复杂污染源下采煤沉陷区土壤重金属分布及行为特征

采用数理统计学、克里金插值等方法研究安徽淮北采煤沉陷区土壤中Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr、Ni、Pb、As和Hg等元素空间分布及其行为特征.结果表明:土壤中Zn平均值是农用地土壤污染风险筛选值的1.1倍,其他元素未超过筛选值.Cu富集在工业园区南部,Zn、As富集在两河交汇处、工业园区南部,Cd、Pb和Hg富集在沉陷区西部,Cr、Ni富集在沉陷区东部、西部;土壤剖面上Cu最大值出现在80 cm处,Ni最大值在40 cm处,其他元素最大值均在20 cm处.土壤中元素迁移程度为Cu最高,Zn、Cr、Hg和As最低;土壤中Cd活化率较高,达到27.1％,易被植物吸收富集.     

典型铝塑厂周边土壤重金属分布特征与健康风险评价

为探究铝塑园区周边土壤重金属污染情况,选取山东省某城市塑料开发区为研究区,按照分层采样方式获取到80个土壤样品,分别测定土壤中As、Cd、Hg、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn含量,运用统计分析法探讨土壤重金属等的分布特征和来源,并利用健康风险评价模型确定了土壤重金属对周边居民的健康风险。结果表明:As、Cd、Hg、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn均超出山东省土壤背景值,其中Cd、Hg、Cu和Pb分别超出背景值48. 15%、106. 90%、62. 04%和39. 96%,表明土壤中存在一定程度的重金属积累,在周边140～210 m处最为严重,且受人类活动影响强烈,与风向关系不大;土壤重金属垂直分布特征大致呈现随着深度的增加不断增加,在20 cm深度附近达到最高值,其后不断降低并趋于平稳,Cd、Hg、Cu、Pb和Zn变异幅度大,受到人为干扰较大,As、Cr和Ni主要受成土母质控制,属于自然来源,变动幅度较小;研究区内8种元素不存在非致癌风险,Cr、As、Ni和Cd产生的致癌风险处在可接受范围内,但存在的潜在致癌风险应引起足够的重视。     

长沙市某集中式饮用水水源地周边土壤重金属污染特征和风险评价

以长沙某河库兼用型饮用水水源地一、二级保护区土壤为研究对象,于2018年8月采用网格布点法在一级和二级保护区分别布设3个和7个采样点,在水源地历史采样区布设5个采样点,探究土壤中Cd、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni、Hg、As的含量分布及污染水平.结果表明:土壤中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn的含量均值分...     

新疆焉耆县耕地土壤重金属的空间分布及来源解析

在新疆焉耆县采集53个耕地土壤样品,测定其中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn的质量比,基于GIS技术研究其空间分布格局,运用多元统计分析法区分其主要来源。结果表明:焉耆县耕地土壤中Cd、Cr、Ni、Pb和Zn的质量比平均值分别超过新疆灌耕土背景值的0.50、0.40、0.33、1.63和3.92倍;在研究区内As、Cd、Pb质量比呈现由北向南逐渐升高趋势,Cr、Cu、Zn质量比呈现由北向南降低趋势,Mn和Ni质量比出现西部高值区;耕地土壤中As、Cd、Ni和Pb的来源主要受人类活动的影响,Cu和Mn的来源主要受土壤地球化学作用的控制,Cr和Zn的来源可能受人为污染与自然因素共同控制。     

内蒙古畜禽养殖场周边土壤重金属污染特征及评价

于2015年5—8月采集内蒙古自治区东部、中部和西部地区32个畜禽养殖场周边共160个土壤样品,分析8种重金属含量。通过单项污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法评价畜禽养殖场周边土壤重金属的污染程度,主成分分析重金属污染的成因和来源。结果表明,除Hg和As外,Cd、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn和Ni 6种重金属的平均值均高于内蒙古自治区土壤背景值,其中Cd是背景值的2. 14倍。单项污染指数评价表明,重金属Cd在东部畜禽养殖场周边土壤中呈中度污染,在中部和西部地区畜禽养殖场周边土壤中呈轻度污染。不同重金属元素平均污染程度为:Cd Pb Cr(Ni) Zn Cu As Hg。内梅罗综合污染指数评价表明,东部地区畜禽养殖场周边土壤污染最严重,为中度污染,中部和西部地区畜禽养殖场周边土壤均为轻度污染。不同地区畜禽养殖场周边土壤重金属内梅罗综合污染指数大小顺序为:东部地区(2. 27)西部地区(1. 52)中部地区(1. 35)。主成分分析结果显示,内蒙古不同地区畜禽养殖场周边土壤不同重金属的来源存在差异,其中Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn和Ni主要来源于畜禽粪便和冲洗禽舍等污水的不当排放; Hg主要来源于自然源。     

