一种基于燃烧器的热风洞控制系统设计与验证

目的 研究一种基于燃烧器的热风洞控制系统,重点对其空气流量及温度控制开展研究。方法 对于暂冲式气源,压力持续下降容易导致流量不稳定,而流量对温度控制存在耦合关系,因此提出基于解耦的双回路PID控制策略。针对大流量气路调节阀动态特性差的问题,提出带辅助气路的双路协调控制策略。通过AMESim和MATLAB联合仿真,建立热风洞试验系统的模型,分析热风洞控制系统的动态特性。基于cRIO平台构建控制器,对热风洞开展实际的控制试验。结果 空气流量稳态误差不大于2%,温度波动不大于1%,稳定时间>25 s,达到了热风洞设计和使用要求。结论 空气流量、燃油流量等因素均对出口温度有较大影响,采用空气流量和温度的综合控制策略,能够实现空气流量控制及在不同空气流量下的温度控制,并维持较长时间的稳定状态。     

Detailed design features of a new wind tunnel for studying the effects of thermal stratification

A new wind tunnel has been developed for the Sonderforschungsbereich 210 at the University of Karlsruhe to study the effects of thermal stratification on flow and diffusion in the atmospheric boundary layer, particularly to simulate a convective boundary layer and diffusion processes in this flow condition. The wind tunnel is of the closed circuit type. The return section is subdivided into 10 layers, each of which is heated individually and driven by a separate fan. The temperature in the return section can be controlled in the range of 20–200°C and the velocities in the range of 0.5–8 ms⁻¹. The individual control of temperature and velocity in each layer generates temperature and velocity profiles at the test section entrance. Thus, the test section length and the energy requirements can be reduced considerably in comparison with conventional stratified wind tunnels, and a wide range of thermal stratifications can be generated.In this paper the concept and details of the construction will be discussed; furthermore, details of the control device and the facility safety system will be presented.     

A new wind tunnel technique for investigating gas diffusion behind a structure

We predicted the diffusion of exhaust gas without thermal buoyancy from the top of a structure in down-wash under the influence of a structure by means of wind tunnel. We reproduced a wind directional fluctuation σ_A of about 10° in a wind tunnel.The present experimental method and experimental results are introduced here. Wind directional fluctuation was simulated by means of turntable equipment which rotated the model according to probability of wind direction in the field. In measuring concentration, NH₃ as tracer gas was used and a sampling method was adopted. The tracer gas was continuously sampled while rotating the model. As a result the sampled gas concentration was integrated with the weight according to the probability of each wind direction.We compared results of this wind tunnel experiment with the field test and the reliability of this prediction method was confirmed.     

京津冀地区重污染天气过程的污染气象条件数值模拟研究

通过采用全球再分析格点资料的统计分析和WRF中尺度数值模拟,从天气学和大气边界层气象学角度分析了2013年12月和2014年2月两次重污染过程中京津冀地区天气尺度大气停滞气象条件和大气污染扩散气象条件的特征及其作用,并根据WRF模式精细化模拟结果分析了太行山和燕山对京津冀地区城市大气污染形成的作用.研究结果表明,两次重污染天气过程中京津冀地区500 h Pa等压面上的平均风速均表现为明显的气候异常特征,500 h Pa平均风速较近10年同期分别下降了约30.8%和50.4%,大气停滞系数较近5年同期分别偏高10%和20%以上;京津冀地区发生严重污染时,WRF模式模拟的日平均混合层高度低于200 m,日平均地面10 m风速低于2 m·s-1,日平均通风量可降低到1000 m2·s-1以下,空气质量指数与日平均通风量成负相关,重污染期间的平均通风量比近5年同期平均通风量偏低29.3%~52.8%,这些不利于污染扩散的天气条件持续数日,导致了重污染天气的发生.此外,太行山对西风气流的阻挡是河北中南部地区大气污染加剧的一个重要原因,而当主导风向为偏南风时,偏南气流遇燕山后或转向回流、或爬坡,导致近地面风速减小,不利于污染物扩散,亦加剧了京津冀地区中南部城市的大气污染.     

