基于GIS的毒气泄漏和扩散模拟及其影响评估

详细讨论了基于GIS(Arc View3．2)的毒气泄漏与扩散模拟的实现及扩散影响的评价。考虑到GIS二次开发语言的局限性,利用外部程序语言开发了毒气扩散浓度空间分布的计算程序,动态链接到GIS系统中来实现模拟。为减轻城市和大型企业在地震下有毒物质的泄漏与扩散灾害和应急反应提供了有效手段,也为平时有毒物质类重大危险源的管理提供了依据。     

750kV串抗并联避雷器泄漏电流表指示异常分析研究

针对一起换流站串抗避雷器的电流泄漏电流表出现指针异常满偏问题进行故障诊断，理论分析可能引起泄漏电流表指示异常的原因，通过开展一系列对比试验并结合建模仿真，重点研究了外界磁场和异常高电压对电流泄漏电流表指针偏转的影响，结果表明泄漏电流表指针偏转与串抗周围强磁场环境无关，而与其下引线处异常高电压有关。经综合分析，确定该电流泄漏电流表同避雷器并接于线路串抗两侧，其下引线处因无法接地而存在异常高电压是引起指针异常满偏的主要原因，随后提出处理建议。     

750kV串抗并联避雷器泄漏监测器指示异常分析研究

针对750 kV串抗并联避雷器的泄漏监测器指示异常情况,从避雷器选型、泄漏电流计算和电抗器磁场强度影响3个方面进行全面分析,并提出了处理措施,为后续电抗器侧加装并联避雷器有一定的参考价值。     

依赖高科技治理海洋漏油

2011年以来,我国渤海连续发生了14起严重的石油泄漏事故,从而使渤海一步步迈向了“死”海的边缘。原油泄漏是近年来污染海洋生态环境最可怕的杀手。接二连三的原油泄漏事故．     

基于大孔模型的天然气管道泄漏火灾模拟分析

为探究天然气管道泄漏规律并界定天然气喷射火热辐射、爆炸超压的影响程度,基于高斯烟羽大孔泄漏模型确定了天然气泄漏量和泄漏速率,采用SHELL喷射火模型与TNT当量爆炸模型模拟分析了不同工况下喷射火热辐射强度半径和晚期爆炸超压半径。通过对实例模拟结果分析可知：天然气泄漏孔径的大小与大气环境稳定程度,前者对天然气火灾的影响作用较为显著。参照火灾伤害阈值表能够界定火灾伤害等级与环境破坏程度。PHAST平台能全面、直观的模拟天然气泄漏火灾的强度与范围,其结果能够为现场安全评价、制定管道火灾应急预案提供相应的参考。     

基于天然气泄漏的危害性分析及应用

近年来,天然气输送管线泄漏事件频繁发生,严重影响天然气管线的安全运行,给国家经济和人民生命财产带来巨大损失.针对天然气本身的特性,结合Pasquil-Gifford模型分析天然气泄漏可能发生的灾害形式,对天然气在不同条件下扩散浓度、燃烧后的火焰直径以及爆炸半径等危害范围建立模型,分别给出危害范围的计算方法,以便在泄漏事件发生后,相关人员能够快速确定泄漏造成的危害范围,降低天然气泄漏对人员和环境造成的危害,并对危害造成的后果进行定量评价.     

一起发电厂水冷壁管泄漏事故原因分析

针对宁夏某电厂一起水冷壁管泄漏事故,采用了外观、宏观金相、微观金相、化学成分分析,硬度和拉伸试验等检测手段,对事故样管进行检测分析,找出事故原因并提出预防措施。结果表明:水冷壁管在换管焊接过程中未严格执行规范,致使焊口处产生热裂纹和气孔等缺陷,是造成泄漏事故的主要原因。     

汽轮机高压缸接管焊缝失效分析

针对某电厂一起高压缸接管焊缝发生的泄漏事故,采用宏观检查、金相分析、X射线能谱分析、力学性能试验、扫描电镜观察等分析手段,查明了焊缝失效原因并提出解决和预防措施。分析结果表明:由于热处理工艺不当导致焊接处应力松弛,该处应力集中的粗晶区域的晶界塑性变形量超过该部位塑性变形的能力,从而产生再热裂纹。复杂的应力-应变因素影响,加.速了焊缝裂纹的扩展和开裂,最终导致焊缝泄漏。     

