间歇曝气对垂直潜流人工湿地脱氮效果的影响

采用单级垂直潜流湿地处理城镇污水厂沉砂池出水,通过提高湿地出水水位控制淹没水深作为缺氧区;并在湿地反应柱下部安装穿孔曝气管,从而在湿地上部创造好氧环境.通过优化间歇曝气的曝气时间与间歇时间比例(间歇曝气比例)以及间歇曝气周期两个参数来提高湿地脱氮效率.结果表明,随着间歇曝气比例增大,湿地对COD和NH~+_4-N的去除率逐渐升高,而TN去除率有先升高后下降的趋势,当曝气比例为3∶1时,缺氧段污水碳氮比(C/N)值达到4.8,TN去除率达到最高为62.1%,较连续曝气提高了12.7%,出水质量浓度为15.8 mg·L~(-1).随着间歇曝气周期的延长,出水DO质量浓度逐渐降低,COD和NH~+_4-N去除率也逐渐降低,TN去除率在周期为6 h时达到最大为65.5%,当曝气周期超过湿地缺氧段水力停留时间时,TN去除率迅速下降.     

A/O脱氮工艺实时控制对策的试验研究

以人工合成废水为研究对象,系统研究了提高A/O(anoxic/oxic)工艺氨氮和硝酸氮去除效率的实时控制对策.氨氮控制的本质是通过控制DO设定值和好氧区体积大小使出水氨氮浓度达标排放.硝酸氮控制的本质在于高效利用缺氧区反硝化潜力,为此建立了以调节内循环回流量或(和)外碳源投加量维持缺氧区末端硝酸氮浓度处于设定值的实时控制对策.系统控制采用两级结构,高水平监控层用来选择低水平执行层的设定值,而低水平执行层对DO值、好氧区体积、内循环回流量和外碳源投加量进行直接控制,试验表明上述控制对策可以显著提高系统脱氮效率,降低出水氨氮和硝酸氮浓度,并最大程度节约运行费用.     

Nitrogen removal influence factors in A/O process and decision trees for nitrification/denitrification system

In order to improve nitrogen removal in anoxic/oxic(NO) process effectively for treating domestic wastewaters, the influence factors, DO( dissolved oxygen), nitrate recirculation, sludge recycle, SRT( solids residence time), influent COD/TN and HRT( hydraulic retention time) were studied. Results indicated that it was possible to increase nitrogen removal by using corresponding control strategies,such as, adjusting the DO set point according “to effluent ammonia concentration; manipulating nitrate recirculation flow according to nitrate concentration at the end of anoxic zone. Based on the experiments results, a knowledge-based approach for supervision of the nitrogen removal problems was considered, and decision trees for diagnosing nitrification and denitrification problems were built and successfully applied to NO process.     

活性污泥2号模型用于城市污水处理厂脱氮除磷改造的研究

利用自行开发的活性污泥 2号模型ASMNO .2计算机模拟程序对重庆市某污水厂三种脱氮除磷改造方案 (A O ,A2 O ,倒置A2 O)进行了模拟研究 ,寻求了每一种方案的最佳运行控制参数 .结果表明 :(1)将现有曝气池前端 1 4控制为缺氧而形成A O工艺 ,缺氧区溶解氧浓度为 0 .10mg L ,混合液内回流比为 10 0 % ,可以使TN去除率达到 5 8.6 % ,提高 2 4个百分点 ,TP基本不受影响 ;(2 )将现有曝气池前端 12 %控制为厌氧区 ,2 4 %控制为缺氧区 ,缺氧区溶解氧浓度为 0 .10mg L ,混合液内回流比为 10 0 % ,可以使TN去除率达到 6 2 .1% ,提高约 2 8个百分点 ,TP去除率达到 78.3% ,提高 37个百分点 ;(3)倒置A2 O工艺与常规A2 O工艺的出水水质基本相当 ,但倒置A2 O工艺在工程实践中更易于实现 ;(4)三种工艺出水COD和氨氮均能达到国家规定的一级排放标准 .     

缺氧-好氧生物脱氮工艺曝气量在线控制策略分析

曝气控制是生物脱氮工艺重要的控制变最,它决定着整个处理系统的处理效果和运行费用.应用Benchmark-BSM1平台模型对缺氧-好氧生物脱氮工艺几种典型的曝气控制策略进行了研究,结果表明,前馈-反馈曝气量控制最优,其次为反馈控制、恒DO控制和恒曝气量控制.前馈-反馈控制和恒DO控制相比较,出水氨氮浓度大约降低24%,最大出水氨氮浓度降低18%,曝气能耗降低9%,获得了曝气量最优控制方法以及在不同运行条件下应采用的曝气控制策略,为了实现缺氧-好氧生物脱氮工艺硝化反应的最优控制,应同时控制曝气量和好氧区体积.     

