生物炭在土壤中的老化及其吸附重金属的研究进展

综述了生物炭在土壤中的老化机制及主要影响因素方面的研究进展,指出生物炭的理化性质和结构表征在土壤中发生变化是其老化机制,生物炭的特性、土壤特性和环境条件等因素共同影响着生物炭的老化。总结了老化生物炭在土壤中对重金属吸附的影响,生物炭在老化过程中理化性质和结构表征的变化影响了生物炭-土壤体系对重金属的吸附,并且吸附能力因老化方式和重金属不同而存在差异。提出了开展多种重金属共存条件下老化生物炭的吸附效果和机理研究、针对生物炭田间实际老化过程对土壤重金属的吸附行为开展季节性和多年长期观测研究,以及对生物炭修复的重金属污染土壤在生物炭老化过程中可能造成的环境和健康风险开展综合、长期的跟踪研究与评估等展望。     

不同材料复合添加对土壤铬形态的影响

以铬污染黄壤为研究对象,选择有机材料（泥炭）、pH值调节剂（沸石）、生物炭（鸡粪）3种不同种类的土壤重金属污染改良剂,采用正交试验L9（34）设计和室内盆栽试验,考察不同复合材料组对土壤中重金属铬形态、pH值、有机质含量的影响。结果表明：沸石的添加提高了土壤pH值、有机质含量,增加了土壤可还原态、可氧化态铬含量;鸡粪的添加通过提高土壤pH值从而增加土壤可还原态铬的含量;泥炭的添加提高了土壤有机质含量、土壤可氧化态铬含量,降低了土壤可交换态铬含量。     

生物炭修复与改良矿区重金属污染土壤的研究进展

概述了生物炭制备的关键影响因素及对矿区重金属污染土壤修复与改良作用的研究进展,在此基础上分析了生物炭修复与改良矿区重金属污染土壤的机理,提出了开展生物炭在实际矿区污染场地的长期性与稳定性行为研究,以及探讨生物炭与不同土壤改良剂的优化组合等建议。     

改良河岸带土壤对Cu2+吸附的环境影响机制

通过添加质量比1％的生物炭(空心莲子草制备)、生物炭负载两性黏土两种材料改良川东北地区嘉陵江、渠江和涪江沿岸土壤,探索环境因素对改良土壤吸附Cu2+的影响.结果表明:当各改良河岸土样pH值为5、离子强度为0.05 mol/L、温度40℃时对Cu2+的吸附量达到最高,最大吸附量(qm)为85.38 mmol/kg～257...     

炭负载膨润土对河岸土铜迁移的影响模拟

采用质量分数为1%的生物炭(C)和生物炭负载膨润土( CB )改良嘉陵江、渠江和涪江(川渝段)8个不同河岸土样,并以土柱实验模拟铜在各改良土样中的迁移和形态变化特征(原土样作为对照)。结果表明：C和CB 的添加均有利于沿岸土对铜的吸附,吸附能力和穿透时间表现为CB 改良土样>C改良土样>原土样;各改良沿岸土样对铜吸附能力表现为上游土样强于下游。供试土柱中铜累积量为16.43 g/kg~56.54 g/kg,且表现为CB改良土样>C改良土样>原土样的趋势。铜结合形态以碳酸盐结合态比例最大,铁锰氧化态次之,可交换态和有机态较少。     

土壤污染修复技术研究进展

总结了当前针对污染土壤的物理化学、生物及联合修复技术研究进展,归纳了纳米材料、生物炭和表面活性剂等新兴修复材料的优缺点及应用情况。提出今后的研究方向为强化生物修复技术,开展联合修复技术、复合材料修复技术及土壤修复技术风险防范研究。     

畜禽粪肥施用对耕地土壤金属元素影响的Meta分析

基于Meta分析,研究畜禽粪肥类型、耕作方式和施肥量对土壤中Cu、Zn、Cd和As含量的影响。结果表明：畜禽粪肥(鸡粪、猪粪和牛粪)施用会显著提高耕地土壤中Cu、Zn、Cd和As含量,其平均含量的增幅分别可达18.14%、16.44%、16.61%和14.81%;与施用鸡粪和牛粪相比,施用猪粪土壤Cu含量增加显著,且其Zn和As含量的增幅也最高;高粪肥施用量(≥60 t/hm²)下土壤Cu、Zn和Cd含量的增幅均达35%以上,而低粪肥施用量(≤30 t/hm²)下其含量的增幅均低于20%;旱地和水旱轮作2种耕作方式下施用粪肥土壤中金属元素含量显著增加,而水田耕作方式下其含量无显著变化。     

