基于玫瑰花图的地下水三氮基线值测定方法

环境系统具有开放性、不确定性,环境基线值受到人类活动影响大,根据三氮基线值的特征属性,建立一种新的求解方法:基于玫瑰花图的基线值求解方法,定义污染扰动系数及建立模型求解模型,得出陕北神符矿区地区的地下水基线值范围.     

直接采样-智能预控图法快速采集固定污染源挥发性有机物

建立一种可用于固定污染源废气中挥发性有机物样品快速采集的直接采样-智能预控图法.该方法基于气袋能够采集到具有代表性全组分样品的特点,以目标化合物的含量能够在分析方法线性范围内准确定量为目的,利用分析方法的检出限、曲线范围、曲线中间点及可接受误差范围、排放标准限值及样品初步估计浓度建立预控图模型,通过预控图智能绘制和结果...     

染色体步行PCR技术

染色体步行是一种常用的克隆已知基因旁侧序列的技术.本文综述了现有的染色体步行PCR技术,如反向PCR、锅柄PCR、连接介导PCR、热不对称PCR、SON PCR等,并在此基础上提出了一种新的染色体步行PCR技术的构思.它运用特异引物与随机引物的搭配,在普通PCR程序下扩增目的序列.实验中设置相应随机引物的RAPD对照,识别非目的扩增产物.文中介绍了新方法的原理,分析了这种方法的优缺点.这种方法可能是一种新的有效进行染色体步行的PCR技术,国内外尚未见相关报道.图2参26     

促进废物再循环：事实与数字

促进废物再循环：事实与数字再循环这一术语描述了范围广泛的工业活动和非工业活动，涉及很多材料与产品．方框１中描述了各种类型的再循环及其一些专用词汇．再循环依据的原理很简单：废物应当视为一种资源，因而同时减少对自然资源的需求和需要最终处置的废物量（图１）...     

白光散斑法原理及其发展

白光散斑法——一种较新的用于力学实验分析的方法,从其发展历程出发,简述其在40多年里的发展历史和其目前在中国国内的发展研究现状,并就其基本原理,位移信息提取的两种方法即逐点分析法和全场分析法,做了简要叙述.简单的介绍了白光散斑法的实际测量过程,并简要总结其自身独特的优势、适用的领域和其今后大体发展的趋势.图1,参27.     

X射线荧光法测定模拟固硫剂及煤灰中的硫含量

本文建立了一种快速测定模拟固硫剂或灰渣中硫含量的方法.线性响应范围为:1％—30％.测定相对误差在±10％之内.采用本法可一次测定样品中硫的各种形态的含量. 本文还建立了一种新的制样方法——涂膜法.较之常规的压片法,需要样品量只有十分之一.同时,改进了测量精度,扩大了测量范围.使利用X射线荧光法测定低含量硫(<0.1％)成为可能.     

PVA-SbQ固定叶绿体及其生物传感器在检测除草剂中的应用

聚乙烯－苯乙烯吡啶（PVA－SbQ）是一种新的光敏聚合物，在紫外光诱导下形成大分子网状结构，电镜照片显示PVA－SbQ固定的新鲜菠菜叶绿体－20℃贮存6mo后，内，外膜结构完整，类囊体膜排列整齐，还原DPIP的能力保留50％，将叶绿体膜固定在铂电极上，制成生物传感器，在含0．035H2O2的50mmol L^-1,pH7.4Tris-HCl缓冲液中，25℃条件下用示差脉冲伏安法检测除草剂，在0－1.0 μg/L浓度范围，百草枯，敌草隆，扑草净和阿特闰津具有较好的线性关系。图6参29     

胶州湾多毛类环节动物数量分布与环境因子的关系

根据1998~2002年胶州湾10个站各季度大型底栖动物调查结果,讨论了多毛类环节动物在各站出现种数、生物量、栖息密度与环境因子的关系.结果表明,海底底质是影响多毛类数量分布与变化的重要因子,沙质软泥有利于多毛类生长,而粗沙砾石底质多毛类分布较少;春季多毛类种数、生物量和栖息密度均较高;在一定条件下,盐度是多毛类的限制因子,当盐度升高时,其生物量和栖息密度呈增加趋势.图2表6参14     

用剪力图面积法绘制弯矩图

在建筑力学中,弯矩图的绘制是结构设计的基础和依据.通过对梁上外荷载与内力间微积分关系及函数图形的研究,找到了剪力图与弯矩图的内在规律,得到一种绘制弯矩图的新方法——剪力图面积法,应用这种方法可大大提高作图速度和效率.图1,表1,参6.     

