Wind tunnel experiment of gas diffusion in stably stratified flow over a complex terrain

Wind tunnel experiments were conducted to investigate air flow and gas diffusion in neutrally and stably stratified flows over complex terrain, using a terrain model of Steptoe Butte in the U.S.A.The terrain model was made with an aluminium cast and cooled by using transistor thermo-modules in order to simulate a stably stratified flow over the complex terrain. The wind tunnel results for gas concentration were superposed by a computer using probability distributions for wind direction, wind velocity and atmospheric stability observed at Steptoe Butte, in order to compare the wind tunnel results with field data.Application of the superposition method provided better agreement with field data than the usual method without the superposition.     

Building wake dispersion at an Arctic industrial site: Field tracer observations and plume model evaluations

Ten multi-hour atmospheric dispersion SF₆ tracer experiments were conducted during October and November of 1987 near a large oil gathering facility in the Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, oilfield reservation. The purpose of this study was to investigate dispersion under arctic conditions and in situations where building-generated airflow disturbances dominate downwind distributions of ground level pollutant concentrations. This was accomplished with a network of micrometeorological instruments, portable syringe tracer samplers, continuous tracer analyzers, and infrared visualization of near source plume behavior.Atmospheric stability and wind speed profiles at this arctic site are influenced by the smooth (surface roughness = 0.03 cm), snow covered tundra surface which receives negligible levels of solar isolation in winter. The dispersion of pollutants emitted from sources within the oil gathering facility, however, is dominated by the influence of nearby buildings when high winds generate elevated ground level concentrations. An order of magnitude increase in maximum ground level concentration was observed as wind speeds increased from 5 to 8 m s⁻¹ and another order of magnitude increase was observed as winds increased from 8 to 16 m s⁻¹. Variation in maximum concentrations was also observed with changes in wind direction. Vertical plume diffusion (σ_z) near the buildings was a factor of 2–3 greater than that observed in open terrain and was dependent on both wind speed and the projected building width and location of nearby buildings. Wind tunnel tracer distributions for east winds agree with field observations but also indicate that a significant increase in plume downwash occurs with other wind directions. Concentration distributions were calculated using several versions of the Industrial Source Complex (ISC) model. Model estimates of ground level concentrations were within a factor of three depending on wind direction. The model predictions are extremely sensitive to the ratio of plume height to vertical plume diffusion which is significantly influenced by a complex aerodynamic wake in the field.     

城市中心街道交通隧道废气排放模拟

利用风洞试验、模式预测和现场监测的方法,对某城市中心街道交通隧道汽车废气的扩散特征作了模拟研究。结果表明,环境中汽车尾气污染程度与隧道中汽车行驶工况、车流量、气象条件（温度、风速、风向）等诸多因素有关。随着环境风速减小或环境气温升高,隧道外废气浓度显著增加。隧道出口至离出口90m处的引道范围是污染物高浓度区域,但废气排放对引道两侧离地面较高的匝道影响较小。对模式预测结果和风洞测量结果、现场监测结果作了比较,一致性良好     

Comparative study on estimation methods for NOx emissions from a roadway

In order to estimate NO_x concentration at road side areas, it is necessary to determine the NO_x emissions from the automobile passing a road. There are two methods for estimation of NO_x emission. One is calculated by the emission factor of automobile, driving mode and traffic volume. Another is a method based on the relation between NO_x and tracer gas concentration of diffusion experiment.First, diffusion experiments by air tracer were conducted. They were carried out at two areas, one of which was an open area and the other was a highly-built-up area. In the experiment, traffic volume, NO_x and tracer gas concentrations were measured simultaneously. However, the result obtained at the former area was used for this analysis.The NO_x emission rate of the automobile was calculated from the data of traffic survey and tracer gas experiments and both results were compared. Three methods for estimation of NO_x emission rate from traffic survey were employed in this study.From these results, it can be confirmed that both results are in agreement and well correlated, so these estimation methods are considered to be appropriate.     

