双室双层浮动床除盐工艺的应用

本文主要介绍双室以浮档除盐工艺应用于我厂除盐水站改造工程的设计及运行经验，说明了强、弱型树脂联合除盐工艺和双室双层浮动床的技术经济优越性，并且在实践中检验了双室双层浮动床的体内清洗技术和除盐装置的程序控制系统。     

新疆土壤盐渍化成因及其防治对策研究

论述了新疆土壤盐渍化形成的地质、地貌、土壤质地和人为灌溉方式不合理等原因,说明土壤盐渍化是一种自然现象。通过调查,目前新疆盐渍化土壤主要有稳定脱盐型、脱盐聚盐混合型、脱盐聚盐反复型、持续聚盐型和灌溉聚盐型,其中脱盐聚盐混合型和脱盐聚盐反复型分布最为广泛,稳定脱盐型仅分布于竖井排灌区。总结了新疆土壤盐渍化的治理研究过程及国内外防治土壤盐渍化的措施,提出了竖井排灌工程是防治新疆土壤盐渍化最有效的措施。通过工程实例,证明了竖井排灌具有降低地下水位和灌溉作用,且经济效益明显。     

高矿化度矿井水饮用处理新方案探讨

在分析常规高矿化度矿井水处理方案的基础上提出分质供水和终端除盐两种新方案,以实例进行了经济分析,认为“分质供水,建立矿区小型脱盐段质饮用水站,桶装供应”经济可行,这在其它特殊矿井水饮用处理中同样具有参考价值。     

河北某钢铁公司废水处理及回用可行性研究

水源短缺问题已经成为困扰河北某钢铁公司发展的主要因素,而废水的大量排放对环境造成污染,影响城市居民的饮水安全。通过澄清、过滤、除盐等处理工艺,将厂区排放的废水进行集中处理并回用于生产,即解决了水源短缺的问题,节约大量新水,又减轻了污水排放对环境的污染。该处理工程具有良好的经济效益和环境效益,是完全必要且可行的。     

苦咸水淡化处理方法探讨

针对苦成水的淡化水处理方法,分别介绍了不同方法的原理、试用性和优缺点。通过对各种方法的对比,采用反渗透膜法对不同古盐量的苦成水进行脱盐淡化处理,具有较强的适应性。膜分离技术中的反渗透法是较其他方法更为合理、有效的苦咸水淡化技术。     

电吸附组合工艺在炼油污水回用中的研究与应用

采用生物深度处理-过滤-电吸附除盐组合工艺对炼油二级生化排污进行深度处理,中试和工业应用试验结果表明:该组合工艺具有较好的抗石油类有机物污染的能力,电吸附除盐设备核心部件预期使用寿命长,产水可以直接回用于循环水作补水,浓水达到国家一级排放标准,可以直接排放。该工艺不产生二次污染,属于绿色环保工艺。     

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰处置技术与应用瓶颈

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰富含二噁英、重金属和可溶盐,属于危险废物,需进行无害化处理。但当前垃圾焚烧产业普遍存在“重烟气、轻飞灰”问题,造成飞灰处置技术和能力不足,已成为当前制约垃圾焚烧产业发展的重要瓶颈。综述了飞灰的产生、物化特性以及处置技术。重点介绍了当前普遍采用的3种处理方式以及技术应用难点,包括螯合稳定耦合填埋、水洗脱盐耦合水泥窑协同处置和熔融玻璃化处理等,以期为垃圾焚烧飞灰的无害化处置行业提供技术参考。     

东江流域水利工程对流域地表水文过程影响模拟研究

东江流域为香港及广州等特大城市的重要水源地,新丰江、枫树坝与白盆珠三大水库对东江全流域水资源有控制性调蓄作用,加上人类活动影响,导致东江流域地表径流发生显著变异.研究分析东江流域上中下游水利工程建成前、后径流在时间与空间的变异特征,对水利工程与人类活动影响的东江流域水资源管理提供重要依据.基于此,选取多元线性回归、神经网络与支持向量机等模型模拟水利工程建成前的径流变化,研究认为:①神经网络为水利工程建成后径流变化模拟的最优模型;②水利工程建成后,流域径流变异特征分两阶段:1974-1982年流域水文变异不显著,水利工程影响不大;1983-2000 年径流变异显著,水利工程削峰填谷作用明显;③东江流域龙川、岭下、博罗站水文变化均受水利工程调蓄影响,但影响程度各异:博罗站水文变化受水利工程影响最大,岭下站次之,龙川站受影响最小.另外,在水利工程调蓄作用影响下,东江流域月径流变化幅度趋于平坦,在一定程度上降低了洪水风险及减少了极端气候条件对东江流域水资源供给造成的负面影响.     