一种新型高选择性检测镁离子的荧光增强型探针

合成了一种新的镁离子荧光探针1(α-(喹啉-8-氧基)-乙酰水杨醛腙)(α(quinolin-8-yloxy)-acetyl salieyl hydrazone).探针1的乙醇溶液只发非常微弱的荧光,加入镁离子后在400-500nm的波长范围可以观察到65倍的荧光增强,而加入其它碱金属或碱土金属离子则不会引起荧光光谱的...     

围填海的海洋环境影响国内外研究进展

围填海是通过人工修筑堤坝、填埋土石方等工程措施将天然海域空间改变成陆地以拓展社会经济发展空间的人类活动,它是当前我国海岸开发利用的主要形式。大规模围填海在产生巨大的社会经济效益的同时,也给海洋生态环境造成了深远的影响,受到了国内外学者的广泛关注。文章在系统收集了国内外围填海的海洋环境影响研究报道成果的基础上,分别从：①围填海对滨海地形地貌、湿地景观的影响研究;②围填海对近岸海域水动力环境的影响研究;③围填海对滨海湿地退化与生态功能的影响研究;④围填海对近岸海洋生态系统结构与功能的影响;⑤围填海对海洋渔业资源衰退的影响等5个方面深入分析了围填海的海洋环境影响国内外研究进展及其存在的主要问题。并剖析了加强围填海的海洋环境监测与评估,实施围填海的海洋生态环境修复与生态补偿等国际围填海研究新趋势。针对围填海的海洋环境影响国内外研究现状和发展趋势,提出加强对集中连片围填海区域的长期累积效应研究、加强围填海对海洋生态环境结构功能影响过程及机理研究、加强多学科交叉在围填海海洋环境影响方面的综合研究等相关建议。     

大亚湾惠州岸段城市化发展与海岸带生态系统保护协调研究

在分析海岸带生态系统结构、功能特点的基础上，指出大亚湾惠州岸段可持续发展的途径就是实现经济开发与海岸带生态环境保护之间的协调发展，为此，提出了区域生态－－经济系统综合效益表达工，并运用该表达式，从大亚湾海水环境保护的角度出发，得出了惠州大亚湾沿岸地区在１９９４年－２０１０年间工业发展的合理速度。     

Survival and heterotrophic activities of Fraser River and Strait of Georgia bacterioplankton within the Fraser River plume

Although the majority of the autochthonous heterotrophic bacterioplankton of the lower Fraser River appear to be killed when placed in Strait of Georgia marine water, their marine counterparts within Strait of Georgia surface water remain viable when treated with Fraser River water. However, within the plume water which naturally results when the freshwater of the Fraser River mixes with marine water of the Strait of Georgia, a stimulation in glucose heterotrophic activities occurs within the salinity range of approximately 3–18S. These increased bacterioplankton activities may be a consequence of a better nutrient environment within plume waters as compared to either parent water.     

Landbased Pollution Sources and Marine Environmental Quality in the Caribbean

The near shore coastal and marine environment of several Caribbean islands is their most biologically productive and economically important zone. However, almost all landbased activities possess the real potential of degrading the quality of near shore waters and ultimately diminishing the utility of the marine resource. This condition is largely attributed to the individual smallness of the islands and their geographic proximity to each other.

Available sanitary water quality data from across the region indicated that while recreational areas are in general safe for water contact activities, bacterial densities in excess of several international criteria are consistently recorded in harbours. Organochlorine pesticide residues were generally in the 5 ng l^-1 range in unfiltered sea water but were significantly higher (1-100) ng g^-1 in limited samples of sediment and biota. Additional data requirements to gain further insight into the current state of the Caribbean environment are also identified.

A summary of the major land based sources of marine pollution (including sewage, industrial effluents and agricultural run-off) in the insular Caribbean is presented.     