内循环对A2/O-曝气生物滤池工艺脱氮除磷特性影响

在原水温度为15℃和C/N为4.9的条件下,以实际生活污水为研究对象,重点考察了内回流比为100%、200%、300%和400%时小试规模A2/O-曝气生物滤池工艺脱氮除磷特性.结果表明,该生化系统可实现有机物、氮和磷的同步深度去除.在总HRT为8.0 h、SRT为15 d、污泥回流比为100%和MLSS为4.0 g·...     

基于分区供氧与溶解氧调控的低C/N比污水短程硝化反硝化

针对城镇污水中碳源不足、C/N比低导致脱氮性能不佳的问题,建立了A2/O中试装置,通过调整系统缺氧/好氧分区比例及好氧区溶解氧水平,探究亚硝氮积累率及氮类污染物去除情况.结果表明,在DO为2. 0～2. 5 mg·L~(-1)条件下,改变缺氧/好氧分区比例对系统的影响较小,难以实现短程硝化;当控制DO为0. 5～0. 8 mg·L~(-1)、V_缺∶V_好=1∶1时为系统最优工况,此时系统好氧区末端亚硝氮积累率稳定在62%以上,出水总氮降至9. 0 mg·L~(-1),能够实现深度脱氮的目标.分析硝化菌表观活性可知,最优工况下SAOR与SNOR分别(以N/VSS计)为0. 14 g·(g·d)~(-1)和0. 04 g·(g·d)~(-1),二者差值较试验其他阶段更为明显,即NOB活性受到更高程度抑制是提高亚硝氮积累率的直接原因. Illumina MiSeq测序结果表明,该阶段NOB数量显著低于其他阶段.通过间歇OUR法分析缺氧区进出口碳源组成情况,结果表明最优工况下系统通过短程硝化节约碳源27. 3%,可生化性COD在缺氧区消耗63. 6%,远高于其他阶段,是低C/N比城市污水实现深度脱氮的碳源有力保障.     

后置短程反硝化AOA-SBR工艺实现低C/N城市污水的脱氮除磷

为了解厌氧/好氧/缺氧(A/O/A)运行的序批式反应器(SBR)中,强化生物除磷(EBPR)与同步短程硝化反硝化(SPND)耦合,并后置短程反硝化的脱氮除磷特性,以低C/N(≤4)城市污水为处理对象,通过优化曝气量和缺氧时间,实现了低C/N城市污水的深度脱氮除磷.结果表明,当好氧段曝气量由1.0 L·min-1降至0.6 L·min-1,缺氧时间为180 min时,出水PO3-4-P浓度由0.06 mg·L~(-1)降至0,出水NH+4-N、NO-2-N和NO-3-N浓度分别由0.18、18.79和0.08 mg·L~(-1)逐渐降低至0、16.46和0.05 mg·L~(-1),TN去除率由72.69%提高至77.97%;随着曝气量的降低,SPND现象愈加明显,SND率由19.18%提高至31.20%;此后,当缺氧段时间由180 min逐渐延长至420 min,出水PO3-4-P、NH+4-N和NO-3-N浓度分别维持在0、0和0.03 mg·L~(-1)左右,出水NO-2-N低至3.06 mg·L~(-1),SND率达32.21%,TN去除性能逐渐提高,TN去除率高达99.42%,实现了系统的深度脱氮除磷.     

氧化沟不同A/O分区对脱氮效果影响的模拟实验研究

采用3种不同曝气模式的模拟氧化沟分别形成2、4、7个缺氧-好氧(A/O)分区,研究了3种工况下氧化沟的脱氮方式和脱氮效果.结果表明,在好氧缺氧区体积比例相同的条件下,A/O分区越多,则好氧区平均DO浓度越小,硝化菌活性越低,在2、7个4、A/O分区的3种工况下的硝化菌活性分别为4.80、和3.73mg·g·h4.65-1-1;A/O分区少,则每一分区的缺氧段和好氧段长,进水后反硝化菌利用的有机物就多,在好氧区中的有机物就少,用于硝化的DO量多,从而硝化和脱氮效果好.试验中3种工况的总氮平均去除率分别为60.14%、47.93%、57%,出水总氮平均浓度分别为17.01、22.17和27.92mg·L-1.在氧化沟工艺中,氮的去除途径主要是缺氧反硝化及同步硝化反硝化(SND).分区多,则主要通过同步硝化反硝化脱氮;分区少,则以缺氧反硝化脱氮为主,这是由于碳源限制致使同步硝化反硝化的脱氮效率比缺氧反硝化低.     