中水对循环水处理剂缓蚀效果影响的实验研究

在循环冷却水系统中,水质的变化会影响水处理药剂的缓蚀性能,通过实验室的挂片腐蚀性能评价实验,获得不同中水比例对系统的腐蚀影响规律,并确定了发挥最佳缓释性能的水处理剂投加浓度。     

中药板蓝根废水生物毒性测定的影响因素研究

采用发光细菌法测定中药板蓝根废水的生物毒性,通过试验考察温度、暴露时间和pH值等对细菌相对发光度的影响。结果表明：在中性条件下,当温度为20℃时相对发光度最大,当温度为15℃和25℃时相对发光度较稳定,不易受环境因素影响;当暴露时间为15 min时,相对发光度较低,20 min时相对发光度不稳定,30 min～35 min时,相对发光度达到峰值并保持稳定。中药板蓝根废水生物毒性的适宜测定条件为pH值6～7.5,温度25℃,暴露时间30 min,快速测定时可调整为15 min。     

高效液相色谱-串联三重四级杆质谱法测定土壤中苦味酸和联苯胺

为测定被污染土壤中的低浓度苦味酸和联苯胺,研究建立了一种基于高效液相色谱-串联三重四级杆质谱检测技术的分析方法,实现了超声波乙酸乙酯溶剂萃取后直接进样的高效定性和定量检测。研究表明,在0.5～100.0μg/L质量浓度范围内,目标化合物的线性关系良好(r0.999 9),苦味酸、联苯胺的检出限分别为0.16、0.30μg/kg,精密度相对标准偏差为1.5%～5.8%,加标回收率范围为70.1%～111.0%。该方法灵敏度高、前处理步骤简便,适用于低含量苦味酸和联苯胺的土壤测定。实验表明,以碱性木素为原料,采用热解法在氮气氛围下600℃煅烧得到的生物质炭,对土壤中联苯胺的去除率高达98.2%,对苦味酸的去除率超过50%,可有效实现污染土壤的修复。     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定苏州开发区26种蔬菜中铜锌铁锰镍

用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了苏州开发区26种蔬菜中的铜、锌、铁、锰和镍的含量。蔬菜样品用硝酸高氯酸混合酸进行消解。4次测定值的相对标准差<5%,加标回收率在92%～107%之间。26种蔬菜中铜、锌、铁、锰、镍的含量基本均在世贸组织规定的范围内。     

Using Multiple Taxonomic Groups to Index the Ecological Condition of Lakes

Biological indicators of communitiestypically reflect a common environmental signalreflecting the general condition of the ecosystem, as well asindividual signals by indicators differentiallysensitive to particular environmental conditions. Wedescribe here a method of integrating and interpretingsuch indicators from 19 New England lakes for fivetaxonomic groups (diatoms, benthos, zooplankton, fish,and birds). Our approach provides a systematicstandardized way to integrate multiple metrics fromdifferent taxonomic groups by addressing four elementscrucial to analyzing data from multiple indicators: covariate control, re-scaling of data, standardizing the sign of responses, and dimensional reduction. We evaluated the biologicalmetrics against individual environmental stressors andagainst multivariate physicochemical metricscharacterizing general anthropogenic stress among thelakes. The method detected a response to variationin the gross environmental condition of the lakes thatwas correlated across taxa and metrics. In addition,a differential response to near shore conditions wasdemonstrated for fish. The success of the approach inthis study lends support to its general application toecological monitoring involving complex data sets.     

Concentrations of Cadmium, Mercury and Selenium in Blood, Liver and Kidney of Common Eider Ducks from the Canadian Arctic

