新疆农村饮用水水源地环境调查与保护对策分析

农村饮用水水源地一直是水源地保护中的薄弱环节,在对全疆182个农村饮用水水源地环境质量现状调查和污染现状分析的基础上,提出农村饮用水水源地环境保护对策,以便加强农村饮用水水源地的污染防治建设,保障水源地水质安全。     

新疆城镇饮用水水源地环境调查与保护对策

在对全疆15个地州、87个县市、111个饮用水水源地的环境现状调查基础上,通过对水源地环境质量现状和污染现状分析,有针对性的提出水源地保护对策,以便加强饮用水水源地的污染防治建设,保障饮用水水源地水质安全。     

江西省集中式饮用水水源地保护的挑战与对策分析

水是生命之源，饮水安全直接关系人民生命和身体健康，是人与社会经济协调发展的根本保障。江西省历来重视饮用水水源地环境保护工作，在饮用水水源地保护区划定、水质检测、规范化建设和水源地环境状况调查评估等方面开展了一系列工作。本研究对照国家和江西省有关法律法规和技术要求，总结分析2020年之前江西省饮用水水源地保护开展的工作，分析面临的挑战和可采取的对策，提出江西省饮用水水源保护工作应主要从应急备用水源建设、风险防控能力建设、农村水源环境治理和长效管理机制建设等方面开展水源地保护工作。     

张家口市中心城区饮用水安全的探讨

饮用水与人民群众的生活与健康休戚相关,因此保护饮用水水源地尤其重要。张家口市中心城区的饮用水水源地为地下水水源地,市区共有南北五个集中式供水水源地。近年来,由于农业污染、生活污染、个别企业超标排污以及上游来水不达标等原因,水源地水质下降。本文主要从5个水源地的水质、水量现状出发,探讨了影响水源地安全的因素,并提出相应的水源地保护措施：切实落实《饮用水水源地保护规划》、加强监管和立法以及提高公民环境意识。     

新疆城市集中饮用水源地水质状况调查评价

随着经济社会的发展和人民生活水平的提高,人们对饮用水水质要求也日益关注,但目前城市饮水中普遍存在着水源不足、水污染、安全保障措施薄弱、应急能力低等诸多问题,加强城市饮用水水源地环境保护已经刻不容缓.对饮用水水源地水质状况调查评价为进一步查清我区城市水源地的水质现状、水源保护区内存在的环境问题以及污染源现状,科学制定饮用水水源地保护和管理对策和保障措施提供依据,并为后续饮用水源地环境保护规划工作奠定基础.     

“十四五”河北省水源地环境保护重点任务

"十三五"期间,河北省优先保障饮用水水源安全,从科学划定水源保护区、开展水源地规范化建设以及科学评估水源地环境管理状况等三方面开展水源地保护工作。结合"十三五"期间河北省水源地保护工作进展、国家和河北省对水源地保护的政策要求、对标水源地保护先进省份水源地保护方向,提出"十四五"期间河北省饮用水水源保护工作主要从水源地保护区划分、监测与环境状况评估、规范化建设和防控水源地环境风险等四个方面开展。     

地表水水源地突发水污染风险评价方法现状

饮用水水源地与人民的生命安全和社会经济的稳定发展联系非常密切,突发水污染事故严重威胁着水源地饮用水安全。突发水污染事故具有不确定性和模糊性,对不同类型的水源地影响侧重点不同;引发突发水污染事故的因素可以分为人为因素和非人为因素,突发水污染事故多为人为因素所引发;评价方法分为3种类型,分析了分别适用于大尺度河流型的体系构建法和小尺度湖库型的模型模拟法,指出体系构建法综合宏观的特点,以及模型模拟法微观量化的评价方式,综合评价法则结合了这2种方法的优点;分析了评价方法的不足并对发展趋势做出展望,以期为水源地保护工作者提供对水源地突发水污染事故选择评价方法的思路。     

三江源地区集中式饮用水水源地水质金属元素浓度特征与质量评价

利用2016～2019年青海三江源自然保护区生态保护和建设工程项目中主要饮用水水源地实测水质数据资料,对饮用水水源地水质金属元素浓度特征进行了分析,用统计法、单因子指数评价法、内梅罗综合评价法和相关性分析法对水质金属元素水环境质量进行了初评价.结果表明,源区地表和地下饮用水水源地中Be、Cr6+、Se、As、Hg、Tl...     

