黄土高原丘陵沟壑区脆弱农业生态系统服务评价——以安塞县为例

论文以典型黄土高原丘陵沟壑区安塞县为例,运用市场价值法、替代工程法、影子价格法、机会成本法等方法对其境内7种不同类型农业生态系统的保持土壤(Es)、涵养水分(Ew)、固定CO²和释放O²(Ea)、维持营养物质循环(En)、净化环境(Ee)等服务功能进行了价值核算,初步估算出安塞县生态系统各服务功能的价值总量为3169870.46×10⁴元,是其农林产品服务价值(Vp)的170倍。这一方面表明脆弱生态系统依然担当了重要的生态系统服务功能,为其经济生产力提供了巨大的生态服务。各种服务价值的大小依次为En(占89.85%)、Ew(占4.39%)、Ea(占4.18%)、Vp(占0.58%)、Es(占0.81%)、Ee(占0.18%)。另一方面也充分反映出在该地区“生态生产力”与“经济生产力”严重失衡。     

天津降水季节特征及不同气团来向离子来源分析

基于天津2019年3月～2022年2月的大气降水样品,分析降水季节性变化及无机离子和有机酸来源,降水pH值均值为6.68,电导率均值为46.8μS/cm,总离子浓度均值为726μeq/L,降水离子整体呈现“冬高夏低”的季节特征,SO₄^2-和NO₃^-对总自由酸度(TFA)的贡献率为89.6%,是主要致酸离子.基于HYSPLIT模型得出降水主要受5个来向气团影响,春冬季以离子浓度较高的北部气团和西北部气团来向为主,占比60.0%～62.5%,夏秋季离子浓度较低的南部气团、东部气团和东南部气团占比较大,达到60.0%～97.8%.富集因子分析表明Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺和K⁺主要来源于土壤;Cl^-的主要来源为海洋;Na⁺的来源包括土壤;SO₄^2-和NO₃^-主要来自人为源.根据有机酸来源判定,植物生长和土壤释放等直接来...     

烟气脱硫石膏对滨海滩涂盐碱地的改良效果研究

在实验室条件下评估了烟气脱硫石膏不同施用量(0、5、10、25和50g/kg)对上海南汇滩涂盐碱土化学性质及对植物生长的影响.结果表明,施加适量烟气脱硫石膏可以降低滩涂土壤盐碱性,促进供试植物生长.与空白处理相比,烟气脱硫石膏施用量为25g/kg时,土壤pH和碱化度(ESP)分别显著降低5.45%和61.5%;可溶性Cl^-和CO₃^2-+HCO₃-含量分别显著降低33.0%和22.7%;可溶性Ca²⁺和SO₄^2-含量分别显著增加85.1%和96.3%(P < 0.05).试验还发现,施用量为25g/kg时土壤有机质和速效磷含量分别降低17.5%和54.0%,土壤速效钾含量提高39.5%.随烟气脱硫石膏施用量增加,番茄的果实鲜重、根鲜重和株茎的增加量分别高达144%、54.3%和9.53%;黑麦草的植株鲜重和根鲜重增加量分别高达46.6%和17.0%.但过量烟气脱硫石膏(如50g/kg)明显对植物生长不利.因此,25g/kg可推荐为改良滨海滩涂盐碱土及促进植物生长适宜和安全的烟气脱硫石膏施用量.     

降雨强度和坡度对喀斯特坡耕地产流和氮磷流失的影响

养分流失是造成喀斯特坡耕地土地生产力下降和面源污染的重要因素之一.本研究采用室内模拟降雨,结合模拟喀斯特坡耕地地表、地下二元水文结构,探索在不同降雨强度(30、50、70和90 mm·h^-1)和坡度(5°、10°、15°、20°和25°)下喀斯特地区坡耕地土壤氮、磷流失特征.结果表明：在30 mm·h^-1降雨强度条件下,喀斯特坡耕地产生的径流主要为地下孔(裂)隙径流.随径流从地下孔(裂)隙向下漏失的全氮和全磷流失通量分别为43.36～95.88 mg·m^-2·h^-1和2.24～6.45 mg·m^-2·h^-1.当降雨强度≥50 mm·h^-1时,地表产生径流,在径流的驱动作用下,全氮和全磷从地表发生流失.降雨强度在50～90 mm·h^-1时,随径流从地表流失的全氮和全磷养分流失通量分别为35.86～201.04 mg·m^-2·h^-1和2.26～16.80 mg·m^...     

