春季高羊茅草坪节肢动物群落动态研究

从群落生态学的角度对草坪节肢动物群落动态变化作了初步探讨.通过对黄山学院校内草坪的调查,获得了关于草坪节肢动物群落的组成、个体数量及其物种数等数据.通过数据分析,得出草坪节肢动物群落是由植食类亚群落、捕食类亚群落、寄生及中性亚群落组成;对物种丰富度进行分析,为草坪害虫的综合防治提供了科学的理论依据.     

草坪小绿叶蝉空间分布格局分析

用聚集度指标法、Iwao法、Taylor法对草坪小绿叶蝉的空间分布格局进行测定检验.结果表明,聚集度指标C>1、CA>0、Iw>1、1>0、K>0,说明小绿叶蝉在高羊茅草坪空间分布为聚集格局.拟合的回归方程为m<'*>=3.34710+1.58901x(r=0.8159)和lg(S<'2>)=0.67200+1.24334lg x(r=0.9640),说明小绿叶蝉在草坪上呈聚集分布,分布的基本成份为个体群,而且个体间相互吸引.     

环境小知识二氧化碳的最好消耗者——草坪

世界上许多国家为了绿化城市,改善生态环境,提供自然美的享受和蓬勃的生活气息,都特别重视草坪的建设.在欧洲,有不少城市的公园都以草坪唱主角,形成"草源牧歌"式的独特风格.     

乌鲁木齐地区营建草坪的研究

草坪对净化空气、降低城市大气含尘量、调节市区气温与湿度、美化环境具有特殊意义，内陆干旱区营建草坪对城市环境的改善尤为重要。本文就乌鲁木齐市市区建造草坪的植物选择和建立草坪的方法进行讨论。     

草坪春季管理技术研究

通过对早熟禾、多年生黑麦草、高羊茅等几种不同年限和栽培方法的草坪草的春季管理试验，分析了影响草坪生长的原因。着重介绍了从修剪、施肥、灌水、除杂等方法，研究了草坪草的春季管理技术，为新疆城乡草坪的养护提出了一套方便可行的方法。     

春季草坪节肢动物群落相对丰盛度研究——以高羊茅草坪为例

在2008年4—5月份对春季高羊茅草坪节肢动物群落的相对丰盛度进行了研究,通过对调查数据整理和分析得出高羊茅草坪节肢动物群落总群落及其各亚群落相对丰盛度的动态变化,此研究成果可为草坪害虫的综合防治提供科学的理论依据。     

浅谈冷季型观赏草坪在秦皇岛地区的主要危害及防治

针对冷季型观赏草坪在秦皇岛地区常见的疾病、虫害、杂草及其它危害,对草坪常见的六种病害:褐斑病(Brown spot)、萎蔫病(Bacterial wilt)、腐烂病(Pythium blight)、白粉病(Powdery mildew)、锈病(Rust)、铜斑病(Copper spot);四种大量发生的虫害:粘虫、蛴螬、地老虎、蚂蚁;四种常见的其他危害:日烧、肥料灼伤、苔藓、伞菌和毒菌等,从发病机理、危害症状、识别特征、防治要点等四个方面进行详细阐述.     

环境小知识

世界上许多国家为了绿化城市,改善生态环境,提供自然美的享受和蓬勃的生活气息,都特别重视草坪的建设。在欧洲,有不少城市的公园都以草坪唱主角,形成“草原牧歌”式的独特风格。     

二氧化碳的最好消耗者——草坪

世界上许多国家为了绿化城市,改善生态环境,提供自然美的享受和蓬勃的生活气息,都特别重视草坪的建设。在欧洲,有不少城市的公园都以草坪唱主角,形成"草原牧歌"式的独特风格。     

草坪节肢动物群落多样性指标的通径分析

为了深入了解草坪节肢动物群落多样性的影响因子,对黄山学院校园内的草坪节肢动物总群落、非天敌和天敌亚群落的多样性与其他主要生态学指标之间的关系进行了通径分析。结果表明,总群落中多样性指数H′同各主要生态学指标均呈正相关,其中在总群落、非天敌和天敌亚群落中Simpson指数D、Pielou均匀度指数J和McIntosh指数DMC对多样性指数H′起决定性作用。由此可见,草坪节肢动物群落多样性水平的提高可通过生境增加节肢动物群落的Simpson指数D、Pielou均匀度指数J及McIntosh指数DMC来实现。     