厌氧膜生物反应器出水生物脱氮技术研究

为解决AnMBR（厌氧膜生物反应器）出水NH₄+脱除的问题,提出利用AnMBR出水中残余COD_Cr、溶解性CH₄以及低价态硫元素,通过构建缺氧滤池和好氧滤池进行生物异养和硫自养脱氮的方法,进一步削减AnMBR出水COD_Cr、去除溶解性CH₄、同时同步生物脱氮.结果表明:①缺氧滤池与好氧滤池经过120 d单独驯化与33 d串联驯化后,在HRT（hydraulic retention time,水力停留时间）为6 h、进水为实际AnMBR出水的工况条件下,出水ρ（TN）为17.93 mg/L,去除率为52.7%;出水ρ（NH₄+-N）为2.78 mg/L,去除率为92.3%,达到GB 18918-2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级B标准.在HRT为8 h工况条件下,出水ρ（TN）为14.60 mg/L,去除率为59.0%;出水ρ（NH₄+-N）为2.22 mg/L,去除率为93.7%,达到GB 18918-2002一级A标准.②脱氮滤池中氮脱除路径主要包括残余COD_Cr异养反硝化、溶解性CH₄异养反硝化和硫自养反硝化,并通过物料衡算评价了三者对于氮脱除的贡献,在HRT为6 h的工况条件下,脱氮滤池脱氮过程中残余COD_Cr异养反硝化、溶解性CH₄异养反硝化和硫自养反硝化三者占比分别为54.1%、24.3%和21.5%;在HRT为8 h的工况条件下,脱氮滤池脱氮过程中3种途径占比分别为70.4%、13.8%和15.8%.研究显示,脱氮滤池可以实现对AnMBR出水的低耗生物脱氮以及整体水质的达标排放.      

碳氮比对分段进水生物脱氮的影响

探讨了6组不同的碳氮比(C/N)对分段进水生物脱氮工艺中进水流量分配、每一段中缺氧区好氧区容积比以及脱氮效率的影响.将进水总氮浓度恒定为42mg/L(凯氏氮浓度为40mg/L),以比较出水总氮浓度.结果表明,在一定C/N条件下,通过调整进水流量分配和每一段缺氧区与好氧区容积比可达到高于95%的总氮去除率.同时污泥体积指数也会随着进水流量分配系数的升高而增大.出水总氮浓度主要是由进水流量分配所决定,每一段中缺氧区好氧区的容积比影响不大.     

强化A2/O工艺反硝化除磷性能的运行控制策略

以啤酒废水为研究对象,重点考察了如何强化A2/O工艺反硝化除磷性能,从而提高营养物去除效果、并实现节能的目的.试验中建立了3种运行控制策略:(1)根据缺氧区末端出水硝酸盐的浓度控制内循环回流量;(2)调节厌氧/缺氧/好氧区体积比以减少厌氧区出水剩余COD对缺氧磷吸收的影响;(3)向缺氧区引入旁流并调节旁流比.试验结果表明,当缺氧区末端出水硝酸盐浓度控制在1～3 mg·L-1时,不仅可强化反硝化除磷效果,而且可以节省内循环所需能耗;厌氧/缺氧/好氧区最佳体积比为1/1/2;旁流的引入可以提高低C/N比条件下TN的去除,最优旁流比为0.32.     

MBR与SMBR脱氮除磷特性及膜污染控制

为提高污水深度处理效能和工艺运行的稳定性,研究以序批式膜生物反应器(SMBR)与传统膜生物反应器(MBR)为对象,对比研究其脱氮除磷特性、缺氧时间对工艺效率的影响及膜污染控制策略,同时应用分子生物学技术对两种工艺中微生物群落结构和组成进行分析.结果表明,间歇曝气能强化系统脱氮,使SMBR工艺去除总氮效果优于MBR,而在氨氮、总磷、COD、浊度去除方面两者无明显差异,去除率分别为94%、78%、80%、97%.延长SMBR工艺缺氧时间对COD、氨氮去除无显著影响,降低了总氮、总磷的去除率,总氮去除率由61%下降到46%,总磷由74%下降到52%.采用间歇曝气和投加一定浓度的粉末活性炭(PAC)均有利于减缓膜污染.微生物群落分析发现,两种工艺中微生物群落结构和组成无显著差异,硝化螺菌属(Nitrospira)和脱氯单胞菌属(Dechloromonas)为系统中的高丰度功能菌群,为工艺高效运行提供了生物学基础.     