工业废水污染治理途径与技术研究发展需求

根据工业废水的特点,构建科学合理的废水处理模式,不断完善和发展废水处理技术及水质安全评价与管理技术是水环境污染防治领域的重要课题. 在分析工业废水特点和阐述废水污染治理基本策略与途径的基础上,重点介绍了工业废水处理特性评价、工艺优选方法、水质安全管理等方面的研究进展,并探讨了废水污染治理思路和技术的发展方向. 指出工业废水污染治理应实现以下5个方面的转变和发展,即处理模式从不同种类废水混合收集集中处理向分类收集分别处理优先转变;研究开发从重视废水处理单一技术研发向同时重视废水处理技术集成与处理工艺优化方法研究转变;水质有机污染评价从重视综合浓度指标向同时关注和重视“有机物特征指标”转变;废水排放控制指标从重视常规指标向同时关注和重视水质安全和综合生物毒性指标转变;工艺设计理念从“处理工艺”向“生产工艺”转变.      

纳滤膜截留特性与膜基本特征之间关系的研究

选择DF10、DF30、DF90 3种纳滤膜对无机盐(NaCl和CaCl_2)、微量有机物(药物及个人护理品)、富里酸溶液进行纳滤实验,考察具有不同物理化学特性的膜对不同种类溶质的截留能力差异.结果表明,膜孔大小和带电量共同决定了纳滤膜对无机物的截留率,而微量有机物和天然有机物的截留率主要由膜孔径决定.膜活性层厚度很大程度上影响了膜的透水系数;膜的透水系数与NaCl截留率呈现负相关;膜的截留分子量越小,其对有机物的截留率越高;脱盐(NaCl)能力不一定正相关于有机物截留率,也不正相关于CaCl_2截留率.研究发现,DF30具有低无机物截留、高有机物截留的特性,这与其截留分子量适中、膜表面电荷密度低、活性层厚度小等物化性质密切相关.     

橡胶促进剂生产废水处理工艺设计

对多种橡胶促进剂生产过程中产生的废水按特征因子的不同进行分质处理。其中,高盐废水采用蒸发的方法进行脱盐预处理;高浓度废水采用微电解_Fenton氧化-絮凝沉淀法进行预处理;难处理废水进行预处理后,与中低浓度废水混合后进入生物处理,生物处理采用水解酸化、ABR、氧化沟联合处理工艺,处理后出水可达到国家污水综合排放三级标准。     

水厂常规净化工艺生物处理化可行性的探讨

水厂常规净化处理工艺,存在不能有效地去除有机污染物,以及易生成致突变物的严重缺陷。因此,一般要增加臭氧一生物活性炭设施以处理被污染的原水。本文在分析试验数据的基础上,提出原水经生物塔滤预处理后,再经生物处理设施改造过的常规处理设备处理,最后通过生物活性炭滤池过滤并加氯消毒。即可实现水厂常规净水工艺的生物处理化,将是一种合理而可行的处理系统。     

Water conservation through energy management

The objective of this paper is the simultaneous management of two important industrial resources – energy and water. A class of industrial processes where heat transfer is accompanied by mass transfer (water evaporation and condensation) are concerned, and special attention is given to them where the transfer of heat is a limiting stage. These processes are considered not in isolation but in integration with all related processes and subsystems. More specifically, the set of processes and subsystems include cooling systems, systems of contact economizers for flue gas energy recovery, scrubbers, direct steam heaters, driers, related systems of coolers and the heat exchanger networks. The proposed preliminary design procedure is based on concepts and tools related to Pinch technology especially modified for consideration of simultaneous heat and mass transfer. The manipulated parameters include process' latent and sensible heat loads and systems' structural changes with efficiency criteria allowing sacrifice of quantity for quality of performance. Two specific procedures allow targeting of maximum flue gas energy recovery and minimum temperature of cooling water providing guidance to structural design and system operation. The application of the proposed methodology is designed to achieve water conservation through minimization of water evaporation losses. Its significance is demonstrated through three popular industrial applications (a power station, a brewery and a tissue factory).     

Pre-oxidation enhanced cyanobacteria removal in drinking water treatment: A review

Cyanobacterial bloom has many adverse effects on source water quality and drinking water production. The traditional water treatment process can hardly achieve satisfactory removal of algae cells. This review examines the impact of pre-oxidation on the removal of cyanobacteria by solid-liquid separation processes. It was reported that the introduction of chemical oxidants such as chlorine, potassium permanganate, and ozone in algae-laden water pretreatment could improve algae removal by the subsequent solid-liquid separation processes. However, over dosed oxidants can result in more serious water quality risks due to significant algae cell lysis and undesirable intracellular organic matter release. It was suggested that moderate pre-oxidation may enhance the removal of cyanobacteria without damaging algae cells. In this article, effects of moderate pretreatment on the solid-liquid separation processes (sedimentation, dissolved air flotation, and membrane filtration) are reviewed.     