Assessment of manure phosphorus export through turfgrass sod production in Erath County, Texas

A best management practice (BMP) for exporting manure phosphorus (P) in turfgrass sod from the North Bosque River (NBR) watershed in central Texas was assessed using a geographic information system (GIS). The NBR watershed has a mandate to reduce the total annual P load to the NBR by 50% as a result of total maximum daily load regulation. Since dairy waste applications to fields are identified as the major nonpoint source of P to the river, innovative BMPs, such as export of manure P in turfgrass, will be needed to achieve the 50% reduction. However, methods are needed to evaluate the feasibility of these innovative management practices prior to their implementation. A geospatial database of suitable turfgrass production sites was developed for Erath County using GIS. Erath County largely encompasses the upper portion of the NBR watershed. Information from field experiments, production practices, and ground-truthing was used to search, analyze, and verify a geospatial database developed from national and regional sources. The integration and analyses of large databases supports the search by turf producers for sites suitable for turfgrass sod production in Erath County. In addition, GIS enables researchers and regulators to estimate manure P exports and reduced P loading due to implementation of the manure export BMP on a county scale. Under optimal conditions 198,000 kg manure P yr(-1) could be used and 114,840 kg manure P yr(-1) exported from the NBR watershed through implementation of a system using dairy manure to produce turfgrass sod. This is the equivalent of the manure P applied from 10,032 dairy cows yr(-1) and exported from 5808 dairy cows yr(-1). Application of GIS to large-scale planning and decision-making transcends traditional field-scale applications in precision agriculture.     

IMPACT OF A TURFGRASS SYSTEM ON NUTRIENT LOADINGS TO SURFACE WATER1

ABSTRACT: Turfgrass systems are one of the most intensively managed land uses in the United States. Establishment and maintenance of high quality turfgrass usually implies substantial inputs of water, nutrients, and pesticides. The focus of this work was to quantify the concentration and loading of a typically maintained municipal turfgrass environment on surface water. Water quantity and quality data were collected from a golf course in Austin, Texas, and analyzed for a 13‐month period from March 20, 1998, to April 30, 1999. Twenty‐two precipitation events totaling 722 mm, produced an estimated 98 mm of runoff. Nutrient analysis of surface runoff exiting the course exhibited a statistically significant (p < 0.05) increase in median nitrate plus nitrite nitrogen (NO₃+NO₂‐N) concentration compared to runoff entering the course, a statistically significant decrease in ammonia nitrogen (NH₄‐N), but no difference in orthophosphate (PO₄‐P). During the 13‐month period, storm runoff contributed an estimated 2.3 kg/ha of NO₃+NO₂‐N and 0.33 kg/ha of PO₄‐P to the stream. Storm flow accounted for the attenuation of 0.12 kg/ha of NH₄‐N. Baseflow nutrient analysis showed a statistically significant increase in median NO₃+NO₂‐N, a significant reduction in NH₄‐N, and no change in PO₄‐P. Estimated NO₃+NO₂‐N mass in the baseflow was calculated as 4.7 kg/ha. PO₄‐P losses were estimated at 0.06 kg/ha, while 0.8 kg/ha of NH₄‐N were attenuated in baseflow over the study period. Even though nutrient concentrations exiting the system rarely exceeded nutrient screening levels, this turfgrass environment did contribute increased NO₃+NO₂‐N and PO₄‐P loads to the stream. This emphasizes the need for parallel studies where management intensity, soil, and climate differ from this study and for golf course managers to utilize an integrated management program to protect water quality while maintaining healthy turfgrass systems.     

Predicting runoff and associated nitrogen losses from turfgrass using the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM)

Nitrogen fertilizers are used to maintain optimum turfgrass quality, but off-site movement of this primary nutrient can affect water quality. We conducted a 4-yr study (1998-2001) designed to measure nitrate N runoff from turfgrass, gathering data to be used in the model. The process-based Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) was used to predict nitrate associated with runoff from turfgrass. The measurements were made on 12 sloped (5%), 25-m2 plots of 'Tifway' bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.], managed as golf course fair-ways and exposed to natural and simulated rainfall. Surface runoff volume and nitrate N loads were monitored after applying simulated rainfall at an average intensity of 27.4 mm h(-1). The irrigation occurred (25 or 50 mm) 4 through 168 h after treatment with various rates of N fertilizers for 1998-2001. RZWQM adequately simulated water runoff volumes (<19%; nonsignificant, paired t test) in the first three (normal or wet) years, but overpredicted (70%) in the fourth, dry year. RZWQM overpredicted nitrate N loads by a factor of 1.3 for the first three years (nonsignificant), and by a factor of almost 6 for the fourth year (highly significant). These overpredictions occurred when the runoff volumes and N loads were very small. The research has shown that refinements to RZWQM are needed for turfgrass management applications.     