不同农作物秸秆原料制备生物炭特性及重金属浸出行为

采用水稻秆、大豆秆、小麦秆和玉米秆为原料在550℃缺氧条件下制备生物炭,考察不同原料生物炭理化性质及热解后重金属(Cr﹑Ni、 Cu﹑As﹑Cd和Pb)迁移转化特征,及其在不同浸出液中的浸出行为.结果表明,4种原料制备的生物炭的理化特性和元素组成基本一致,其中玉米秆生物炭微孔体积(0.006 cm³·g^-1)和比表面积(110.120 m²·g^-1)低于其他原料生物炭.秸秆热解后重金属(除Cd外)含量增加了14.04%～410.81%,且大部分重金属(除Cd和Pb外)化学形态由不稳定态(弱酸提取态和可还原态)向稳定态(可氧化态和残渣态)转化.制备的生物炭中的重金属在超纯水和缓冲盐溶液中无浸出或浸出量较少,在乙酸溶液和腐殖酸溶液中浸出量较高.其中Cu在乙酸溶液中浸出量较高,为2.601～4.224 mg·kg^-1,As在腐殖酸溶液中浸出量较高,介于0.074～0.166 mg·kg^-1.热解后,各种重金属的环境质量指数(PI_i)和内梅罗...     

凹凸棒石基复合材料土壤改良效果研究——以荒漠绿洲农田土壤为例

以黑河中游临泽县荒漠绿洲农田土壤为研究对象,研究凹凸棒石/生物质炭复合材料及其单一组分在不同施用水平下对土壤团聚体和玉米(Zea mays L.)产量的影响.结果表明,复合材料使试验区土壤中石砾(>1mm)、粗砂粒(1～0.25mm)、细砂粒(0.25～0.1mm)、级细沙粒(0.1～0.05mm)含量降低,粗粉粒(0.05～0.02mm)、细粉粒(0.02～0.002mm)、黏粒(<0.002mm)含量升高;随着复合材料施用量的增加,>2mm粒级团聚体含量逐渐升高,土壤团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)逐渐增加,当达到高施用水平(12t/hm²)时,MWD为6.24mm,比对照处理增加了49.6%;玉米产量随着复合材料施用量的增加呈现先增加后减少的变化趋势,当处于中施用水平(8t/hm²)时,产量达到18352kg/hm²,与对照相比增产5 6.9%.综合分析可知,复合材料一方面通过调控土壤颗粒组成与分布,促进土壤团粒结构形成,改善土壤结构,影响土壤物理性质;另一方面,复合材料自身带来的养分物质,会影响土壤...     

洛阳地区碳质组分季节特征及来源解析：棕碳的重要贡献

为探究洛阳地区碳质气溶胶尤其是棕碳的季节、污染特征及其来源解析,于2018～2019年的四季共采集到98个样品,并分析了碳质气溶胶浓度特征和光学特性.4个季节ρ[有机碳(OC)]和ρ[元素碳(EC)]介于(7.04±1.82)～(23.81±8.68)μg·m^-3和(2.96±1.4)～(13.41±7.91)μg·m^-3,呈现冬高夏低的季节变化趋势;与2015年相比,碳质组分的占比升高了8.33%～141.03%,二次有机气溶胶占比(SOC/OC)升高了0.77%～63.14%.碳质气溶胶光吸收截面(MAC)值与碳质组分的浓度呈现出不同的季节变化,秋季(7.67m²·g^-1)>冬季(5.65 m²·g^-1)>春季(5.13m²·g^-1)>夏季(3.84m²·g^-1),445 nm处的MAC值(3.84～7.67m²·g^...     

