种重金属元素合计占PM_(2.5)的质量分数为1.88%,总体上冬春季高于夏秋季。Cr、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、As、Pb主要来源于机动车尾气和交通二次扬尘,Sn主要来源于工业排放,V和Ni主要来源燃油,Nb和Ag来源未知。健康风险评价显示,杭州西湖景区PM_(2.5)中重金属的非致癌健康风险和致癌健康风险均处在安全范围内,表现出冬春季高于夏秋季的特征。     

Using Various Guidelines and Approaches for the Assessment of Marine Sediment Quality

The aim of the present study is to explore the implications of using different quality guidelines and approaches for marine sediment characterization. As a case study, the sediments of Souda Port, Crete, Greece, were examined in order to assess heavy metal contamination and to estimate anthropogenic contribution and potential adverse effects to aquatic environment, as well as to indicate feasible future management options. The concentration of six heavy metals (Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) was determined and compared with different sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) and regional/national criteria established for dredged material characterization and management. In addition, the geo-accumulation index (I_geo) was calculated and the sediments toxicity and heavy metals bioavailability were determined. Based on the experimental data, it is deduced that Souda sediments are characterized as moderately polluted only in terms of Co, Ni, and Pb.     

Environmental monitoring for PCB and heavy metals in the vicinity of a chemical waste disposal facility - I

As part of a long-term environmental monitoring programme, PCBs and heavy metals have been determined on a monthly basis in soil and foliage samples collected from 13 sites, generally located within a 2 km radius of a hazardous and toxic waste disposal facility that has been operating for over ten years. Data are presented for a seven month period, from June 1984 to December 1984, and the results compared with normal worldwide background values given in the literature, and with some isolated U.K. samples. The comparison showed that no elevations indicative of industrial pollution had occurred. A statistical evaluation of the data indicated that there was no correlation suggestive of an airborne mode of transportation from a point source, with respect to distance from the plant or to the predominant wind vectors. The results confirm that the waste disposal facility has had no detrimental effect on the environment.     

Sediment dioxin levels as the basis for risk assessment and human health criteria

Methods for assessing human health risks and establishing water quality criteria under the Clean Water Act are based on the assumption that fish accumulation of dioxin is correlated with the dissolved phase of the dioxin in the water column by a water-to-fish predictive factor called a bioconcentration factor. However, dioxin does not remain dissolved in the water column to any significant degree, but sorbs to organic matter in the water column and sediment. Under Toxic Substances Control Act regulations, dioxin's hydrophobicity is recognised, and fish dioxin levels are predicted with a solids-to-fish factor. These two different predictive methods can result in extremely variable predictions of fish contaminant levels. A methodology for establishing criteria under the Clean Water Act, which considers fish uptake of sorbed hydrophobic compounds by way of ingestion of contaminated sediment, is offered as an alternative to the methods used today.     

基于总量及有效态的铜陵矿区农田土壤重金属生态风险评价

于铜陵矿区采集147个农田土壤样品,分析土壤样品中Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn 4种重金属总量和有效态含量,探讨该地区农田土壤重金属的污染现状、潜在生态风险和来源,并基于不同类型农田土壤有效态重金属的风险评价提出农作物种植建议。结果表明:铜陵矿区农田土壤重金属平均值普遍高于铜陵市土壤背景值,局部地区潜在生态风险极大;4种重金属元素的单项潜在生态危害指数依次为CdCuPbZn,铜陵矿区农田土壤重金属的潜在生态风险程度为中等,Cd为最主要的潜在生态危害因子;基于有效态重金属对不同类型农田土壤进行潜在生态风险评价,春季农田土壤的综合潜在生态危害指数排序为油菜地蔬菜地麦地,秋季农田土壤的综合潜在生态危害指数排序为稻田蔬菜地。基于上述结果,建议在重金属污染程度较高的区域实施小麦-蔬菜轮作,而在蔬菜种植中选择对重金属吸收能力较低的种类或品种。     

Comprehensive assessment of toxic metals in urban and suburban street deposited sediments (SDSs) in the biggest metropolitan area of China

