轻工业三废处理与综合利用

行了拟合,求解出动力学常数k,和氏。图5表1参13X791.3 9701131利用生物工程治理印染废水及回用中试研究/王增长…(太原工业大学环境工程系)//中国环境科学/中国环境科学学会一1996,16(4)一271~274环信X一58 利用新研制的固定化微生物技术,将筛选的高效优势脱色菌种固定在活性污泥上,投加于“厌氧一好氧一生物滤池”工艺流程中,处理印染废水。试验结果表明:固定化脱色菌一活性污泥显示了极大的优越性,出水C()D cr<50mg/IJ,出水色度0.005~0.05(在波长53onm下的光密度)。处理后的水可回收利用。图4表2参7X791.3 9701132铁肩法处理活性艳红废…     

固定化脱色菌－活性污泥的脱色性能研究

将所筛选的高效脱色菌群，采用聚集－交联法固定在活性污泥上，形成絮状立体网状微观结构。固定化脱色菌－活性污泥的脱色酶活力较未经固定的活性污泥提高７０％左右。经厌氧条件下处理针织厂印染废水，色度平均去除率为７７．３％，ＣＯＤＣｒ平均去除率为６５．１％．     

固定化脱色菌－活性污泥的脱色性能研究

将所筛选的高效脱色菌群,采用聚集－交联法固定在活性污泥上,形民絮状立体网状微观结构。固定化脱色菌－活性污泥的脱色酶活力较未经固定的活性污泥提高７０％左右。经厌氧条件下处理针织厂印染废水,色度平均去降率为７７．３％,ＣＯＤＣｒ平均去除率为６５．１％。     

蜡状芽孢杆菌45号固定化细胞脱除酸性红B的研究

研究并比较了蜡状芽孢杆菌45号自然细胞和固定化细胞的某些性质。结果表明,该菌株的两种细胞脱色反应的最适温度均为37℃,热稳定性良好。在50ppm的酸性红B溶液中经37℃保温处理后,两种细胞的脱色酶活性有明显提高。其脱色反应的最适pH值分别为7—10和5—10。固定化细胞在4—6℃的冰箱中保存52天,脱色酶的活性不变。应用固定化细胞连续处理酸性红B溶液,当进水浓度为42.1ppm时,出水平均脱色率可达87％。     

稠油废水处理工艺研究

介绍了稠油废水的来源与性质,提出3种处理技术,即"水解酸化-接触氧化-臭氧催化氧化",出水CODCr为48.6 mg/L,去除率达到86.55%,处理成本为6.03元/m3;"活性焦预吸附-厌氧-固定化微生物BAF-活性焦后吸附",出水CODCr为40.2 mg/L,去除率达到88.97%,处理成本为5.45元/m3;"强化絮凝-活性污泥MBR",出水CODCr为36.8 mg/L,去除率达到82.64%,处理成本为5.76元/m3。第2种工艺处理效率与处理成本略优。     

固定化酵母LH-F1强化活性污泥好氧脱色酸性红B

进行了利用海藻酸钙包埋法固定化真菌Magnusiomyces ingens LH-F1强化活性污泥好氧脱色酸性红B(ARB)废水的研究。结果显示,在真菌LH-F1包埋密度为40 g/L的条件下,经其强化的活性污泥对ARB的脱色效率明显优于纯污泥,且强化菌投加量越大,脱色效果和稳定性也越好;在进水ARB浓度为分别50和100 mg/L时,24 h脱色率分别稳定在97%和93%以上。微生物群落分析的结果显示,经生物强化后的污泥体系微生物群落发生了显著变化,在菌群中检测到一株可利用偶氮化合物作为碳源的细菌Hydrogenophaga palleronii DSM 63及其它一些可以降解多环芳烃和常见小分子有机化合物的细菌及真菌菌种,ARB的降解脱色是这些优势菌协同完成的。     

不同方法处理乳品废水效果的比较研究

采用SBR工艺对悬浮活性污泥法、包埋固定化活性污泥法和活性炭吸附活性污泥法处理乳品废水效果进行了比较研究。试验结果表明,进水CODcr为395.55 mg/L的乳品废水,在水力停留时间（HRT）为24 h,采用活性炭吸附活性污泥法处理后的乳品废水CODcr的去除率为77.31%;采用包埋固定化法处理后的乳品废水CODcr的去除率为73.18%;采用悬浮活性污泥法处理后的乳品废水CODcr去除率为55.14%。结果表明,上述三种方法处理进水CODcr相同的乳品废水的效果排序为：活性炭吸附活性污泥法〉包埋固定化活性污泥法〉悬浮活性污泥法。     

活性黑5高效脱色菌的固定化及其脱色特性研究

采用海藻酸钙包埋法固定活性黑5高效脱色菌,通过正交试验确定固定化的最优条件,考察了pH、温度、初始染料浓度和重复利用次数等因素对固定化菌体脱色特性的影响,同时通过投加固定化颗粒处理模拟染料废水研究其生物强化作用。结果表明,最优固定化条件为海藻酸钠浓度3%,CaCl2浓度2%,菌体量与包埋剂量之比2:1;固定化颗粒对染料脱色的最适pH为8左右,最适温度为30℃,具有耐低温、染料浓度耐受极限高和可重复利用等特性,但在强碱性、高温和重复利用多次后,其机械强度降低;固定化菌体对以葡萄糖为外加碳源的染料废水的脱色效果较好,且浓度以1 g/L为宜,在厌氧污泥反应器中投加固定化颗粒对染料去除效率有所提高。     

闭合循环系统中固定化活性污泥降解氨氮的研究

采用聚乙烯醇(PVA)—硼酸包埋固定化法,包埋固定驯化过的活性污泥,制成固定化活性污泥颗粒;以流化床作为生物反应器,对人工配制的含氮废水进行处理实验。结果表明,固定化活性污泥对氨氮的降解速率达 32.5mg/g(MLSS)·d,而悬浮活性污泥对氨氮的降解速率为18.3mg/g(MLSS)·d。同时研究了温度、氨氮负荷、盐度、COD/TN比及 pH等因素对固定化活性污泥硝化活性的影响。     

季戊四醇废水处理方法的研究

采用水解酸化一序列式活性污泥法（HA－SBR法）相结合技术处理季戊四醇废水，试验结果表明：（进水CODCR为726－1800ml/L,出水CODCR小于100ml/L,CODCR去除率为88.1%-95.8%，出水能满足国家排放标准。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.