植物基与固废基生物炭的结构性质差异

选取3种植物类原材料(玉米秸秆、小麦秸秆和青草)和3种固体废物类原材料(猪粪、蛋壳和污泥),在350℃下转化为生物炭,对2类生物炭的性质进行分析测定比较。结果表明,2类生物炭的pH与等电荷点(PZNC)相近,均在8.0¹0.0范围内。植物生物炭中碳含量为56.8%10.0范围内。植物生物炭中碳含量为56.8%⁶0.0%,高于固体废弃物生物炭(13.4%60.0%,高于固体废弃物生物炭(13.4%³9.1%);产率和灰分分别为22.3%39.1%);产率和灰分分别为22.3%⁴5.0%和21.8%45.0%和21.8%²2.3%,低于固体废弃物生物炭(44%22.3%,低于固体废弃物生物炭(44%⁵5.7%和45.1%55.7%和45.1%⁹0.4%);后者的阳离子交换能力(CEC)为4990.4%);后者的阳离子交换能力(CEC)为49³34 cmol/kg,显著高于前者(46.3334 cmol/kg,显著高于前者(46.3⁵0.1 cmol/kg),而其阴离子交换能力(AEC)为12.050.1 cmol/kg),而其阴离子交换能力(AEC)为12.0¹6.0 cmol/kg,低于植物生物炭(33.516.0 cmol/kg,低于植物生物炭(33.5⁶3.2 cmol/kg)。XRD分析表明植物生物炭含有大量KCl,而固体废物生物炭中主要矿物为CaCO3。2类生物炭的结构与性质差异显著,使它们在固碳、土壤改良、环境污染治理等方面有不同应用效果。     

中国重要丛生竹硅储量研究

为了探明中国重要丛生竹的硅(Si)储量的大小及空间分布特征,在广东、福建、浙江、云南和四川等丛生竹的主产区选择了8 种重要丛生竹(青皮竹、粉单竹、麻竹、绿竹、黄竹、龙竹、缅甸竹和慈竹),通过测定不同丛生竹叶、枝、秆和现存凋落物中的硅含量和生物量,对我国重要丛生竹的硅储量进行了初步估算.结果表明:① 8 种丛生竹不同竹龄叶、枝、秆Si 含量大小依次表现为叶(12.47~62.71 g·kg^-1) >枝(7.66~29.26 g·kg^-1) >秆(1.12~11.77 g·kg^-1),且各器官中Si含量均低于凋落物(40.86 ~123.74 g·kg^-1);在不同竹种间,绿竹2、3 a 叶、枝Si 含量均显著高于其他竹种,粉单竹的1、2、3 a 秆中的Si 含量分别与1 a 麻竹、2 a 绿竹及3 a 缅甸竹存在显著差异;② 8 种丛生竹地上部分的总Si 储量为5 082.93 kg·hm^-2,其中,现存凋落物的贡献率可达51.18%,远大于叶、枝、秆.不同竹种Si 储量大小依次为:龙竹 >黄竹 >慈竹 >绿竹 >青皮竹 >缅甸竹 >粉单竹 >麻竹;③ 通过对竹种面积与地上部分总Si 储量计算可得,8 种重要丛生竹地上部分Si 总储量约为41.55×10⁴ t Si,目前全国丛生竹地上部分Si 总储量约为51.94×10⁴ t Si.论文对丛生竹生态系统硅储量的估算能为整个竹林系统以及亚热带森林生态系统硅储量的估测提供一定基础数据.     