Long-term effects of clipping and nitrogen management in turfgrass on soil organic carbon and nitrogen dynamics: the CENTURY model simulation

Experiments to document the long-term effects of clipping management on N requirements, soil organic carbon (SOC), and soil organic nitrogen (SON) are difficult and costly and therefore few. The CENTURY ecosystem model offers an opportunity to study long-term effects of turfgrass clipping management on biomass production, N requirements, SOC and SON, and N leaching through computer simulation. In this study, the model was verified by comparing CENTURY-predicted Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) clipping yields with field-measured clipping yields. Long-term simulations were run for Kentucky bluegrass grown under home lawn conditions on a clay loam soil in Colorado. The model predicted that compared with clipping-removed management, returning clippings for 10 to 50 yr would increase soil C sequestration by 11 to 25% and nitrogen sequestration by 12 to 28% under a high (150 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) nitrogen (N) fertilization regime, and increase soil carbon sequestration by 11 to 59% and N sequestration by 14 to 78% under a low (75 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1)) N fertilization regime. The CENTURY model was further used as a management supporting system to generate optimal N fertilization rates as a function of turfgrass age. Returning grass clippings to the turf-soil ecosystem can reduce N requirements by 25% from 1 to 10 yr after turf establishment, by 33% 11 to 25 yr after establishment, by 50% 25 to 50 yr after establishment, and by 60% thereafter. The CENTURY model shows potential for use as a decision-supporting tool for maintaining turf quality and minimizing negative environmental impacts.     

人工湿地处理系统的运行管理与维护

人工湿地作为一种新型的处理技术，在水环境保护中具有重要的意义和广阔的应用前最。随着人工湿地处理工程数量的增多，迫切地需要建立科学的管理制度和维护方法，以充分发挥其美化水环境和提升人文环境的双重作用。本文对人工湿地处理系统中水位控制、进出水装置维护、护堤维护、植物管理、气味控制、蚊蝇控制和野生动物管理等方面进行了分析探讨，系统论述了人工湿地处理系统在运行管理和维护中需要考虑的主要事项。对将来建立完善的人工湿地处理系统的管理体系具有一定的借鉴意义。     

Leaching of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in turfgrass soils during wastewater irrigation

N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is a carcinogenic by-product of chlorination that is frequently found in municipal wastewater effluent. NDMA is miscible in water and negligibly adsorbed to soil, and therefore may pose a threat to ground water when treated wastewater is used for landscape irrigation. A field study was performed in the summer months under arid Southern California weather conditions to evaluate the leaching potential of NDMA in turfgrass soils during wastewater irrigation. Wastewater was used to irrigate multiple turfgrass plots at 110 to 160% evapotranspiration rate for about 4 mo, and leachate was continuously collected and analyzed for NDMA. The treated wastewater contained relatively high levels of NDMA (114-1820 ng L(-1); mean 930 ng L(-1)). NDMA was detected infrequently in the leachate regardless of the soil type or irrigation schedule. At a method detection limit of 2 ng L(-1), NDMA was only detected in 9 out of 400 leachate samples and when it was detected, the NDMA concentration was less than 5 ng L(-1). NDMA was relatively persistent in the turfgrass soils during laboratory incubation, indicating that mechanisms other than biotransformation, likely volatilization and/or plant uptake, contributed to the rapid dissipation. Under conditions typical of turfgrass irrigation with wastewater effluent it is unlikely that NDMA will contaminate ground water.     