Simulation analysis of environmental risk accident and management of high-sulfur gas field development in complex terrain

Environmental risk of high sulfur gas field exploitation has become one of the hot spots of environmental management studies. Severe gas H₂S blowout accidents in recent years have shown that poor understanding and estimates of the poisonous gas movement could lead to dangerous evacuation delays. It is important to evaluate the real concentration of H₂S, especially in complex terrain. Traditional experiential models are not valid in the case of rough terrain, especially in low-lying areas where the gas accumulates. This study, using high sulfur content gas field of Sichuan “Pu Guang gas field” as study object and adopting objective diagnosis of wind field of land following coordinate three dimensions, applied Lagrangian Puff Model and breaking up technique of puffs to simulate the H₂S diffusion condition of blowout accidents produced in the high sulfur content gas field of complex terrain area. The results showed that the H₂S distribution did not occur mainly in low wind direction, and due to the obstruction of the mountain’s body, it accumulated in front of mountain on produced turn over, flowed around submitted jumping type distribution. The mountain waist near the hilltop and low hollow river valley site rapture points simulating contrast showed that the higher the rapture point, the better the diffusing condition of pollutant, the distribution of risk sensitive point decided piping rupture environmental risk size combining the H₂S diffusion result and residential area dispersing in the study area, synthetic judge located in the high rapture point environmental risk was smaller than the low hollow point, thus it was suggested to carryout laying of lining build of equal high line of higher terrain. According to simulation results, the environmental risk management measures aimed at putting down adverse effects were worked out.     

成都市一次重度灰霾期间大气PM2.5的自组织临界特性

2013年1—2月期间,四川省成都市出现大范围、长时间、高浓度的严重霾污染.本文运用频度统计分析和消除趋势波动分析方法,研究了成都市2013年1月25日—2月7日一次典型重度灰霾期间8个监测站点(草堂寺、人民公园、梁家巷、金泉两河、十里店、沙河铺、三瓦窑、灵岩寺)大气PM2.5小时平均浓度序列的时空演化规律.结果表明,各站点大气PM2.5的浓度波动并非随机,而在统计上服从典型的负幂律分布,同时均表现出很强的长期持续性特征.这些特征刻画了灰霾期间大气PM2.5浓度波动的宏观特征.将PM2.5浓度演化与沙堆崩塌进行类比,发现大气PM2.5演化具有自组织临界性复杂系统的基本特征.进一步根据自组织临界(SOC)理论,建立了大气PM2.5数值沙堆模型,模型算法考虑了此次灰霾期间成都市的气象因素和PM2.5的迁移扩散机制.通过对该模型的数值模拟,能够定量阐明此次重度灰霾期间成都市各监测站点大气PM2.5浓度时空波动宏观统计规律的产生根源.同时,深入讨论了该模型的自组织临界特征.模拟结果和实际结果的高度一致表明该模型真正阐明了导致PM2.5浓度时空波动的重要动力机制.SOC内禀机制是控制此次成都市灰霾期间大气PM2.5浓度演化的主要机制之一.本研究可为灰霾期间PM2.5的演化动力学提供新的研究方法.     

A micro-scale dispersion model for motor vehicle exhaust gas in urban areas—OMG volume-source model

A micro-scale dispersion model is presented for estimating the concentration of pollutants from motor vehicle exhaust gas within an area extending 200 m from the side of the road in an urban area. The initial mixing of pollutants in a street canyon is modeled as a volume source employing an analytical solution to the Fickian diffusion equation.Parameters for the model were determined based on data from experiments performed at five locations in Osaka. In the experiments, SF₆ was released as a tracer gas. The height for wind speed measurements for use as the advection speed of the plume was determined from an analysis of the flux of SF₆. The eddy diffusivities in the vertical and lateral directions were derived from statistics of the turbulent velocity fluctuations of the air. The sensitivity analysis of the model revealed that proper characterization of the thickness of the volume source is essential for proper estimation of the concentration of pollutants.     