饮用水源环境保护管理衔接问题研究

饮用水水源管理涉及多个部门,部门间在饮用水水源地确定和保护区划分方面缺少有效衔接。水行政管理部门的职责不清,导致了水源管理效果不佳,水源地是否纳入保护区缺少准确定义等问题。通过对相关法律法规和管理制度进行分析,认为水务和水行政主管部门应加强取水许可管理,由环境保护主管部门负责保护区监管,饮用水水源地按照属地制定水源地名录,环保部门按照名录、技术材料和技术参数组织划分保护区。     

湛江市主要城市集中式饮用水水源地基础环境状况与保护对策

对湛江市主要城市集中式饮用水水源地基础环境状况的进行的调查,采用单因子法对选取的9个饮用水水源地的水质进行了评价。结果表明,2012～2016年南渡河、鉴江2个水源地年均水质均不达标,水质类别为《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)Ⅳ类标准,超标项目均为粪大肠菌群;其余7个水源地监测断面水质良好,均达到Ⅲ类标准,其中雷州青年运河水质最好,为Ⅱ类;各水源地水质总体保持稳定。分析了该饮用水水源地存在的主要环境问题和管理问题,并提出了加强水污染防治、完善管理政策和应急预案等对策及建议。     

Modeling Hydrology in a Small Rocky Mountain Watershed Serving Large Urban Populations1

Abstract: This article describes the development of a calibrated hydrologic model for the Blue River watershed (867 km²) in Summit County, Colorado. This watershed provides drinking water to over a third of Colorado’s population. However, more research on model calibration and development for small mountain watersheds is needed. This work required integration of subsurface and surface hydrology using GIS data, and included aspects unique to mountain watersheds such as snow hydrology, high ground‐water gradients, and large differences in climate between the headwaters and outlet. Given the importance of this particular watershed as a major urban drinking‐water source, the rapid development occurring in small mountain watersheds, and the importance of Rocky Mountain water in the arid and semiarid West, it is useful to describe calibrated watershed modeling efforts in this watershed. The model used was Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). An accurate model of the hydrologic cycle required incorporation of mountain hydrology‐specific processes. Snowmelt and snow formation parameters, as well as several ground‐water parameters, were the most important calibration factors. Comparison of simulated and observed streamflow hydrographs at two U.S. Geological Survey gaging stations resulted in good fits to average monthly values (0.71 Nash‐Sutcliffe coefficient). With this capability, future assessments of point‐source and nonpoint‐source pollutant transport are possible.     

The Role of Headwater Streams in Downstream Water Quality1

Abstract: Knowledge of headwater influences on the water‐quality and flow conditions of downstream waters is essential to water‐resource management at all governmental levels; this includes recent court decisions on the jurisdiction of the Federal Clean Water Act (CWA) over upland areas that contribute to larger downstream water bodies. We review current watershed research and use a water‐quality model to investigate headwater influences on downstream receiving waters. Our evaluations demonstrate the intrinsic connections of headwaters to landscape processes and downstream waters through their influence on the supply, transport, and fate of water and solutes in watersheds. Hydrological processes in headwater catchments control the recharge of subsurface water stores, flow paths, and residence times of water throughout landscapes. The dynamic coupling of hydrological and biogeochemical processes in upland streams further controls the chemical form, timing, and longitudinal distances of solute transport to downstream waters. We apply the spatially explicit, mass‐balance watershed model SPARROW to consider transport and transformations of water and nutrients throughout stream networks in the northeastern United States. We simulate fluxes of nitrogen, a primary nutrient that is a water‐quality concern for acidification of streams and lakes and eutrophication of coastal waters, and refine the model structure to include literature observations of nitrogen removal in streams and lakes. We quantify nitrogen transport from headwaters to downstream navigable waters, where headwaters are defined within the model as first‐order, perennial streams that include flow and nitrogen contributions from smaller, intermittent and ephemeral streams. We find that first‐order headwaters contribute approximately 70% of the mean‐annual water volume and 65% of the nitrogen flux in second‐order streams. Their contributions to mean water volume and nitrogen flux decline only marginally to about 55% and 40% in fourth‐ and higher‐order rivers that include navigable waters and their tributaries. These results underscore the profound influence that headwater areas have on shaping downstream water quantity and water quality. The results have relevance to water‐resource management and regulatory decisions and potentially broaden understanding of the spatial extent of Federal CWA jurisdiction in U.S. waters.     

对饮用水中有机污染物的控制

以保护饮用水的水质为出发点，控制饮用水中有机污染物为目的，本文介绍了有机污染物对饮用水水质的影响，着重从治理污染源和加强饮用水的深度处理等方面讨论了对饮用水中有机污染物的控制。     

The Role of Ground Water in Generating Streamflow in Headwater Areas and in Maintaining Base Flow1

Abstract: The volume and sustainability of streamflow from headwaters to downstream reaches commonly depend on contributions from ground water. Streams that begin in extensive aquifers generally have a stable point of origin and substantial discharge in their headwaters. In contrast, streams that begin as discharge from rocks or sediments having low permeability have a point of origin that moves up and down the channel seasonally, have small incipient discharge, and commonly go dry. Nearly all streams need to have some contribution from ground water in order to provide reliable habitat for aquatic organisms. Natural processes and human activities can have a substantial effect on the flow of streams between their headwaters and downstream reaches. Streams lose water to ground water when and where their head is higher than the contiguous water table. Although very common in arid regions, loss of stream water to ground water also is relatively common in humid regions. Evaporation, as well as transpiration from riparian vegetation, causing ground‐water levels to decline also can cause loss of stream water. Human withdrawal of ground water commonly causes streamflow to decline, and in some regions has caused streams to cease flowing.     