Nitrous oxide fluxes in turfgrass: effects of nitrogen fertilization rates and types

Urban ecosystems are rapidly expanding and their effects on atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O) inventories are unknown. Our objectives were to: (i) measure the magnitude, seasonal patterns, and annual emissions of N2O in turfgrass; (ii) evaluate effects of fertilization with a high and low rate of urea N; and (iii) evaluate effects of urea and ammonium sulfate on N2O emissions in turfgrass. Nitrogen fertilizers were applied to turfgrass: (i) urea, high rate (UH; 250 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1)); (ii) urea, low rate (UL; 50 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1)); and (iii) ammonium sulfate, high rate (AS; 250 kg N ha(-1) y(-1)); high N rates were applied in five split applications. Soil fluxes of N2O were measured weekly for 1 yr using static surface chambers and analyzing N2O by gas chromatography. Fluxes of N2O ranged from -22 microg N2O-N m(-2) h(-1) during winter to 407 microg N2O-N m(-2) h(-1) after fall fertilization. Nitrogen fertilization increased N2O emissions by up to 15 times within 3 d, although the amount of increase differed after each fertilization. Increases were greater when significant precipitation occurred within 3 d after fertilization. Cumulative annual emissions of N2O-N were 1.65 kg ha(-1) in UH, 1.60 kg ha(-1) in AS, and 1.01 kg ha(-1) in UL. Thus, annual N2O emissions increased 63% in turfgrass fertilized at the high compared with the low rate of urea, but no significant effects were observed between the two fertilizer types. Results suggest that N fertilization rates may be managed to mitigate N2O emissions in turfgrass ecosystems.     

Effect of turfgrass cover and irrigation on soil mobility and dissipation of mefenoxam and propiconazole

Irrigation effects on pesticide mobility have been studied, but few direct comparisons of pesticide mobility or persistence have been conducted on turfgrass versus bare soil. The interaction of irrigation practices and the presence of turfgrass on the mobility and dissipation of mefenoxam [N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxyacetyl)-D-alanine methyl ester] and propiconazole (1-[[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-propyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl]methyl]-1H-1,2,4-triazole) was studied. Sampling cylinders (20-cm diam.) were placed in either creeping bentgrass [Agrostis stolonifera L. var. palustris (Huds.) Farw.] or bare soil. Mefenoxam was applied at 770 g a.i. ha(-1) and propiconazole was applied at 1540 g a.i. ha(-1) on 14 June 1999. Sampling cylinders were removed 2 h after treatment and 4,8,16, 32, and 64 days after treatment (DAT) and the cores were sectioned by depth. Dissipation of mefenoxam was rapid, regardless of the amount of surface organic matter or irrigation. The half-life (t1/2) of mefenoxam was 5 to 6 d in turf and 7 to 8 d in bare soil. Most mefenoxam residues found in soil under turfgrass were in the 0- to 1-cm section at 0, 4, and 8 DAT. Residues were found in the 15- to 30-cm section at 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 DAT, regardless of turf cover or irrigation. The t1/2 of propiconazole was 12 to 15 d in turfgrass and 29 d in bare soil. Little movement of propiconazole was observed in either bare soil or turf.     

国家地表水水质自动监测站运行维护及管理探讨

根据国家地表水自动监测站运行维护要求和未来发展趋势,从运维机构的角度,对水质自动站的工作职责、日常运行维护、质量管理等方面提出改进对策和针对性建议.     

Assessment of a turfgrass sod best management practice on water quality in a suburban watershed

The disposal of manure on agricultural land has caused water quality concerns in many rural watersheds, sometimes requiring state environmental agencies to conduct total maximum daily load (TMDL) assessments of stream nutrients, such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). A best management practice (BMP) has been developed in response to a TMDL that mandates a 50% reduction of annual P load to the North Bosque River (NBR) in central Texas. This BMP exports composted dairy manure P through turfgrass sod from the NBR watershed to urban watersheds. The manure-grown sod releases P slowly and would not require additional P fertilizer for up to 20 years in the receiving watershed. This would eliminate P application to the sod and improve the water quality of urban streams. The soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) was used to model a typical suburban watershed that would receive the sod grown with composted dairy manure to assess water quality changes due to this BMP. The SWAT model was calibrated to simulate historical flow and estimated sediment and nutrient loading to Mary's Creek near Fort Worth, Texas. The total P stream loading to Mary's Creek was lower when manure-grown sod was transplanted instead of sod grown with inorganic fertilizers. Flow, sediment and total N yield were the same for both cases at the watershed outlet. The SWAT simulations indicated that the turfgrass BMP can be used effectively to import manure P into an urban watershed and reduce in-stream P levels when compared to sod grown with inorganic fertilizers.