京津渤地区二氧化硫浓度分布模式

本文介绍一种适用于区域污染并考虑了二氧化硫在输送过程中转化为硫酸盐和被地面吸收等过程的烟团模式。根据北京、天津和渤海地区六氟化硫实验提供的扩散参数及该地区气象资料(风向、风速)和污染源资科,用模式计算出该地区在西北风,东南风为主的气象条件下二氧化硫浓度分布,并与实测值做了比较。     

Large-eddy simulation of dispersion in the convective boundary layer

Large-eddy simulation (LES) is used to study the dispersion of a passive scalar downwind of a localized source in a convective boundary layer. The LES turbulent velocity statistics are compared with laboratory data and other LES studies. Two scalar source heights at 0.25 z_i and 0.50 z_i are considered, where z_i is the inversion height, and the mean concentration fields are compared with the experimental data of Willis and Deardorf (1978, Atmospheric Environment12, 1305–1312; 1981, Atmospheric Environment15, 109–117). Emphasis is placed on the fluctuating component of the concentration field due to the random turbulent velocity fluctuations, and amplitudes, temporal and spatial scales, and probability distributions are examined. Concentration fluctuation intensity continually decreases downstream, suggesting zero intensity as the asymptotic limit. Vertical profiles of both mean concentration and fluctuation variance become well mixed downstream. Dissipation and correlation scales increase nearly in proportion to the plume width, so that time- and space-averaging the concentration is less effective in reducing the fluctuations further downstream. Concentration probability distributions show intermittency near the source but become nearly normal as the plume moves downstream. Results are compared and contrasted with the neutral flow study of Sykes and Henn (1992a, Atmospheric Environment26A, 3127–3144).     

北京地区偏南风和偏东风条件下污染特征差异

为探究污染的控制风向特征差异及其长期演变趋势,对2014~2019年北京地区逐小时气象要素和PM_2.5浓度统计分析.结果表明,研究时段内北京地区67%的污染发生在偏南风和偏东风的控制下,且冬季最易出现污染,其次为春季和秋季,各自对应的冬、春、秋和夏季平均污染概率为45.2%、34.1%、32.1%和26.1%及47.0%、45.8%、39.7%和29.6%.北京偏南风频率更高,但偏东风下污染概率更大,污染差异在春季最明显11.7%（2.8%~18.6%）,冬季最小1.8%（-7.6%~13.9%）.过去6 a,偏南风和偏东风下的污染概率分别以每年4.6%~8.0%和5.5%~7.9%的速度降低,很大程度体现在中度及以上程度污染占比的减少.偏南风下污染发生时,能见度和混合层高度偏高、风速偏大、小时风速≥3 m ·s^-1的时次偏多、相对湿度和露点温度偏低,春季、夏季和秋季的PM_2.5平均、峰值和75%百分位浓度显著低于偏东风控制下的污染,而冬季PM_2.5浓度则偏高.这表明,污染发生时,偏南风下大气对污染物的承载和扩散能力略好于偏东风,且偏东风下大气含水量的增加有利于污染的维持和加重.而冬季,原有排放加上城市供暖的影响,偏南风输送的污染气团可能更有助于PM_2.5浓度的升高.此外,春季、夏季和秋季的污染逐渐向"偏东风型"发展,但冬季一直保持"偏南风型"污染.     

Physico-chemical study by two aircraft of a plume from a coal-fired power plant

During the experimental field program that was conducted in October 1985 ton study the physics and chemistry of the Le Havre power plant plume, joints flights were performed with two aircraft from EDF and KEMA. The two episodes with very different meteorological conditions were investigated. The first episode was characterized by fairly constant wind speed and direction with altitude, low solar irradiation and neutral vertical dispersion conditions. The second episode was characterized by low wind speed and changing wind direction, high solar irradiation and stable vertical dispersion conditions. During the latter episode, the concentrations of emitted gases, SO₂ and NO_x remained high, even at several tens of km downwind of the stock. Increased SO₄^2- and NO₃^- concentrations were detected in the power plant plume. In addition, important photochemical activity took p-lace in the plume of a nearby industrial area. The former episode showed more significantly vertical dilution and oxidation of NO but did not reveal any contribution of the power plant plume to aerosol formation.     