A set of toxic metals, i.e. As, Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Ni and Cr, in urban and suburban SDSs were investigated comparatively in the biggest metropolitan area of China, Shanghai. Results showed that all of the metals except As were accumulated greatly, much higher than background values. Geo-accumulation index indicated that metal contamination in urban SDSs was generally heavier than that in suburban SDSs. Potential ecological risk index demonstrated that overall risks caused by metals were considerable. Cd contributed 52% to the overall risk. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed that in urban SDSs, Zn, Ni, Cd, Pb, Cu and Cr were related to traffic and industry; coal combustion led to elevated levels of Hg; soil parent materials controlled As contents. In suburban SDSs, Pb, Cu, As and Cd largely originated from traffic pollution; Zn, Ni and Cr were associated with industrial contaminants; Hg was mainly from domestic solid waste.     

Heavy metals in soils from a typical industrial area in Sichuan,China: spatial distribution,source identification,and ecological risk assessment

Anthropogenic activities could result in increasing concentrations of heavy metals in soil and deteriorating in soil environmental quality. Topsoil samples from a typical industrial area, Shiting River Valley, Sichuan, Southwest China, were collected and determined for the concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd, As, and Hg. The mean concentrations of these metals were lower than the national threshold values, but were slightly higher than their corresponding background values, indicating enrichment of these metals in soils in the valley, especially for Cu, Zn, and Hg. The topsoils in this area demonstrated moderate pollution and low potential ecological risk. Principal component analysis coupled with cluster analysis was applied to analyze the data and identified possible sources of these heavy metals; the results showed that soil Cd, Hg, As, Cu, and Zn were predominantly controlled by human activities, whereas Cr was mainly from the parent material. The spatial distribution of the heavy metals varied distinctly and was closely correlated to local anthropogenic activities. Furthermore, the concentrations of heavy metals in the industrial land demonstrated relatively higher levels than those of other land use patterns. Soil metal concentrations decreased with the distance increase from the traffic highway (0–1.0 km) and water system (0–2.0 km). Additionally, soil properties, especially pH and soil organic matter, were found to be important factors in the distribution and composition of metals.     

Trace metals and organometals in selected marine species and preliminary risk assessment to human beings in Thane Creek area, Mumbai

Trace metals and organometals were estimated in different types of marine organisms (fish, bivalve, crab and prawn) collected from the Trans-Thane Creek area, Mumbai. Thane Creek area is considered as most polluted area due to industrial discharges. Potential risks associated with consumption of marine organisms collected from this particular area to human beings were assessed. Concentrations of ten trace elements (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in the edible part of marine organisms were analysed by atomic absorption spectrometer and differential pulse anodic stripping voltametric technique. Methyl mercury and tributyl tin were estimated using gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer in combination with solid phase micro extraction (SPME). An assessment of the risk on human beings due to consumption of marine organism was undertaken using toxic reference benchmark, namely the reference dose (RfD). The hazard index (HI), sum of hazard quotients calculated for all the pollutant showed that the risks from consumption of fish and marine organisms as a whole were generally low and are within safe limits.     

Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in sediment and human health risk assessment of heavy metals in fishes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin

The concentrations of heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Hg, Cu, Zn, Pb and As) in the water, sediment, and fish were investigated in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, China. Potential ecological risk analysis of sediment heavy metal concentrations indicated that six sites in the middle reach, half of the sites in the lower reach, and two sites in lakes, posed moderate or considerable ecological risk. Health risk analysis of individual heavy metals in fish tissue indicated safe levels for the general population and for fisherman but, in combination, there was a possible risk in terms of total target hazard quotients. Correlation analysis and PCA found that heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu, and Zn) may be mainly derived from metal processing, electroplating industries, industrial wastewater, and domestic sewage. Hg may also originate from coal combustion. Significant positive correlations between TN and As were observed.     

Multiple exposure pathways and health risk assessment of selenium for children in a coal mining area

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Selenium (Se) presents a dual role to human body, harmful or beneficial, depending on its concentration. The exposure to this element has been...     