利用第二缺氧段硝酸盐氮浓度作为MUCT工艺运行控制参数

以模拟生活污水为对象考察了第二缺氧段硝酸盐氮质量浓度(SNO-3)作为MUCT工艺运行控制参数的可行性.将进水COD质量浓度恒定为(290±10)mg.L-1,TN质量浓度恒定为(55±0.5)mg.L-1,TP质量浓度恒定为(7.0±0.5)mg.L-1,改变第二缺氧段硝酸盐氮质量浓度以比较各段出水TN和TP质量浓度.结果表明,SNO-3值显著影响着出水TN和TP质量浓度,控制内循环回流量维持SNO-3为2.5 mg.L-1,可实现MUCT工艺的最优控制.利用各段硝酸盐氮和TP平均质量浓度进行的物料平衡计算结果表明SNO-3是影响厌氧段释磷量、第一缺氧段和第二缺氧段硝酸盐氮反应量、第二缺氧段吸磷量的重要参数.     

Nitrogen and phosphorus removal in an airlift intermittent circulation membrane bioreactor

A new airlift intermittent circulation integrated bioreactor was developed for simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal of wastewater, in which, circulation of mixed liquid between mixing zone and aeration zone was realized by aeration power, alternately anaerobic/anoxic bio-environment in mixing zone was realized by intermittent circulation and simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal was obtained through strengthened denitrifying phosphorus removal process. Removal performance of the reactor was investigated and pollutant removal and transfer mechanism in one operation circle was analyzed. The experiment results indicated that under the influent condition of chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration of 642.1 mg/L, total nitrogen (TN) of 87.4 mg/L and PO₄^3?-P of 12.1 mg/L, average removal efficiencies of COD, TN and PO₄^3?-P reached 96.4%, 83.2% and 90.5%, respectively, with the hydraulic residence time of 22 hr and operation circle time of 185 min. Track studies indicated that the separation of aeration and mixing zones and intermittent circulation of mixed liquid between the two zones provided distinct biological environments spatially and temporally, which ensured the occurrence of multifunctional microbial reactions.     

Nitrogen and phosphorus removal in an airlift intermittent circulation membrane bioreactor

A new airlift intermittent circulation integrated bioreactor was developed for simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal of wastewater, in which, circulation of mixed liquid between mixing zone and aeration zone was realized by aeration power, alternately anaerobic/anoxic bio-environment in mixing zone was realized by intermittent circulation and simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal was obtained through strengthened denitrifying phosphorus removal process. Removal performance of the reactor was investigated and pollutant removal and transfer mechanism in one operation circle was analyzed. The experiment results indicated that under the influent condition of chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration of 642.1 mg/L, total nitrogen (TN) of 87.4 mg/L and PO₄^3--P of 12.1 mg/L, average removal efficiencies of COD, TN and PO₄^3--P reached 96.4%, 83.2% and 90.5%, respectively, with the hydraulic residence time of 22 hr and operation circle time of 185 min. Track studies indicated that the separation of aeration and mixing zones and intermittent circulation of mixed liquid between the two zones provided distinct biological environments spatially and temporally, which ensured the occurrence of multifunctional microbial reactions.     

Influence of aeration intensity on the performance of A/O-type sequencing batch MBR system treating azo dye wastewater