We determined concentrations of selected trace elements inlivers, kidneys and blood samples from common eiders (Somateria mollissima borealis) from the eastern Canadianarctic during 1997 and 1998. Concentrations of totalmercury and organic mercury were generally low in the liversof these birds (less than 6 and 4 g g^–1 dry wt,respectively). Selenium ranged between 11–47 g g^–1 inlivers. Renal cadmium concentrations were among the highestever published for this species (range: 47–281 g g^–1). The regressions of log-transformed concentrations ofthese trace elements in blood samples on those in liver orkidney were significant (all P-values < 0.05) andpositive. However, except for organic mercury (RM ² = 0.83), the co-efficients of determination were low tomoderate (range of R ²: 0.26–0.52), suggesting poorto moderate predictive capability. Furthermore, therelationships between total mercury in blood and liverchanged between 1997 and 1998, suggesting that it would notbe possible to predict consistently, concentrations ofmercury in blood from those in liver based on samples takenin one year. Blood samples can be used to determineconcentrations of these trace elements in common eiders (andprobably other sea duck species as well). The use of bloodsamples is especially warranted when it is undesirable tokill the animal such as when working with rare or endangeredsea duck species or when the objective is to relate traceelement exposure to annual survival rates. However, thepredictive equations developed here should not be used topredict expected concentrations in one type of tissue fromthose in the other.     

Impact of Pollution Caused by Uranium Production on Soil Macrofauna

Thirty years of mining and milling activities of the Priargunsky Mining-Chemical Production Company (South-Eastern Siberia, Russia) have resulted in an enrichment of uranium in adjacent steppe soils by a factor of up to 600. A number of attendant pollutants (thorium, arsenic and heavy metals) also have high concentrations in the soil. To estimate the effects of this pollution on soil-living macroinvertebrates, pitfall trapping and core sampling were applied. The element composition of four beetle species was analysed. Soil macroinvertebrates had 3–37 times lower abundance and biodiversity at the contaminated sites compared with the control. Ground beetle communities at the contaminated sites were reduced compared to the control site. The concentrations of uranium and arsenic in beetles collected at the contaminated sites were 2–41 and 2–26 times higher, respectively, than at the control site. There is strong evidence that the contamination caused by uranium production has severe negative biological effects on important groups of the soil food web.     

Eutrophication and Sedimentation Patterns in Complete Exploitation of Water Resources Scenarios: An Example from Northwestern Semi-arid Mexico

Water requirements to supply human needs lead water stakeholders to store more water during surplus periods to fulfil the demand during – not only – scarcity periods. At the reservoirs, mostly those in semi-arid regions, water level then fluctuates extremely between rises and downward during one single year. Besides of water management implications, changes on physical, chemical and biological dynamics of these drawdown and refilling are little known yet. This paper shows the results, throughout a year, on solids, nutrients (N and P), chlorophyll-a, and sedimentation changes on the dynamics, when the former policy was applied in a reservoir from the semi-arid Northwestern Mexico. Water level sinusoidal trend impinged changes on thermal stratification and mixing, modifying nutrient cycling and primary producer responses. According to nitrogen and phosphorus concentration as well as chlorophyll-a, reservoir was mesotrophic, becoming hypertrophic during drawdown. Nutrient concentrations were high (1.22 ± 0.70 and 0.14 ± 0.12 mg P l⁻¹), increasing phosphorus and lowering N:P significantly throughout the study period, although no intensive agricultural, no urban development, neither industrial activities take place in the watershed. This suggests nutrient recycling complex mechanisms, including nutrient release from the sediment–water interface as the main nutrient pathway when shallowness, at the same time as mineralization, increases. Outflows controlled nitrogen and phosphorus availability on the ecosystem while organic matter depended on river inflows. As on other subtropical aquatic ecosystems, nitrogen limited primary productivity (Spearman correlation R = 0.75) but chlorophyll-a seasonal pattern showed an irregular trend, prompting other no-nutrient related limitants. Shallowness induced a homogeneous temporal pattern on water quality. This observed temporal variability was mainly explained statistically by changes on solids (mineral and organic), chlorophyll-a and flows (62.3%). Annual sedimentation rates of total solids ranged from 11.73 to 16.29 kg m⁻² year⁻¹ with organic matter comprising around 30%. N:P ratio on sedimentation rates were as high as could be expected in a resuspension dominated ecosystem, and spatially inverse related with N:P ratio on bottom sediments. Distance from river inlet into the reservoir reveals a marked spatial heterogeneity on solid and nitrogen sedimentation, showing the system dependence on river inflows and supporting resuspension as the main phosphorus pathway. Accretion rates (2.19 ± 0.40 cm year⁻¹) were not related to hydrological variability but decreased with the distance to the river input. Total sediment accumulation (9,895 tons km⁻² year⁻¹) denotes siltation as other serious environmental problem in reservoirs but possibly not related with operational procedures.