江西省山地风场风能资源储量及特征分析

论文利用数值模拟GIS空间分析法以及实测与野外勘察调研两种方法规划了江西省山地风能资源的具体分布并定量估算了其储量,此外,还利用山地2座测风塔资料,详细地分析了山地风能资源特性,结果表明:江西省高山地区风能资源呈沿山脉走向的线状分布或孤立山峰的点状分布,技术可开发量约为111×10⁴ kW,技术可开发面积约为136 km²,装机容量约为148×10⁴ kW。山地低层风速和风功率密度较大,随高度的增加略有增大,风切变指数很小,分别为0.017、0.098。山地风场风速和风功率密度日变化明显呈U型分布,正午前后风速最小,凌晨至清晨风速较大,最大风速与最小风速相差1~2 m/s;山地风场有两个接近相反的主导风向,集中在NW-N以及SSW-SSE扇区,对于风机机组布局较为有利。     

Wind tunnel experiments on the resuspension of particulate material

A programme of wind tunnel experiments has been carried out in which the resuspension of particulate material of four sizes (4, 10, 18 and 22 μm diameter) from concrete and grass surfaces has been studied. The importance of wind speed has been investigated and the time dependence of the resuspension rate has been evaluated for periods shortly after the onset of resuspension. The results indicate rapidly falling values of the resuspension rate which are approximately related to 1/time. The increase in the resuspension rate with increasing wind speed was most pronounced for large particles, leading to the conclusion that resuspension can be dominated by short-duration episodes which coincide with conditions that favour resuspension. Resuspension rates, averaged over approximately 1 h after the onset of conditions leading to resuspension, were in the range 1 × 10⁻⁶ to 5 × 10⁻⁶ s⁻¹, at moderate wind speeds (less than 5 m s⁻¹), with little difference between the grass and concrete surfaces. For high wind speeds (greater than 6.5 m s⁻¹), several per cent of the total surface deposit of 22 μ diameter particles was removed from both the concrete and grass surfaces within 10 s of the onset of wind.     

基于WEPS模型的天津郊区土壤风蚀起尘及对中心城区迁移量估算

为了预测地表风蚀起尘,针对我国当前地表风蚀预测模型欠缺,相关开发滞后问题,借鉴美国风蚀预报系统(WEPS),研究典型地区地表风蚀预测模型的结构、参数体系以及各参数体系之间的关系,结合卫星遥感技术和实验数据,建立适合天津市的地表风蚀尘预测模型参数体系,开发适合天津市的地表风蚀尘预测模型系统.将天津市域划分为11080个分辨率为1×1 km²的地块,并从中筛选7778个起尘地块; 本地化各地块参数,包括地块经纬度、高程、方向等; 本地化各地块数据库文件,包括风文件、气象文件、土壤文件及管理文件; 编制weps.run文件.以Microsoft Visualstudio 2008为平台,利用C++语言完成WEPS的二次开发,循环计算7778块起尘地块的起尘量,包括蠕移质+跃移质平均损失量、悬移质平均损失量及PM₁₀平均损失量. 2009年,天津郊区各区县总(蠕移质+跃移质)损失量为2.54×10⁶ t,其中指向中心城区的为5.61×10⁵ t; 总悬移质损失量为1.25×10⁷ t,其中指向中心城区的为2.89×10⁶ t; 总PM₁₀损失量为9.04×10⁵ t,其中指向中心城区的为2.03×10⁵ t.     

城市立体交通系统中污染物传播特性数值模拟

构建了一个包含交通转盘、隧道、高架桥和下沉式公交站的立体交通几何模型,建立了该系统中流体流动与污染物传播的耦合数学模型,数值分析了环境风变化时,该系统中流体流动与气态污染物的传播规律.结果表明,环境风向的变化直接改变了公交站区域流体的流向途径,在公交站区域;北风时的平均污染物浓度是西风时的3.5倍,而在转盘中央区域,北风时平均污染物浓度是西风时的5倍.西风时,环境风速从0.5m/s增加到3.5m/s,东侧公交站区域的平均污染物浓度减少95.21%;交通隧道内,环境风速的增加使空气流通速度增加,污染物浓度迅速降低.     