居民楼煤气火灾警示录

沈阳的火灾档案记载：从2003年初到2004年3月底,仅居民楼煤气火灾和泄漏事故已达170多起,有8人死亡。19人受伤,煤气火灾和泄漏事故已成为危害人民生命财产的重要杀手。     

石化装置泄漏易发性预测方法应用研究

石化装置具有连续化、大型化、复杂化、高参数运行和高能量储备的特点,稍有失误或失控,就可能发生泄漏导致火灾、爆炸和毒物污染事故。结合典型石化装置的工艺特点分析了影响其失效的主要因素,应用挪威DNV船级社泄漏频率预测软件LEAK建立了典型石化装置泄漏危险预测模型。对某石化厂脱甲烷塔及其附属管线发生泄漏事故的频率进行了详细的分析和模拟,得到了待评价系统泄漏事故发生的频率、典型泄漏孔径和平均泄漏孔径等基本信息,结合国家和行业相关标准提出了泄漏等级划分建议,在此基础上对该系统检测方案进行了改进。应用表明所构建的典型石化装置泄漏危险预测模型具有良好的可行性。     

供水管线震害量化参数--渗漏面积的估算方法

为了分析管线破坏状态对震后供水管网功能的影响，首先需要对管线的震害状态进行量化。建议用管线渗漏面积标定管线的破坏状态。在管线震害分析和理论计算的基础上，提出了震后管线渗漏面积的计算方法，为进一步进行供水管网抗震分析和设计提供了研究基础。     

震后特殊供水状态下的供水管网水力分析

供水管网的抗震性能,是指供水管网在地震作用下能够满足震后城市特定用水需要(需水量和水压)的能力.在地震作用下,供水管网中的埋地管线破坏位置多隐蔽、分散,加上震后救灾力量的局限和救灾活动的迟滞,难以迅速发现并隔离受轻微和中等震害的管线.另一方面,为了控制震后次生火灾的蔓延,又必须保证主干供水管网持续供水.在震后维修期间,供水管网处于特殊的供水状态--带渗漏供水状态.为了评价城市供水管网的抗震能力,需要进行震后特殊供水状态下供水管网的水力分析.给出了震后带渗漏供水管网的水力分析模型和程序结构,同时以上海市浦东新区供水管网为例,演示了震后供水管网水力分析的应用方法.     

城市供水管网抗震功能可靠度分析

介绍了供水系统功能分析中的经验渗漏模型,在此基础上给出了一个新的改进算法。将建议模型与供水系统水力分析方法相结合,并引入一般结构分析中的一次二阶矩方法,提出了一类求解供水网络节点及系统功能可靠度的方法。对一典型供水管网进行了流分析,将建议模型计算所得结果与常规渗漏模型进行了比较,结果说明建议模型可行,计算结果合理可信。     

软弱结构面水流冲刷形成集中渗漏通道机制研究

软弱结构面塑性程度高、强度低,在地下水长期作用下,很易导致岩体产生变形、形成集中渗漏通道及渗透破坏.软弱结构面的渗透稳定性,一直是水利水电工程的重要工程地质及水文地质问题之一,目前对其渗透破坏机理的认识还存在不少尚未解决的问题.针对已有对基岩软弱结构形成集中渗漏通道研究的不足,本文在软弱结构面内讨论渗透变形问题,主要探...     

分布式光纤测温技术在隧道火灾和渗漏探测中的应用

隧道火灾和渗漏一直是隧道安全和健康的重要问题。基于分布式光纤测温系统(DTS)具有能实现在线实时监测且实测温度随光纤沿程分布这一技术特点和优势,将单根分布式光纤应用于隧道火灾的预警预报、火灾定位、隧道渗漏定位,属国内首创。本文介绍了DTS测温原理和实测成果。实测情况表明,DTS系统测温精确,抗干扰性强,特别适合隧道火灾预警预报和渗漏探测,具有良好的应用前景。     

雷电灾害对储罐影响的定量风险评估方法研究

基于定量化风险评估方法,研究雷电灾害对金属储罐的一种破坏方式———雷电流高温造成储罐的金属壳熔融破损,进而造成储罐失效事故。以某储罐区的装有石油的金属储罐为研究对象,对雷击储罐后,造成储罐破裂,引发池火这一事件链进行了分析,验证了该方法的可行性。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.