Dry deposition inferential measurement techniques—I. Design and tests of a prototype meteorological and chemical system for determining dry deposition

A simple filterpack system and a supporting meteorological and surface-condition monitoring system have been deployed in a trial network to test methods by which dry deposition rates can be estimated on a routine basis, using average air concentration data and site-specific deposition velocities. The filterpack used in this dry deposition inferential measurement (DDIM) sampler differs from standard filterpacks by the use of a heated horizontal settling tube at the inlet. This modification is intended to protect the SO₂ sampling system from adverse effects associated with filter liquefaction at high humidities, while at the same time providing a simple means for eliminating large particles from the sampled air. Tests indicate that the sampler works well for SO₂ and for particulate species, and that HNO₃ concentrations are underestimated by about 25%. The DDIM approach differs from previous network measurement programs in that the data sets are designed to permit extension from observations at a subset of research sites to less intensive routine measurement sites. Hence a major goal is the definition of a suitable set of supporting data from which dry deposition rates can be inferred using air concentration data. Local vegetation characteristics are noted. At present, the additional variables that are monitored are solar radiation, wind speed, wind direction standard deviation, temperature, humidity, surface wetness, and precipitation. Observers report changes in the surrounding surface, such as the presence of snow or unusual drought.     

榆中县城大气污染物扩散的观测实验与数值模拟

结合榆中县外场观测实验资料,利用计算流体动力学CFD (Fluent)软件对榆中县城区的流场和污染物扩散形态及规律进行了模拟研究.根据实际测量数据,利用Gambit软件建立了榆中县城区的三维城市建筑模型,导入Fluent进行模拟计算,对模拟结果与观测数据进行了对比分析,结果显示Fluent对流场和污染物扩散的模拟具有较好的一致性;具体而言,对风向、风速的模拟值与观测值的总体相似系数分别为0.876和0.843,对0.5m和27m高度处污染物模拟值和观测值的相关系数分别为0.71和0.72.因此,Fluent软件可用于城市污染扩散的模拟研究,也可以根据其模拟结果指导空气质量检测点的布设.     

数值风洞与物理风洞对烟塔合一排烟的比较研究

热电厂"烟塔合一"排烟技术因其初期投资和运行维护费用少,排烟效果好、SO2落地浓度低等优势,特别是在机场附近的净空限高和对景观环境有特殊要求的地区具有广阔的发展空间。目前国内外广泛使用的大气污染物预测模型——德国模式在烟塔合一排烟方式的预测上尚存在许多问题,如大风下洗条件下,冷却塔附近空腔区的大小和范围、空腔区污染物最大地面浓度等难以给出准确的预测结果。为准确预测烟塔合一排烟方式的大气污染物扩散情况,一种新的大气污染物扩散预测模式——数值风洞模型以及物理风洞实验被用于模拟烟塔合一的环境影响,分析数值风洞模式和物理风洞实验在大气环境预测领域应用的适用性和优缺点。2个预测方法的结果表明:在烟塔合一排烟方式下,大气污染物最大落地浓度随风速增加而增加同时在冷却塔下风向存在负压区,污染物在该区域高浓度聚集。对2种方法进行比较,物理风洞实验由于受到物质和气象等条件的限制,无法得到精确的预测结果以及无法直观地描述空腔区的产生和变化规律。而数值风洞模拟具有更大的自由度和灵活性,预测出在夏季6 m/s风速下,冷却塔下风向最大落地浓度出现峰值,属于最不利的气象条件。同时该方法可利用图形化手段实现对空腔区产生、变化、破碎至再生成的全过程描述,从而建立了一种大气污染预测的重要手段。     

环境气象学中的方向数据统计

在环境气象学中,方向数据具有它的特点,统计与普通的数理统计不同。本文将方向数据统计用于环境科学,用风向玫瑰图直观地表达了风向数据,介绍了平均风向的概念和计算方法及风向标准差的合理计算。最后给出厦门市风向研究实例。     