小水滴在风洞气流中的跟随性

目的获得风挡加温除雨系统试验台翼型上喷雾喷头排列方式和风洞实验风速的最优组合,同时获得不同风速下小水滴在风洞沿程的跟随性和风洞出口截面上质量分数及均匀性等理论数据。方法采用数值模拟方法,对风挡加温除雨系统试验台的风洞和喷头部分进行建模仿真,模拟7个翼型上共60个均布喷头在4类不同进口风速、2类喷头喷速下的8种实验过程。结果得到小水滴在风洞不同实验条件下沿程跟随性的变化规律,同时得到风洞出口处小水滴的分布结果。结论风洞风速越小,喷头喷射发散性越好,而小水滴跟随性越差;反之,风洞风速越大,喷头喷射发散性越差,而小水滴跟随性越好。风洞出口小水滴质量分数随风速增大呈现先高后低的规律,而均匀性随风速增大而变好。     

An assessment of carbon stock for various land use system in Aravally mountains, Western India

Reducing carbon emissions from deforestation and degradation in developing countries is of the central importance in efforts to combat climate change. A study was conducted to measure carbon stocks in various land-use systems including forms and reliably estimates the impact of land use on carbon (C) stocks in the forest of Rajasthan, western India (23°3′–30°12′N longitude and 69°30′–78°17′E). 22.8% of India is forested and 0.04% is the deforestation rate of India. In Indian forest sector of western India of Aravally mountain range covered large area of deciduous forest and it’s very helpful in carbon sequestration at global level. The carbon stocks of forest, plantation (reforestation) and agricultural land in aboveground, soil organic and fine root within forest were estimated through field data collection. Results revealed that the amount of total carbon stock of forests (533.64?±?37.54 Mg·ha^?1, simplified expression of Mg (carbon) ·ha^?1) was significantly greater (P?<?0.05) than the plantation (324.37?±?15.0 Mg·ha^?1) and the agricultural land (120.50?±?2.17 Mg·ha^?1). Soil organic carbon in the forests (172.84?±?3.78 Mg·ha^?1) was also significantly greater (P?<?0.05) than the plantation (153.20?±?7.48 Mg·ha^?1) and the agricultural land (108.71?±?1.68 Mg·ha^?1). The differences in carbon stocks across land-use types are the primary consequence of variations in the vegetation biomass and the soil organic matter. Fine root carbon was a small fraction of carbon stocks in all land-use types. Most of the soil organic carbon and fine root carbon content was found in the upper 30-cm layer and decreased with soil depth. The aboveground carbon (ABGC): soil organic carbon (SOC): fine root carbon ratios (FRC), was 8:4:1, 4:5:1, and 3:37:1 for the forest, plantation and agricultural land, respectively. These results indicate that a relatively large proportion of the C loss is due to forest conversion to agricultural land.     

汽车环境风洞降雨模拟影响因素研究

目的 研究自然界降雨量与汽车环境风洞模拟降雨量之间的关系,得到中国气象条件的雨量设定经验公式,为汽车环境风洞模拟降雨量的设定提供理论依据。方法 理论分析自然界气象降雨和汽车环境风洞模拟降雨的特点和差异,研究影响汽车环境风洞模拟降雨量的因素。结果 在无风条件下,影响汽车环境风洞降雨量的因素有气象降雨量、前挡风玻璃倾角、雨滴直径和车速等。按照车速将降雨分为汽车停止和汽车行驶2种模式,提出结合中国气象条件的汽车环境风洞模拟降雨量的经验公式。结论 在相同降雨等级下,汽车停止状态下的汽车环境风洞降雨量一般大于车辆行驶状态。在气象降雨量等级为短时中雨时,行驶汽车的雨量设定值与车速呈指数增长关系。     

Climate change and sandy land development in Qinghai Lake Watershed, China

The Qinghai Lake Watershed, containing the largest saline lake in northwest of China, has suffered from severe sandy land development in recent years. This paper analyzes its daily precipitation, temperature, and wind from 1958 to 2001, and the spatial and temporal distributions of sandy land through the interpretation of remote sensing images covering four years (1977, 1987, 2000, and 2004). Results showed that since the middle of the 1960s, the daily precipitation (P) of 0<P⩽5 mm decreased, while the P>20 mm increased significantly (S<0.05) in their annual total amounts and days. The maximum daily precipitation also increased significantly. Both the maximum dry spell and the total dry spell of more than ten days had a significant upward trend. Since the beginning of the 1960s, all the extremely high, extremely low and mean temperatures increased significantly (S<0.01), at a rate of 0.1°C/10a, 0.2°C/10a, and 0.2°C/10a, respectively. The days with extremely high temperature had a significant upward trend, while the days with extremely low temperature had a significant downward trend. The Qinghai Lake was significantly shrinking (S<0.01) and provided abundant sediments for Aeolian erosion. The NNW wind prevailed in the watershed, and the largest scale wind was from the west and concentrated on the dry months. As a result, the sandy land was mainly born on the east bank of Qinghai Lake. The total sandy land area in the watershed had grown from 587.4 km², 660.7 km², 697.6 km² to 805.8 km², accordingly, its area percentage growing from 2.0%, 2.2%, 2.4% to 2.7%, respectively.     