Among the numerous parameters affecting the membrane bioreactor (MBR) performance, the aeration intensity is one of the most important factors. In the present investigation, an anoxic/aerobic-type (A/O-type) sequencing batch MBR system, added anoxic process as a pretreatment to improve the biodegradability of azo dye wastewater, was investigated under different aeration intensities and the impact of the aeration intensity on effluent quantity, sludge properties, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) amount generated as well as the change of permeation flux were examined. Neither lower nor higher aeration intensities could improve A/O-type sequencing batch MBR performances. The results showed 0.15 m³·h⁻¹ aeration intensity was promising for treatment of azo dye wastewater under the conditions examined. Under this aeration intensity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonium nitrogen and color removal as well as membrane flux amounted to 97.8%, 96.5%, 98.7% and 6.21 L·m⁻²·h⁻¹, respectively. The effluent quality, with 25.0 mg·L⁻¹COD, 0.84 mg·L⁻¹ ammonium nitrogen and 8 chroma, could directly meet the reuse standard in China. In the meantime, the sludge relative hydrophobicity, the bound EPS, soluble EPS and EPS amounts contained in the membrane fouling layer were 70.3%, 52.0 mg·g⁻¹VSS, 38.8 mg·g⁻¹VSS and 90.8 mg·g⁻¹VSS, respectively, which showed close relationships to both pollutant removals and membrane flux.     

多点交替进水阶式A2/O工艺氮磷去除途径

为分析CMICAO(多点交替进水阶式A2/O)工艺处理实际生活污水时对氮、磷的去除机理,基于物料衡算方程,计算各反应池内污染物质量浓度,并与实测值进行对比,分析氮、磷的去除途径,提出强化工艺脱氮除磷的方法.结果表明,试验条件下,出水中ρ(TP)、ρ(TN)和ρ(氨氮)分别为(0.41±0.08)、(10.24±0.40)和(2.07±0.30)mg/L.除微生物同化作用外,系统中的氮主要通过好氧硝化、缺氧/厌氧反硝化及SND(同步硝化反硝化)途径去除,阶段一3#反应池、阶段二2#反应池和阶段三1#反应池的SND率分别达到37%、52%和58%左右.磷通过聚磷菌厌氧/缺氧释磷、好氧吸磷和反硝化除磷途径去除,阶段一4#池的反硝化吸磷量达到3 mg/L左右.降低好氧池ρ(DO)和改变缺氧池与厌氧池的进水量比例可强化脱氮除磷效果.     

氧化沟不同曝气模式对氮磷去除性能的优化与比较

采用轮流搅拌-曝气SBR系统模拟氧化沟的运行方式,探讨分点曝气和分段曝气对氮磷的去除效果.结果表明,在供气量相同的条件下,分点曝气系统溶氧效率高,一个循环的好氧区比分段曝气系统长,但是分段曝气溶解氧(DO)的有效利用率(用于除氮除磷)高,二者硝化能力相当,氨氮(NH4+-N)去除率分别为96.68%和97.03%,硝化菌活性(以NH4+-N/MLVSS计)分别为4.65和4.66 mg.(g.h)-1.在缺氧区和好氧区比例皆为1时,分点曝气在2、4、7个分区时总氮(TN)去除率分别为60.14%、47.93%和33.7%;总磷(TP)去除率分别为28.96%、23.75%和24.31%,即分区越少,对TN和TP的去除皆有利,但是更利于TN的去除;而分段曝气只有1个分区,其TN和TP的去除率分别为64.21%和49.09%,分段曝气对氮磷的去除效果优于分点曝气,但对提高TP的去除率更有利.对于分段曝气,在满足硝化效果的前提下,增大缺氧区与好氧区的比例,氮磷的去除效率增加.当缺氧区与好氧区的比例由1∶1增大至1.8∶1,其TN和TP的去除率分别提高到73.94%和54.18%.继续增加缺氧区的比例,将影响硝化和运行的稳定,从而影响氮磷的去除效果.     

SBR后置缺氧反硝化除磷的启动及去除性能

为实现对氮磷的高效同步去除,采用将缺氧后置的SBR工艺,以生活污水为处理对象,考察反硝化除磷工艺的启动与运行效果.结果表明,先通过短污泥龄(SRT)驯化富集聚磷菌(PAOs),再延长污泥龄并引入缺氧段,39d即可实现反硝化除磷工艺的启动,COD、TP、NH₄⁺-N、TN去除率分别为92.9%、98.4%、100%和87.6%.进水COD与TN比(C/N)对系统氮磷去除有一定影响:C/N短暂的降低幅度不超过17.65%时,氮磷去除效率并没有明显变化;当超过33.3%时,脱氮除磷性能下降,但伴随着运行时间的延长,出水COD浓度减少,反硝化除磷菌(DPAOs)在PAOs比例也会提升,这在一定程度上弥补了DPAOs反硝化脱氮效率的下降.周期实验表明,pH值与DO可以作为厌氧释磷结束与周期结束的实时控制参数,大大缩短反应时间,降低曝气能耗.