皇甫川丘陵沟壑区小流域生态用水实验研究

一个强烈水土流失小流域(准格尔五分地沟),经过20多年水土保持植被建设,乔灌草人工植被镶嵌分布,覆盖率达80%,在有效遏制水土流失的同时,也消耗相当量的水资源---生态用水。2002年生长季节,采用实验研究方法,测定了该小流域各不同类型植被蒸散量、各不同类型土壤贮水量及降水量等,计算出该小流域四大类型植被生态用水(按大小顺序):①农田为5321.3m³/hm²;②乔木林为4654.8m³/hm²;③灌木林为4047.8m³/hm²;④草原为3244.3m³/hm²。估算出全小流域生态用水量:①各类植被生态用水量约150×10⁴m³;②水库湿地生态用水量约26×10⁴m³;③居民点生态用水量约4000m³。三项合计,即五分地沟小流域总生态用水量约176×10⁴m³。值得重视的问题是:该小流域植被生态用水量和总生态用水量均超出同期降水量(130×10⁴m³)达20×10⁴～40×10⁴m³。这意味着土壤贮水量耗减20～30mm。因此,在生态环境建设中,构建适宜的植被模式,调控生态用水量,将对维持生态系统稳定及其环境改善起重要作用。     

两性复配修饰黏土对苏丹草修复Cu2+污染紫色土的影响

为了探索添加吸附材料对植物修复Cu²⁺污染土壤的影响,选取不同十二烷基二甲基甜菜碱 （BS-12）和十四烷基磺酸钠 （STS）复配修饰比例（50%BS-12+25%STS、50%BS-12+50%STS和50%BS-12+100%STS）的膨润土作为吸附材料,将其分别以1%的质量比加入到紫色土（PS）中,形成PS（对照）、PBS₂₅（50%BS-12+25%STS修饰膨润土混合紫色土）、PBS₅₀和PBS₁₀₀四种混合土样。采用盆栽实验对比苏丹草在0（CK）、50、100、200和500 mg/L Cu²⁺污染混合土样中的发芽率、株高、地上部和根系生物量,并分析混合土样和苏丹草对Cu²⁺污染的修复效果。结果显示,随着Cu²⁺处理浓度的增加,苏丹草在PS上的种子发芽率逐渐降低,而在各PBS土样上的发芽率基本保持先增加后稳定的趋势;不同Cu²⁺污染混合土样上的苏丹草株高均随生长时间的增加而增加。苏丹草地上部、根系干重和鲜重在PBS₂₅、PBS₅₀土样上均随Cu²⁺处理浓度的增大而降低,而在PS和PBS₁₀₀土样上均随Cu²⁺处理浓度的增加先增加后降低,峰值分别出现在200和100 mg/L的Cu²⁺处理。Cu²⁺污染处理下苏丹草各生理指标之间均保持中度以上正相关关系,且相关系数表现为PBS₁₀₀最高、PBS₂₅和PBS₅₀次之、PS最低的趋势。各混合土样对Cu²⁺的吸附能力表现为PBS₂₅ > PBS₅₀ > PBS₁₀₀ > PS,苏丹草对Cu²⁺的富集含量表现为PS > PBS₁₀₀ > PBS₅₀ > PBS₂₅的趋势,苏丹草联合两性复配黏土修复Cu²⁺污染紫色土的修复率达99%以上。     

Vegetation changes in Conservation Reserve Program lands in interior Alaska

Over 14 million hectares of erosion prone cropland in the United States has been converted into grasslands through the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) administered by the United States Department of Agriculture, however, studies of the effects of CRP enrollment on plant communities and subsequent plant succession are largely lacking. In Delta Junction, Alaska plant communities in CRP fields are transitioning from grasslands to shrub dominated plant communities, which are resulting in compliance problems with program regulations that state “fields must be maintained in a condition that permits easy conversion to cropland”. To determine plant succession and how previous land management and soils might influence the transition, we measured plant populations in 20 CRP fields throughout Delta Junction using modified-Whittaker plots. These data were combined with data on current management practices, previous farming history, soils, soil properties, diversity indices, and time since land was cleared and analyzed with nonmetric multidimensional scaling ordination to determine factors that influence plant succession. Time in the CRP was the only factor consistently influencing plant succession. As time in the CRP increased, the planted introduced grasses brome grass (Bromus inermis) and red fescue (Festuca rubra) and the native pteridophyte (Equisetum arvense) decreased, whereas a native grass (Calamigrostis canadensis), five native forb, two native shrub, and three native tree species increased. Plant diversity increased at a rate of more than 2 species per 1000 m² per year. Regression analyses of plant species and plant groups using time in the CRP as the dependent variable resulted in the identification of outlier CRP fields with significantly more or less than expected covers of vegetation. All fields with these outliers had reasonable explanations for the differences in cover that were unrelated to the overall rate of plant succession. Current management practices will result in incompliant fields and different management practices that result in woody vegetation control is key to maintaining CRP fields in compliance.     