Contamination of wild-grown edible mushrooms by heavy metals in a former mercury-mining area

The aim of this study was to evaluate the contamination of six edible wild species of mushrooms (Boletus pulverulentus, Cantharellus cibarius, Lactarius quietus, Macrolepiota procera, Russula xerampelina and Suillus grevillei) by heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Co, Mn and Fe). Mushroom samples were collected from sites contaminated by emissions from mining and processing of polymetallic ores in operation during the period 1969–1993 in Rudňany, southeast Slovakia. The four study sites spanned up to a 5-km distance from the emission source. The collected mushroom samples were analyzed using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry and/or Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry with graphite furnace. Mercury, Cd and, in some samples, also Pb present the highest risks in terms of contamination of the food chain following subsequent consumption. The content of two metals in the dry matter (dm) of the mushrooms exceeded the limits set by the European Union (EU; Cd: 0.5 mg/kg dm, Pb: 1.0 mg/kg dm). The highest mean contents of the eight metals recorded for S. grevillei were 52.2, 2.15, 107, 104, 2.27, 2.49, 81.6 and 434 mg/kg dm for Hg, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Mn and Fe, respectively. The highest content of Cd was recorded in M. procera (3.05 mg/kg dm) and that of Co in L. quietus (0.90 mg/kg dm). The calculated weekly intake for Hg, Pb and Cd shows that regular consumption of mushrooms from the studied area poses risks to human health.     

The use of peat in the historical monitoring of trace metals in the atmosphere

The concentrations of lead, zinc, copper, manganese, cadmium and calcium have been measured in three peat bogs. The distribution of Pb, Zn, Mn and Ca are dependent on the position and fluctuations of the water table. They all become depleted in the waterlogged, anaerobic zone. Copper and cadmium are uniformly distributed and appear to be immobilised, probably by the formation of metal/organic complexes, and independent of the acid and redox conditions existing in the bogs. The use of the concentration profiles of the metal ions as a means of historical monitoring of trace metal contamination is complex for Pb, Zn, Mn and Ca but may be more straightforward for Cu and Cd.     

鄱阳湖沉积物重金属质量基准研究及其生态风险评估

为有效保护鄱阳湖流域水环境质量和水生态系统健康,对鄱阳湖19个采样点的表层沉积物样品及其孔隙水中的4种典型重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd)含量及赋存形态进行了测定,利用相平衡分配法(EqPA)初步探讨了沉积物重金属质量基准,并以此为评价标准,采用潜在生态风险指数法对鄱阳湖沉积物重金属生态风险进行评估。基于物种敏感度分布(SSD)法确立的重金属水质基准,建立沉积物重金属质量基准低值(SQC-L,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd的SQC-L分别为57.37、49.40、98.51、2.74mg/kg)和高值(SQC-H,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd的SQC-H分别为140.86、710.45、189.06、47.20mg/kg),经过对比分析,推荐采用SQC-H和SQC-L为鄱阳湖流域沉积物重金属质量基准。以SQC-L为评价标准,采用潜在生态风险指数法,对鄱阳湖19个采样点的生态风险进行评估,发现鄱阳湖流域受到了一定程度重金属污染,主要集中在南部湖区,具有一定的生态风险。     

Bioconcentration of metals in the moss Scleropodium purum in the area surrounding a power plant. A geotopographical predictive model for mercury

Samples of the moss Scleropodium purum collected in 1995 and 1997 were used to biomonitor the deposition of metals in the area surrounding a thermal power plant. Significantly higher levels of Cu (p<0.05), Fe (p<0.01), As and Hg (p<0.001) were found in the 1997 samples than in the 1995 samples, due to changes in atmospheric conditions. The influence on bioconcentration of the orientation of the sampling sites relative to the source of emission was studied. It was found that the increase recorded in 1997 generally occurred in the sampling sites in the south east of the study area. Analysis of the effect of distance from the source of emission revealed that the increase in metal levels in 1997 took place close to the power station (10–30 km). Finally, multiple regression analysis was used to construct a model that related different topographical variables to the concentrations of Hg in moss. The model, constructed using the data collected in both sampling periods, included the orientation of the sampling sites relative to the source of emission as well as the height of sampling sites in 1995 and the distance from the emission point in 1997. The model allowed us to determine the extent of the area affected by deposition and to establish the magnitude of deposition.