以回用为目标的污水深度处理组合工艺及其发展

通过对现有各种污水回用深度处理工艺进行归纳整理,概要介绍了国内外城市污水回用深度处理传统工艺及其发展状况,重点阐述了膜分离技术与污水深度处理工艺的集成与组合在污水回用中的应用,指出了污水回用工艺的优化组合与集成对缓解淡水资源短缺、实施水资源的可持续利用具有深远的战略意义。     

隐孢子虫病及其水媒传播控制

综述了隐孢子虫和隐孢子虫病的特性，症状和传播途径，水媒传播的重要案列及其为水工业和水源保护带来的启示。介绍了隐孢子虫的检测方法和相应水质指标的研究现状；给水工业中控制隐孢子虫病传播的主要手段。     

Development and application of innovative technologies for drinking water quality assurance in China

The continuously deteriorating quality of source water is threatening the safety of drinking water in China. Various efforts have been made to update water treatment processes to decrease the pollution problems of drinking water, such as protection of drinking water sources, enhancement of conventional treatment processes, and development of new or advanced treatment technologies. This paper reviews a variety of protection and remediation methods for drinking water sources, development and application of drinking water treatment technologies, new technologies for special pollutants removal from groundwater, and the latest research progress on water distribution systems in China.     

Coping with change: responses of the Uzbek water management regime to socio-economic transition and global change

Water management in Uzbekistan (Central Asia) is facing tremendous challenges. They are rooted in past and present environmental degradation, the socio-economic transition after the breakup of the Soviet Union, and the impacts of climate change. The Uzbek government has initiated reforms in the agricultural and water sectors to steer the socio-economic transition and address the threats of increasing water scarcity and decreasing agricultural productivity. However, despite the urgency of the problems and massive international assistance changes to the water management regime have only been minimal so far. In this paper we identify major structural barriers for adaptation of the water management regime through an analysis of two recent policy processes. Both processes address pressing water management issues such as “coping with extreme events” and “providing water for ecosystems”. They were analyzed using the Management and Transition Framework as well as a group model building exercises with stakeholders on the national, regional and local levels. The analyses reveal a lack of vertical integration across administrative levels of the formal system and a still prevailing strong centralization of water management. Moreover the water management regime is strongly influenced by informal institutions that shape the outcomes of policy processes. The interactions guided by informal institutions provide an informal link between different administrative levels of the regime. However, those informal networks and the social capital embedded in them rather prevent needed changes. The resulting combination of top down institutional change initiated by socio-economic transition and bottom-up consolidation of the existing status quo via informal processes and networks prevents social learning. It also slows down an adaptation process that potentially could lead to a transition towards a more adaptive regime.     

汾河源区不同景观带水文过程研究

目前水源区景观带尺度水文过程机制研究还非常薄弱.针对山西汾河流域水环境恶化,迫切需要解决的水问题.应用同位素示踪、水文地质勘察、水化学信号等研究方法,揭示汾河源区景观带尺度水文过程机制.结果表明,汾河水源区亚高山草甸带与中高山森林带是汾河源区主要径流形成区,而疏林灌丛带与山地草原带在时间上滞后了雨季降水的汇集.源区径流主要由降雨、地下水、积雪和冻土融水混合补给.流域内降水很少直接产生地表径流补给河流,而是经过各景观带下渗,转换成壤中流、孔/裂隙水或地下径流,最终汇入河道,完成"补径排"水文过程.这一研究可为汾河流域水环境恶化的遏制提供科学依据与参考,以期实现山西清水复流和生态环境的全面修复.     

气-水两相砂介质中饱和度-毛细压力关系与水位波动之间的响应

利用时域反射仪（TDR）与微型张力计（T5）联用装置,测定气-水两相砂介质中因水位波动产生的连续干燥与湿润循环过程中饱和度-毛细压力（S-p）关系曲线.同时,研究了多重水位波动对S-p关系曲线、孔隙流体运移的滞后性及空气剩余饱和度的作用.结果表明,TDR、T5和数据自动采集器联用装置可较准确测量出气-水两相条件下S-p关系的动态变化.同一介质中不同干燥过程的侵入压值比较接近,与干燥过程的初始水饱和度无关;而干燥或湿润过程的S-p关系曲线和滞后程度则与其初始水饱和度密切相关.在特定的干燥和湿润循环过程中,初始水饱和度大小对空气剩余饱和度的值影响不大,用于预测非湿润相流体剩余饱和度的Land的假设需要修正.本研究结果对进一步研究水位波动条件下地下有机污染物运移具有借鉴作用,可为修正NAPL Simulator 提供实验依据.