Spider ballooning in soybean and non-crop areas of southeast Queensland

Ballooning is a form of aerial movement practiced by most immature and some adult spiders. Very few studies have investigated the composition and rate of spider ballooning in Australian agroecosystems. Water traps were used to compare ballooning rates in irrigated soybean crops and nearby non-crop areas in southeast Queensland over two summer seasons. The highest ballooning rate (14.8 spiders/m² per day) was recorded in a soybean field, non-crop areas (7.0 spiders/m² per day) and a dry land mungbean field (6.8 spiders/m² per day) having similar rates. Spider ballooning in soybean increased throughout the season and showed three peaks and intervening troughs. A similar pattern in ballooning peaks was observed in non-crop areas however the numbers were lower. Peaks in ballooning activity where synchronised across habitat types and some spider groups. Composition of the ballooning fauna was different from that of the ground-dwelling fauna, some families being present in both. Ballooning is an important behaviour in terms of population dynamics for a number of spider groups in soybean and the implications for pest control are discussed.     

Asphalt fractions in airborne particles from highway traffic and the accumulation in plants

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Rheum palaestinum (desert rhubarb), a self-irrigating desert plant

The rare plant Rheum palaestinum (Polygonaceae) is a perennial hemicryptophyte that grows during the rainy winter in desert mountainous areas in Israel and Jordan that receive an average annual rainfall of ca. 75 mm. It produces between one and four large round leaves that are tightly attached to the ground and form large rosettes of up to 1 m². These leaves differ markedly from the typical small leaves of most desert plants. Moreover, they have a unique 3D morphology resembling a scaled-down mountainous area with well-developed steep drainage systems, raising the question which selective agents were involved in their evolution. We propose that the large leaves collect rainwater that then infiltrates the soil surrounding the root. We measured the seasonal course of leaf growth, examined the area of wet soil surrounding the root after actual and simulated rain, and modeled the water harvesting capacity using the plant leaf area and the weekly precipitation. We show that even in the slightest rains, water flows above the veins to the leaf’s base where it irrigates the vertical root. A typical plant harvests more than 4,100 cm³ of water per year, and enjoys a water regime of about 427 mm/year, equivalent to the water supply in a Mediterranean climate. This is the first example of self-irrigation by large leaves in a desert plant, creating a leaf-made mini oasis. All authors contributed equally to this paper.     

Spatial and temporal variation of below-ground N transfer from a leguminous tree to an associated grass in an agroforestry system

Nitrogen (N) transfer from leguminous trees can be a major N source for the associated crop in low-input agroforestry systems. The aim of this study was to identify the main climatic and soil factors controlling N transfer from the leguminous tree Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp to the associated grass Dichanthium aristatum (Poir.) C.E. Hubb, in a 16-year-old tropical agroforestry system. Nitrogen transfer was estimated using the natural ¹⁵N abundance method. Before tree pruning, total N transfer represented 57% of the N uptake of the grass, including 31% coming from N₂ fixation. The spatial variation induced by the tree was well described by soil organic N content (ON). In this system, ON is an index of soil available N as well as of tree root density. Rainfall (R) and evapotranspiration (ETP) were the main climatic factors controlling N transfer. Multiple regression analysis indicated that R, ETP and ON explained 79% of the temporal and spatial variation of N transfer. Transferred N cannot be estimated after pruning because of the change in the isotopic signature of the soil N source. This was related to N release from root turnover. The results suggest that grass showed a preferential uptake of N coming from the tree, which could be due to a lower energy cost compared to obtaining absorbed N from the clayey soil used in this work.     

