完善应急监测网络提高环境管理能力

阐述了建立广东省环境应急监测网络的重要性,以及加大对环境应急监测网络建设投入、配套信息系统及公告制度建设的要求、方法、程序,并从完善应急监测网络,建立应急监测法规体系,加强应急监测队伍建设等方面对广东省环境应急监测体系的发展方向进行了探讨。     

汶川特大地震环境应急监测回顾与思考

以汶川特大地震后成都市环境应急监测为案例,在回顾历时近3个月的环境应急监测基础上,围绕应急监测组织体系、方案制定、能力建设等内容进行了分析并提出了建议,旨在对建立我国应对特大自然灾害或环境污染事故的环境应急监测预警体系进行初探。     

环境应急监测中的信息系统建设

在分析环境应急监测现状和存在问题的基础上,阐述了在环境应急监测中实施信息化系统建设的重要性和必要性,构建了环境应急监测中信息系统建设的总体框架和建设内容,提出了建立环境监测数据共享系统、应急监测基础数据库系统、地理信息系统、应急决策支持系统、应急监测信息交流系统、视频监控系统、现场指挥调度系统、风险分析与评价系统、环境污染事故预警系统等信息系统,以此来提高环境应急监测的科学性和智能化水平。     

突发水环境污染事件防范与应急处置体系建设——以南京化学工业园区为例

简述了南京化学工业园区水环境现状,以及水污染应急设施建设情况。指出了目前存在园区企业生产废水预处理设施运行不稳定、化工园污水处理厂废水处理工艺亟待优化提高、园区储罐众多污染隐患巨大、化工园区内河流水质受到污染等问题,提出了水污染应急体制、环境安全风险防范机制、企业水污染防范设施、环境应急演练制度、环境应急事件处置工作信息交流平台、化工园区环境预警监控、监测网络等水环境污染防范与应急处置体系建设构想。     

浅议福岛核事故后我国的辐射环境监测

概述了日本福岛发生核事故后,日本及我国辐射环境应急监测及结果,分析了我国辐射应急监测中的问题,提出完善辐射环境监测网络,加强辐射自动监测站及开展针对性辐射监测能力建设,科学规范应急预案,提升快速监测技术,加强辐射监测全过程质量管理体系建设的建议与方法。     

关于克州突发性环境污染事故环境应急监测体系的思考

随着城市工业化的快速发展,突发性环境污染事故逐渐增多,因此,环境应急监测体系建设显得尤为重要.本文结合当前克州环境应急监测体系建设中存在的问题,提出了克州应急监测体系建设的对策建议.     

上海市突发性水环境污染事故应急监测能力建设

从硬件条件和软件能力两方面介绍了目前上海市突发性水环境污染事故应急能力的建设现状,从现场应急监测设备和专家库能力建设,污染事故风险源动态数据库建设等6个方面阐述了应急监测能力建设的工作程序,并对如何完善水环境应急监测能力建设进行了探讨。     

上海市环境应急监测体系建设的思考

从机构和运行管理、使用技术和方法、硬件配置和监测能力、人员配置和培训演练四个片面介绍了上海市突发环境事件应急监测体系的现状。提出了完善上海市应急监测体系的设想,包括建立全市一盘棋的应急监测网络、加快新技术研发和方法标准化、加强装备配置和管理、加快应急监测队伍建设、建立和完善技术支持平台、加强后勤保障等。     

关于省级生态环境监测机构发展规划的思考

在剖析新形势下生态环境监测发展形势需求的基础上,分析了生态环境监测机构发展在精准支撑环境管理、提升监测科研创新驱动力和建设高水平人才队伍等方面存在的问题。提出了以支撑、服务、引领生态环境决策管理为导向,深化制度建设、强化人才队伍、加强科研创新、夯实基础能力、打造特色亮点,全面提升核心竞争力的省级生态环境监测机构发展规划思路,以及环境监测预警能力建设、科研创新发展、人才队伍建设、体制机制建设等方面建设任务。为实现生态环境治理体系和治理能力现代化,全面改善生态环境质量提供有力支撑。     

环境应急监测管理体系研究

从环境应急监测制度建设和突发性环境事件应急预案两个方面就环境应急监测管理体系问题进行了论述。在制度建设方面主要介绍了环境应急事件应注意的几个问题及解决办法,从环境主管部门、企业、人员、装备及应对的方式方法等几个方面提出了自己的想法和观点。在突发性环境事件应急预案方面主要介绍了应包含的内容、制订要求及演练过程。     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

Hydrologic–Economic Model for Managing Irrigation Intensity in Irrigation Areas under Watertable and Soil Salinity Targets

This paper gives mathematical details and sample applications of SWAGMAN Farm (SWAGMAN, Salt Water and Groundwater Management), a farm-scale hydrologic economic model that integrates agronomic, climatic, irrigation, hydrogeological and economic aspects of irrigated agriculture. The model is capable of determining optimum mix of land use to keep watertable and soil salinity within acceptable limits while maximising the economic returns. Alternatively, the model can simulate water and salt balance and economics of a given cropping preference. Web-based and Geographic Information Systems versions of the model are available for integration with the environmental reporting systems of the irrigation areas.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定苏州开发区26种蔬菜中铜锌铁锰镍

用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了苏州开发区26种蔬菜中的铜、锌、铁、锰和镍的含量。蔬菜样品用硝酸高氯酸混合酸进行消解。4次测定值的相对标准差<5%,加标回收率在92%～107%之间。26种蔬菜中铜、锌、铁、锰、镍的含量基本均在世贸组织规定的范围内。     

Cyanobacterial Flora from Polluted Marine Shores

Citation of cyanobacterial cultures from the shores of south west coast of Gujarat, India and their relationship with sea water quality, influenced by extensive pollutant runoff is reported in this study. Intensity of pollution was evaluated by physico-chemical analysis of water. Higher load of suspended solids (60–1000 mg l⁻¹) and nutrients (PO₄ ⁻P: 1.3–4 μmole l⁻¹ and NO₃ ⁻N: 12.5–17.8 μmole l⁻¹) were persistent throughout the analysis. Community structure is seen to be influenced by such persistent pollution. Twenty nine cyanobacterial species were isolated belonging to 9 genera of 4 families, with an elevated occurrence of Oscillatoria and Lyngbya species. No heterocystous cyanobacteria were isolated throughout the study.     

Using Multiple Taxonomic Groups to Index the Ecological Condition of Lakes

Biological indicators of communitiestypically reflect a common environmental signalreflecting the general condition of the ecosystem, as well asindividual signals by indicators differentiallysensitive to particular environmental conditions. Wedescribe here a method of integrating and interpretingsuch indicators from 19 New England lakes for fivetaxonomic groups (diatoms, benthos, zooplankton, fish,and birds). Our approach provides a systematicstandardized way to integrate multiple metrics fromdifferent taxonomic groups by addressing four elementscrucial to analyzing data from multiple indicators: covariate control, re-scaling of data, standardizing the sign of responses, and dimensional reduction. We evaluated the biologicalmetrics against individual environmental stressors andagainst multivariate physicochemical metricscharacterizing general anthropogenic stress among thelakes. The method detected a response to variationin the gross environmental condition of the lakes thatwas correlated across taxa and metrics. In addition,a differential response to near shore conditions wasdemonstrated for fish. The success of the approach inthis study lends support to its general application toecological monitoring involving complex data sets.