Urban climate studies in Johannesburg,A sub-tropical city located on a ridge—A review

This paper summarizes three decades of urban climate studies in Johannesburg, South Africa, which is situated on a series of ridges, at an altitude of 1700 m. The first research phase, Near-ground data collection, started with an intensive mobile unit survey measuring wet- and dry-bulb temperatures at midday and near dawn. The results showed that during strong-inversion winter (dry season) nights, the strong heat island and humidity island situated in the city center is more than 11°C warmer than northern suburban valleys. With multiple regression methods the heat island magnitude was estimated to be about 5 K and the relative humidity was 43% lower than the rural areas (but the humidity mixing ratio island was 0.33 g kg⁻¹ higher than the rural areas).The second phase, Upper air studies, included helicopter, pibal and tethered balloons. Near-ground observations (temperature and wind) were constricted to valleys where anomalies were previously found. The main findings at this stage relate to the interaction between mountain/valley winds with country breezes their connection with cold and warm plumes over the ridges which are dominated by the vertical nocturnal wind shear.In the third phase, Remote sensing, in situ and mobile acoustic soundings were combined with the other upper air measurement. In addition, ground temperature variations in Johannesburg were estimated from airborne infrared scanner images. The spatial structure of the ground heat-island core shows a steep thermal gradient of about 600–700 m from the city center, comparable to the screen level temperature distribution obtained previously using a meteorological mobile unit.     

Impacts of climate variability and changes on domestic water use in the Yellow River Basin of China

We present a methodology for using a domestic water use time series that were obtained from Yellow River Conservancy Commission, together with the climatic records from the National Climate Center of China to evaluate the effects of climate variability on water use in the Yellow River Basin. A suit of seven Global Circulation Models (GCMs) were adopted to anticipate future climate patterns in the Yellow River. The historical records showed evidences of rises in temperature and subsequent rises in domestic water demand in the basin. For Upstream of Longyangxia region, the impact was the least, with only 0.0021?×?10⁸ m³ for a temperature increase of 1 °C; while for Longyangxia-Lanzhou region, domestic water use was found to increase to 0.18?×?10⁸ m³ when temperature increases 1 °C. Downstream of Huayuankou was the region with the most changes in temperature that gave the highest increase of 1.95?×?10⁸ m³ in domestic water demand for 1 °C of change of temperature. Downstream of Huayuankou was identified as the most vulnerable area, where domestic water demand increases nearly by 42.2 % with 1 °C increase of temperature. Judging from the trends of temperature range, we concluded that future temperature in Yellow River Basin has an increasing tendency. This could worsen the existing issues of domestic water demand and even more to trigger high competition among different water-using sectors.     

山体尾流对烟羽扩散影响的风洞实验

本文以中性模拟的相似参数为判据,用四种不同的方法探测组合山体的流场.根据探测结果,探讨了尾流的结构并进行了较细致的区划.指出复杂地形的摩擦速度(u~*)在近地层不为常数.文中还讨论了尾流中扩散参数的变化及烟羽轴线下倾角分布,指出用修正的高斯烟羽模式描述尾流浓度场的可行性.风洞的实验结果与现场实验结果基本一致.     

汽车环境风洞地面区域流场数值仿真

目的 探究汽车环境风洞地面区域流场规律,获取风洞边界层抽吸装置的最佳抽吸率和底盘测功机对风洞地面区域边界层厚度、风速、总压和静压的影响规律,并比较MRF法和旋转壁面法对底盘测功机转毂转动模拟的精度。方法 运用计算流体动力学方法对汽车环境风洞流场进行数值仿真计算。结果 边界层抽吸装置对应于喷口风速120 km/h时的最佳抽吸率为0.048。底盘测功机区域总压呈现下降趋势。相比于存在底盘测功机,汽车环境风洞无底盘测功机时,底盘测功机区域内相同位置的边界层厚度会增加1.28～12.22 mm。在前转毂的前侧、上侧、后侧和后转毂的上侧和后侧会有一个高风速区域,区域内风速比设定风速高1%～4%,与无底盘测功机相比,区域内静压值低0.32～46.02 Pa。在前后转毂前侧和后侧与地面相连接的凹部会有一个低风速区域,区域内风速比设定风速低1%～5%,与无底盘测功机相比,区域内静压值高0.08～49.34 Pa。底盘测功机转毂的转动会使附近区域的地面边界层厚度变大。在前转毂前侧,采用旋转壁面法进行模拟比MRF法地面边界层厚度增加近8 mm,而在其他位置,2种模拟方法对边界层厚度的模拟差别在1.5 mm...     