The Tarland Catchment Initiative and its effect on stream water quality and macroinvertebrate indices

The Tarland Catchment Initiative is a partnership venture between researchers, land managers, regulators, and the local community. Its aims are to improve water quality, promote biodiversity, and increase awareness of catchment management. In this study, the effects of buffer strip installations and remediation of a large septic tank effluent were appraised by water physico-chemistry (suspended solids, NO, NH, soluble reactive P) and stream macroinvertebrate indices used by the Scottish Environmental Protection Agency. It was done during before and after interventions over an 8-yr period using a paired catchment approach. Because macroinvertebrate indices were previously shown to respond negatively to suspended solid concentrations in the study area, the installation of buffer strips along the headwaters was expected to improve macroinvertebrate scores. Although water quality (soluble reactive P, NH) improved downstream of the septic tank effluent after remediation, there was no detectable change in macroinvertebrate scores. Buffer strip installations in the headwaters had no measurable effects (beyond possible weak trends) on water quality or macroinvertebrate scores. Either the buffer strips have so far been ineffective or ineffectiveness of assessment methods and sampling frequency and time lags in recovery prevent us detecting reliable effects. To explain and appreciate these constraints on measuring stream recovery, continuous capacity building with land managers and other stakeholders is essential; otherwise, the feasibility of undertaking sufficient management interventions is likely to be compromised and projects deemed unsuccessful.     

生物预处理与城市分质供水

利用生物预处理工艺提高城市供水水质,大力发展城市分质供水,实现城市直饮水,是我国新世纪城市化进程及环保产业发展的趋势。本文论述了生物预处理的意义、工艺、效果、影响及其在城市供水中的意义。介绍了分质供水在国内外的发展,探讨了生物预处理与分质供水在城市中的应用及发展前景。     

浙江省上虞市水资源分析及饮用水水源地水质现状评价研究

本文通过大量的基础数据调研,获取了浙江省上虞市水资源现状及饮用水水源地水质现状的第一手资料,对当地的水资源空间分布现状及水资源平衡进行了科学分析,并结合当地的社会经济发展趋势及城市发展中的用水需求增长趋势,提出了科学合理的水源地建设与保护建议。自2009年6月起,对汤浦水库、四明湖水库、隐潭溪、下管溪、总干渠等5个水源地进行了长期连续监测,为进一步保护优质水源地,城乡统筹一体化供水系统的建设提供科学依据。监测结果表明,作为重要备用水源地的总干渠目前呈现有机微污染特征,需要加强水源保护区内的环境管理,尽快设立水源保护区,确定合理的入河污染物的源头削减任务,以确保2010年前达到水功能区的水质目标。     

Spatial assessment of groundwater quality in Guna Tana landscape

This study focuses on investigating the quality of groundwater for irrigation and drinking water purposes. Spatial distribution of physicochemical and microbiological parameters was assessed from samples collected from springs, hand‐dug wells, and boreholes found the Guna Tana landscape. A total of 70 samples were considered for physical, chemical, and bacteriological water quality determination. The results revealed that most of the groundwater quality index (WQI) values lie between good and excellent. The maximum, minimum, mean, and standard deviation of each water quality parameter were prepared for evaluating groundwater quality. According to the WQI values, more than 83% of the water samples were classified as excellent water for drinking. More than 92% of the water samples showed low sodium hazards for irrigation and about 48% and 46% of the water samples were classified as within the excellent and good water classes for irrigation based on their electrical conductance levels. Therefore, the groundwater that is found in the Guna Tana landscape could be used for drinking and irrigation purposes without any advanced treatment.     

Influence of alkalinity, hardness and dissolved solids on drinking water taste: A case study of consumer satisfaction

Two surveys of consumer satisfaction with drinking water conducted by Taiwan Water Supply Corp. are presented in this study. The study results show that although a lot of money was invested to modify traditional treatment processes, over 60% of local residents still avoided drinking tap water. Over half of the respondents felt that sample TT (from the traditional treatment process) was not a good drinking water, whether in the first or second survey, whereas almost 60% of respondents felt that samples PA, PB, CCL and CT (from advanced treatment processes) were good to drink. For all drinking water samples, respondent satisfaction with a sample primarily depended on it having no unpleasant flavors. Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration plans to revise the drinking water quality standards for TH and TDS in the near future. The new standards require a lower TH concentration (from currently 400mg/L (as CaCO(3)) to 150mg/L (as CaCO(3))), and a lower TDS maximum admissible concentration from the current guideline of 600 to 250mg/L. Therefore, this study also evaluated the impacts on drinking water tastes caused by variations in TH and TDS concentrations, and assessed the need to issue more strict drinking water quality standards for TH and TDS. The research results showed that most respondents could not tell the difference in water taste among water samples with different TDS, TH and alkalinity. Furthermore, hardness was found to be inversely associated with cardiovascular diseases and cancers, and complying with more strict standards would lead most water facilities to invest billions of dollars to upgrade their treatment processes. Consequently, in terms of drinking water tastes alone, this study suggested that Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration should conduct more thorough reviews of the scientific literature that provides the rationale for setting standards and reconsider if it is necessary to revise drinking water quality standards for TH and TDS.