多环芳烃对海洋贝类多生物水平毒性效应的研究进展

多环芳烃类化合物(PAHs)是海洋中常见的一类持久性有机污染物,对海洋生态安全及海洋生物健康造成严重威胁。海洋贝类作为海洋生态毒理学研究的模式生物,其滤食性、固着性等生理特点使其对PAHs具有较高的生物蓄积能力,可以在不同生物水平产生一系列的毒性效应。本文综述目前PAHs在海洋贝类多种生物水平所造成的生物毒性效应及其检测方法的研究进展,重点从个体生理特征、组织结构、细胞毒性和基因毒性4个层次展开讨论,为更有效地利用海洋贝类这一模型生物,深入开展PAHs对海洋生物的致毒效应与机制研究提供思路与检测方法参考。     

Landbased Pollution Sources and Marine Environmental Quality in the Caribbean

Abstract

The near shore coastal and marine environment of several Caribbean islands is their most biologically productive and economically important zone. However, almost all landbased activities possess the real potential of degrading the quality of near shore waters and ultimately diminishing the utility of the marine resource. This condition is largely attributed to the individual smallness of the islands and their geographic proximity to each other.

Available sanitary water quality data from across the region indicated that while recreational areas are in general safe for water contact activities, bacterial densities in excess of several international criteria are consistently recorded in harbours. Organochlorine pesticide residues were generally in the 5 ng l^?1 range in unfiltered sea water but were significantly higher (1–100) ng g^?1 in limited samples of sediment and biota. Additional data requirements to gain further insight into the current state of the Caribbean environment are also identified.

A summary of the major land based sources of marine pollution (including sewage, industrial effluents and agricultural run-off) in the insular Caribbean is presented.     

Identification of a novel di-unsaturated C25 highly branched isoprenoid in the marine tube-dwelling diatom Berkeleya rutilans

Highly branched isoprenoids (HBIs) are known to be biosynthesised by diatoms and are a common component of many marine and freshwater environments. However, the ability to produce these unusual hydrocarbons appears to be restricted to a few diatom species that are represented by just four genera (Haslea, Pleurosigma, Rhizosolenia and Navicula). Despite this, we routinely observe some HBIs in the natural environment that are absent from cultures of known HBI-producing diatoms, indicating the possibility of further sources. Having identified one commonly observed, yet unknown HBI isomer in estuarine sediments, we isolated and cultured diatoms in the laboratory to identify the source of this novel di-unsaturated C₂₅ HBI. Here, we show that analysis of purified extracts obtained from a laboratory culture of the tube-dwelling diatom Berkeleya rutilans enabled determination of the structure of this new compound by combined NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometric analysis. This represents the first identification of an HBI alkene within the Berkeleya genus and adds to the growing number of reports of genera that produce these unusual hydrocarbons. The newly characterised HBI diene appears to be common in marine sediments and has also been reported in a range of marine biota, thus making it a potential tracer of source organic matter, as has been found for other HBI alkenes.     

Application of High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete to Marine Structures

A new material with high content of fly ash named 'Ashcrete' has been developed. to examine the applicability of Ashcrete to marine structures, strength characteristics, resistance to sea water attack, and safety in the marine environment have been studied. the following results have been obtained:

1) the strength characteristics of high-volume fly ash concrete depend upon the type and proportions of chemical activators as well as curing conditions.

2) Ashcrete using sodium chloride (NaCI) as a chemical activator shows high initial strength and good strength development with age.

3) Ashcrete containing NaCI activator shows good resistance to sea water from the viewpoint of its strength characteristics, volume changes and microstructurcs.

4) Since 1980 many types of large-scale artificial reefs made of Ashcrete have been installed in the sea. As a result of long-term studies and underwater observations, the Japanese Government has demonstrated the durability of the material, safety in the marine environment and attractiveness to fish.

5) It is therefore proposed that Ashcrete might be used in constructing large-scale sea mounts in deep water for the purpose of generating upwelling.     

Application of High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete to Marine Structures

A new material with high content of fly ash named ‘Ashcrete’ has been developed. to examine the applicability of Ashcrete to marine structures, strength characteristics, resistance to sea water attack, and safety in the marine environment have been studied. the following results have been obtained:

1) the strength characteristics of high-volume fly ash concrete depend upon the type and proportions of chemical activators as well as curing conditions.

2) Ashcrete using sodium chloride (NaCI) as a chemical activator shows high initial strength and good strength development with age.

3) Ashcrete containing NaCI activator shows good resistance to sea water from the viewpoint of its strength characteristics, volume changes and microstructurcs.

4) Since 1980 many types of large-scale artificial reefs made of Ashcrete have been installed in the sea. As a result of long-term studies and underwater observations, the Japanese Government has demonstrated the durability of the material, safety in the marine environment and attractiveness to fish.

5) It is therefore proposed that Ashcrete might be used in constructing large-scale sea mounts in deep water for the purpose of generating upwelling.