中国硫沉降数值模拟

采用致酸污染物长距离传输模型ATMOS,对我国2002年排放的SO₂所产生的S沉降分布进行了数值模拟研究.分别将模式输出的ρ(SO₂),SO₄2-湿沉降量与实际监测地面层的ρ(SO₂),降水中SO₄2-湿沉降量进行相关性分析;对我国总S沉降、地面层ρ(SO₂)分布,以及S干、湿沉降分布特点等模拟结果进行详细分析.在此基础上,得到模拟各网格的总S沉降数值,将其与相应的S沉降临界负荷值进行比较,获得95%保证率(RAINS-Asia)下我国1°×1°S沉降超临界负荷分布图.为控制我国的S沉降,对各省SO₂减排的形势进行分析,并提出具体要求.      

河谷型城市风场及污染物扩散的CFD数值仿真

为研究河谷型城市地形及其引起的风场和污染物扩散的复杂问题,利用CFD（计算流体力学）方法和复杂地形网格生成技术,建立河谷型城市风场及大气污染分布的数值仿真模型,实现CFD方法在复杂地形空气运动和污染物扩散方面的应用.分别使用LES（large eddy simulation）模型和mixture模型研究兰州市地面风场特征和污染物扩散形态,计算得到的污染物分布结果与实测结果分布一致.结果表明:复杂地形对空气运动的影响很大,如风速因山体屏障作用会呈现带状分布特征,山体后侧易出现弱风区域;同时,风场会密切影响污染物扩散,决定了污染物扩散形态,如幅散能够影响污染物扩散范围及污染水平.而给定西北风条件下,如地面以上10 m、风速为5 m/s、不受地形阻挡情况下,工业区污染物浓度被稀释10倍,约扩散2.2 km;山体阻挡会抑制污染物纵向扩散,表现在山体阻挡情况下污染物稀释100倍时的扩散长度约为相对平坦区域的1/3.此外,不同的入口风向会引起空气运动与山体相互作用发生变化,进而会使得地面风速、局部风场存在差异,造成污染物扩散及分布形态差异.研究显示,CFD方法可行,模型可靠,可以用来研究地形对风场和污染物扩散的影响.      

非孤立街道峡谷大气流动及污染物扩散特征

实际城市街道皆为非孤立街道,采用数值模拟方法研究了等高与不等高非孤立街道峡谷的大气流动及汽车排放污染物扩散特征.通过与已有的风洞实验结果对比,发现二者较吻合,并且目标街道峡谷上下游建筑物的存在对目标峡谷内部的流场和浓度场有很大的影响.与孤立街道峡谷相比,非孤立街道峡谷中污染物的浓度要远高于孤立街道峡谷中污染物的浓度,而且随着上下游建筑物的增加,使到达目标街道峡谷的风速相对减弱,污染物在峡谷中难以扩散,造成了峡谷内部污染物浓度会随着峡谷数的增加而增大.并且发现不等高峡谷建筑物高度存在一个临界点.      

室外空气污染对室内空气质量的影响研究

利用数值模拟方法,研究了单个建筑物外存在点污染源时室外空气污染对室内空气质量的影响.首先利用点污染源时单个建筑物周围污染物扩散的风洞实验验证了计算模型和方法的正确性,再利用自然通风的风洞实验,计算了不同污染源位置和建筑物进风口时的室内外速度场和污染物浓度场.结果表明:速度场的计算结果与风洞实验结果基本吻合,无量纲通风量的计算值略小于实验值;建筑物迎风面回流区上方的气流进入室内;当点污染源位于建筑物前的距离和建筑物高度之比约等于1时,污染源在地面处的室内污染物浓度要小于源在建筑物高度一半处的;建筑物进风口的挡风板对室内污染物浓度的影响不大;根据壁面上污染物浓度的分布来改变进风口位置,是减少室内空气受室外污染影响的有效方法.