煤矿周边土壤重金属影响评价及来源分析

在麟游县郭家河煤矿下风向500 m范围内布设10个土壤采样点,测定其表层土中Zn、Cr、Pb、Cu、Cd、Hg和As7种元素的质量比,利用土壤综合质量影响指数法和富集因子法评价该煤矿周边土壤重金属影响状况,并应用Spearman相关分析法和主成分分析法分析污染来源。结果表明:Cu、Pb、Zn和Hg 4种重金属的平均质量比均高于陕西省土壤(A层)背景值和麟游县土壤环境背景值;距矿区10 m~150 m范围内7种元素富集状况受人类活动的影响较大;矿区Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、As和Hg元素均来自煤矿开采导致的"三废"污染及农药、化肥的使用,Cr主要受成土母质的控制。     

大宝山采矿活动对环境的重金属污染调查

调查了大宝山铁铜多金属矿床固体废弃物-水相互作用对环境的重金属污染,结果表明,矿床固体废弃物导致了水、土壤的重金属污染,污染元素主要有Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn等;重金属元素的水迁移强度由大至小顺序为Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cd、As、Pb、Hg;元素的生物吸收系数由大至小顺序为Cd、Zn、Hg、Ni、Cu、Cr、As、Pb,虽然水稻糙米中的重金属含量未超过国家标准,但Cd、Cr两种元素含量已远远超出了植物中毒量的下限值.     

青岛市不同功能区降雨径流重金属的特性分析

通过采集2014年9月28日青岛市4个不同功能区降雨径流样品,监测其重金属Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn的含量,并分析重金属之间的相关性、事件平均浓度(EMC)和初期冲刷现象等。结果表明:石油化工区降雨径流中Cd、Cu、Pb之间具有显著相关性,并且Zn、Cu、Pb之间亦具有显著相关性;重金属Cd、Pb是降雨径流中主要污染物,Pb具有交通强度越高含量越高的特点,Cd具有距离石油化工区越远含量越低的特点;降雨径流中Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn的初期冲刷效应不仅与汇水面积、下垫面材料有关,而且与重金属的类别有关。     

典型涉污企业周边土壤重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险评价

分析和评价典型涉污企业周边土壤环境质量,对于加强企业用地环境风险管控,实施土壤重金属污染精准防控,进一步保障农产品质量安全具有重要意义。以18类典型涉污企业周边土壤为研究对象,对475家企业周边的2 017个监测样点进行土壤重金属Cd、As、Pb、Hg、Cr、Cu、Zn和Ni元素含量测定,并采用主成分分析法、Hakanson 潜在生态风险指数法进行分析及评价。结果表明:典型涉污企业周边土壤重金属污染以Cd、Pb和As元素为主,各元素含量超过土壤污染风险筛选值的样品比例为9.82%~31.0%,超过土壤污染风险管控值的样品比例为4.46%~13.1%,其次是Zn、Cu、Hg和Ni,Cr无明显污染;主要污染元素Cd、Pb、As、Zn和Cu来自相同污染源且主要分布在有色金属矿采选业(B9)、黑色金属冶炼和压延加工业(C31)、有色金属冶炼和压延加工业(C32)、生态保护和环境治理业(N77)等行业企业周边;黑色金属冶炼和压延加工业(C31)、有色金属矿采选业(B9)、有色金属冶炼和压延加工业(C32)等行业企业周边土壤重金属潜在生态风险等级较高,中等风险及以上比例分别为76.0%、53.0%和54.1%。可见,典型涉污企业周边土壤重金属存在一定程度的污染,尤其是有色金属矿采选业(B9)等采矿业以及黑色金属冶炼和压延加工(C31)等制造业等,污染程度高,潜在生态风险大,需要加强监测和管控。     