边界层低空急流导致北京PM2.5迅速下降及其形成机制的个例分析

2015年3月17日18:00~23:00北京地区的PM_(2.5)质量浓度快速下降,在此期间并未出现与冷空气活动相伴的强偏北风.本研究分析了导致空气质量迅速改善的原因,结果表明边界层急流起着关键的作用.随着边界层内偏南风速增大,大气的通风量增大,污染物浓度降低.急流发展也加大了边界层内水平风的垂直切变,从而导致湍流增强和混合层增厚.此外,3月17日20:00在混合层顶附近出现气旋性地转涡度,Ekman抽吸的方向为垂直向上,于是底层的污染物就被带到高空并随强劲的西南风输送到下游.边界层急流的发展与惯性振荡和大气的斜压性有关.     

上海市大气散射消光特征及其与颗粒物化学组成关系研究

为研究上海市大气颗粒物散射系数分布特征以及颗粒物化学组分贡献率,2009年用浊度仪对散射系数进行观测,同时采集PM2.5,分析其主要化学成分浓度.观测发现,秋、冬季散射系数较高,夏季最小.散射系数日变化有早、晚两个峰,午间出现低谷.散射系数与温度、风速有显著负相关性.多元回归得到OC、NO-3、NH+4是影响消光系数的主要化学成分.依据IMPROVE估算公式,将OC分为吸湿性和非吸湿性部分,并加入海盐影响,使估算bext值更接近监测值.OC、EC和硫酸铵盐为估算消光系数主要贡献成分.     

北京地区一次大气环境持续严重污染过程中SO2的垂直分布分析

在2004-09-27～2004-10-12期间,以325m气象与环境观测塔为平台,使用43CTL型高精度脉冲荧光SO₂分析仪,分别布置在观测塔8m、47m、120m和280m 4层观测平台,对大气中的SO₂气体浓度、PM₁₀和PM_2.5粒子质量浓度及同步气象因素进行了垂直梯度、连续观测.结合气象数据分析了观测期间大气中SO₂气体浓度的垂直梯度分布及变化形势,进行了SO₂浓度与混合层高度变化、海平面气压变化,风速、风向变化等要素的相关分析,观测到在实验期间大气边界层中SO₂浓度由上向下递减分布的现象.由于地形与污染源分布的影响,北风最有利于污染扩散等状况.观测期间捕捉到一次主要由气象因素造成的大气环境严重持续污染及污染清除的全过程.     

Wind speed affects prey-catching behaviour in an orb web spider

Wind has previously been shown to influence the location and orientation of spider web sites and also the geometry and material composition of constructed orb webs. We now show that wind also influences components of prey-catching behaviour within the web. A small wind tunnel was used to generate different wind speeds. Araneus diadematus ran more slowly towards entangled Drosophila melanogaster in windy conditions, which took less time to escape the web. This indicates a lower capture probability and a diminished overall predation efficiency for spiders at higher wind speeds. We conclude that spiders’ behaviour of taking down their webs as wind speed increases may therefore not be a response only to possible web damage.     

风向对街道峡谷内污染物扩散的影响

采用Fluent软件,选用RNG k-ε湍流模型,对长高比为5的街道峡谷(简称街谷)在0°～90°风向下流场和污染物浓度场进行了数值模拟. 结果表明: 0°～75°风向时,街谷内流场呈明显的三维特性,90°风向时,流动表现出中长街谷的二维特点;风向对街谷内壁面污染物浓度的分布有显著影响,90°风向下的街谷壁面浓度最大,其次是45°风向,其余风向下的相对较小,污染物浓度的计算值与风洞试验值在趋势上吻合较好;壁面污染物浓度的分布由街谷内长度方向漩涡、来流冲角产生的进口回流及沿长度方向的流动所决定,壁面浓度的分布差异均可从附近的流场获得解释. 街道峡谷内长度方向的漩涡模拟过强会导致地面附近污染物浓度的计算值偏离试验值.