市政污水厂典型A2O工艺低碳运行的系统性评估

在“碳达峰、碳中和”的目标下，系统评估典型A²O工艺运行的碳排放当量及其组成，对我国市政污水厂的低碳运行具有重要的指导意义.以焦作市第一污水厂2020年的运行资料为研究案例，基于相关指南，引入水温因素构建阿伦尼乌斯公式模型用于核算直接碳排放过程，从电能消耗、药剂投加和污泥运输这3个方面核算间接碳排放过程.结果表明，CH₄和N₂O日排放强度为(115±56)kg·d^-1和(30±18)kg·d^-1;生化处理工段的能耗和药剂间接碳排放占比分别达到48.4%和51.3%; 2020年污水厂总计碳排放当量(以CO₂eq计)为2.17×10⁴t,单位污水碳排放当量(0.63±0.07)kg·m^-3;不同碳排放占比的大小顺序为：污水能耗(36.5%)>污水药剂(26.6%)>N₂O直接(15.4%)>污泥药剂(9.6%)>污泥能耗(6.7%)>CH₄直...     

大型再生水厂不同污水处理工艺的能耗比较与节能途径

能耗是再生水厂运行主要的考核指标.采用比能耗分析法、单元能耗分析法以及冗余分析法等探讨了清河再生水厂不同污水处理工艺(倒置A2/O、A2/O和A2/O-MBR)的能耗构成和时空分布特征.重点考察了A2/O-MBR工艺的主要能耗环节和原因,探讨了A2/O-MBR工艺的节能改造方法,并比较了其改造前后的能耗.结果表明,曝气是清河再生水厂污水处理的常规工艺和A2/O-MBR工艺的主要耗能需求,分别占总能耗的42.97%和50.65%.在保证A2/O-MBR工艺出水水质的同时,采用脉冲曝气改造后节能效果明显.改造后的膜运行通量增大约20%,吨水能耗为0.53 k W·h·t-1,降幅达42.39%,去除单位COD能耗为1.29 k W·h·kg-1,降幅达54.74%.该厂A2/O-MBR工艺回流量大,但与出水水质相关性较弱.在一定范围内降低回流比不会造成出水水质恶化,因此可作为进一步节能的方向之一.     

Grass–legume mixtures can yield more nitrogen than legume pure stands due to mutual stimulation of nitrogen uptake from symbiotic and non-symbiotic sources

Concerted use of legumes and of functional diversity in grassland forage systems can provide major contributions to the challenges of agricultural systems being productive yet environmental friendly. Acquisition and transformation of nitrogen (N) resources by legumes and grasses were studied in a temperate grassland experiment near Zurich (Switzerland) to investigate mechanisms driving effects of functional diversity in mixed swards and to optimise mixtures for efficient resource use.Grass–legume interactions and N availability were varied by manipulating legume percentage of the sward (0–100%) and N fertiliser application (50, 150 or 450 kg of N ha^?1 year^?1). ¹⁵N technology quantified N derived from symbiotic (Nsym) and non-symbiotic (Nnonsym) sources.Generally, acquisition of Nsym by the entire mixture was stimulated by grasses. As a result, strong overyielding of Nsym occurred (e.g. 75 and 114% for year 1 and 2 at N150) and mixtures with only 60% and 37% legumes (year 1 and 2) already attained the same Nsym yield as pure legume stands. Legumes stimulated Nnonsym acquisition by the entire mixture, largely via increased uptake by the grass component. Thus, overyielding of Nnonsym of 31% occurred in year 1 (N150).Mutual grass–legume interactions stimulated acquisition of Nsym, acquisition of Nnonsym and efficient transformation of N into biomass compared to either monocultures. These effects of functional diversity can substantially contribute to productive and resource efficient agricultural grassland systems and were maximised in mixtures with 40–60% legumes.