南京市某垃圾填埋场重金属污染现状调查

对南京市某垃圾填埋场的垃圾、土壤、植物、炉渣等样品中Cu、Pb、Cr、Zn、Cd、Hg、As、Sb、Mn重金属含量进行分析。结果表明,垃圾填埋场的填埋土中Cu、Zn、As3种重金属含量分别高出自然土壤背景值86％、250％,300％。潜在生态危害指数法评价的污染状况为：Cd、As〉Hg〉Cu〉Pb〉Cr、Zn;Cd和As的毒性贡献较大,存在极高的潜在生态风险。     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

Hydrologic–Economic Model for Managing Irrigation Intensity in Irrigation Areas under Watertable and Soil Salinity Targets

This paper gives mathematical details and sample applications of SWAGMAN Farm (SWAGMAN, Salt Water and Groundwater Management), a farm-scale hydrologic economic model that integrates agronomic, climatic, irrigation, hydrogeological and economic aspects of irrigated agriculture. The model is capable of determining optimum mix of land use to keep watertable and soil salinity within acceptable limits while maximising the economic returns. Alternatively, the model can simulate water and salt balance and economics of a given cropping preference. Web-based and Geographic Information Systems versions of the model are available for integration with the environmental reporting systems of the irrigation areas.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定苏州开发区26种蔬菜中铜锌铁锰镍

用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了苏州开发区26种蔬菜中的铜、锌、铁、锰和镍的含量。蔬菜样品用硝酸高氯酸混合酸进行消解。4次测定值的相对标准差<5%,加标回收率在92%～107%之间。26种蔬菜中铜、锌、铁、锰、镍的含量基本均在世贸组织规定的范围内。     

Using Multiple Taxonomic Groups to Index the Ecological Condition of Lakes

Biological indicators of communitiestypically reflect a common environmental signalreflecting the general condition of the ecosystem, as well asindividual signals by indicators differentiallysensitive to particular environmental conditions. Wedescribe here a method of integrating and interpretingsuch indicators from 19 New England lakes for fivetaxonomic groups (diatoms, benthos, zooplankton, fish,and birds). Our approach provides a systematicstandardized way to integrate multiple metrics fromdifferent taxonomic groups by addressing four elementscrucial to analyzing data from multiple indicators: covariate control, re-scaling of data, standardizing the sign of responses, and dimensional reduction. We evaluated the biologicalmetrics against individual environmental stressors andagainst multivariate physicochemical metricscharacterizing general anthropogenic stress among thelakes. The method detected a response to variationin the gross environmental condition of the lakes thatwas correlated across taxa and metrics. In addition,a differential response to near shore conditions wasdemonstrated for fish. The success of the approach inthis study lends support to its general application toecological monitoring involving complex data sets.     

Concentrations of Cadmium, Mercury and Selenium in Blood, Liver and Kidney of Common Eider Ducks from the Canadian Arctic

We determined concentrations of selected trace elements inlivers, kidneys and blood samples from common eiders (Somateria mollissima borealis) from the eastern Canadianarctic during 1997 and 1998. Concentrations of totalmercury and organic mercury were generally low in the liversof these birds (less than 6 and 4 g g^–1 dry wt,respectively). Selenium ranged between 11–47 g g^–1 inlivers. Renal cadmium concentrations were among the highestever published for this species (range: 47–281 g g^–1). The regressions of log-transformed concentrations ofthese trace elements in blood samples on those in liver orkidney were significant (all P-values < 0.05) andpositive. However, except for organic mercury (RM ² = 0.83), the co-efficients of determination were low tomoderate (range of R ²: 0.26–0.52), suggesting poorto moderate predictive capability. Furthermore, therelationships between total mercury in blood and liverchanged between 1997 and 1998, suggesting that it would notbe possible to predict consistently, concentrations ofmercury in blood from those in liver based on samples takenin one year. Blood samples can be used to determineconcentrations of these trace elements in common eiders (andprobably other sea duck species as well). The use of bloodsamples is especially warranted when it is undesirable tokill the animal such as when working with rare or endangeredsea duck species or when the objective is to relate traceelement exposure to annual survival rates. However, thepredictive equations developed here should not be used topredict expected concentrations in one type of tissue fromthose in the other.