Wind tunnel simulation of airflow and pollutant diffusion over complex terrain

A wind tunnel simulation of airflow and pollutant diffusion has been conducted for Mt. Tsukuba, a rather isolated mountain. the wind tunnel simulation was carried out in the Thermally Stratified Wind Tunnel of the National Research Institute for Pollution and Resources. The scale of the topographic model was 1/7500 for the horizontal and 1/5000 for the vertical. A nocturnal inversion was simulated in the wind tunnel by heating the airflow to 40°C and chilling the floor of the test section at 10°C. The wind tunnel free stream speed was 0.5 m s⁻¹. The airflow was found to be satisfactorily simulated in the wind tunnel.The upstream flow stagnation, the dividing streamline and the wake in the lee of the mountain were reproduced.     

汽车环境风洞地面区域流场数值仿真

目的 探究汽车环境风洞地面区域流场规律,获取风洞边界层抽吸装置的最佳抽吸率和底盘测功机对风洞地面区域边界层厚度、风速、总压和静压的影响规律,并比较MRF法和旋转壁面法对底盘测功机转毂转动模拟的精度。方法 运用计算流体动力学方法对汽车环境风洞流场进行数值仿真计算。结果 边界层抽吸装置对应于喷口风速120 km/h时的最佳抽吸率为0.048。底盘测功机区域总压呈现下降趋势。相比于存在底盘测功机,汽车环境风洞无底盘测功机时,底盘测功机区域内相同位置的边界层厚度会增加1.28～12.22 mm。在前转毂的前侧、上侧、后侧和后转毂的上侧和后侧会有一个高风速区域,区域内风速比设定风速高1%～4%,与无底盘测功机相比,区域内静压值低0.32～46.02 Pa。在前后转毂前侧和后侧与地面相连接的凹部会有一个低风速区域,区域内风速比设定风速低1%～5%,与无底盘测功机相比,区域内静压值高0.08～49.34 Pa。底盘测功机转毂的转动会使附近区域的地面边界层厚度变大。在前转毂前侧,采用旋转壁面法进行模拟比MRF法地面边界层厚度增加近8 mm,而在其他位置,2种模拟方法对边界层厚度的模拟差别在1.5 mm...     

烟羽进入内边界层时的扩散

当风从海上吹向陆地,或从农村吹向城市时,下垫面粗糙度迅速变化,并形成一个内边界层(IBL),严重影响烟羽的扩散。本文提出了一个烟羽进入IBL时的动态模式,将扩散过程分为三阶段:(1)进入之前;(2)进入时;(3)进入之后。还提出了烟羽进入IBL时扩散的方差微分方程。该理论模式计算的结果与野外调研和风洞试验十分一致,即在烟羽进入IBL时扩散参数σ₂发生了跳跃。      

Model calculating annual mean atmospheric dispersion factor for coastal site of nuclear power plant

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Overall efficiency of tubular inlets sampling at 0–90 degrees from horizontal aerosol flows

We have developed a unified and comprehensive model for the overall efficiency of tubular inlets sampling from horizontal aerosol flows at 0–90° relative to the wind direction. In our model, derived from experimental data obtained in our wind tunnel, the transmission efficiency is separated into two components: one due to gravitational settling in the boundary layer and the other due to impaction. The gravitational settling component is determined by extending our previously developed isoaxial sampling model to nonisoaxial sampling. The impaction component is determined by a new model that quantifies the particle losses caused by direct wall impaction. The model also quantifies the additional particle losses resulting from the turbulent motion in the vena contracta which is formed in the inlet when the inlet velocity is higher than the wind velocity.The equation for the gravitational settling component considers the inertial behaviour of the particles by including the Stokes number, the flow development in the boundary layer by including the Reynolds number and the gravitational settling in the boundary layer by including a modified gravitational settling parameter. The equation for the impaction component considers direct wall impaction and the losses due to vena contracta formation through the Stokes number, velocity ration and sampling angle. Direct wall impaction is further differentiated by the gravity effect on the impaction process which distinguishes upward from downward sampling. Our equations for transmission efficiency in combination with aspiration efficiency equations determine the overall efficiency of tubular, sharp-edged inlets at all orientations of the inlet relative to horizontal aerosol flows.     

北京夏季典型臭氧污染分布特征及影响因子

为研究北京地区O₃分布特征及其影响因子,利用AML-3车载式大气环境污染激光雷达系统(下称AML-3)对北京地区2011年5月7日—6月9日的φ(O₃)进行观测. 通过AML-3自带的污染物地面观测系统和差分吸收激光雷达,分析近地面、高空φ(O₃)时空分布特征,并将φ(O₃)与温度、风速及风向3个气象要素进行相关分析. 结果表明:近地面φ(O₃)日变化明显,06:00左右为低谷,下午14:00左右达到峰值. 高空φ(O₃)的空间分布很不均匀,上层气流易使O₃富集层向下输送造成污染,同时稳定边界层对大气扩散的不利影响也是形成O₃污染的重要原因. φ(O₃)的日变化趋势与温度的日变化趋势呈显著正相关,R(相关系数)为0.74;上下层湍流交换使风速与近地面φ(O₃)呈正相关,而水平扩散使二者呈负相关;通过分析风向的分布规律发现,东北风易造成北京地区O₃污染.      

新型垂直探测资料在污染天气分析中的应用

针对2017年1月上旬广州地区出现的一次持续时间长的重污染天气过程,基于地面观测资料、激光雷达、风廓线雷达和微波辐射计数据,从水平和垂直扩散条件2个方面分析了此次污染过程的形成和维持的原因.结果表明：（1）本次污染过程期间,广州地区地面风速基本为小于2m/s的偏北风,在300m高度以下普遍存在平均水平风速低于2.6m/s的小风层;污染前期640m高度内的各层回流指数廓线小于0.6,100m高度小于0.4,污染缓解后回流指数高于0.7.（2）地面PM_2.5浓度与逆温强度的相关系数为0.42,过程平均逆温厚度167m,平均逆温强度为1.08℃/100m;（3）PM_2.5浓度与边界层高度的相关系数为-0.56,清洁时段的平均边界层高度（876m）约为污染时段（620m）的1.4倍,过程最低边界层高度为267m;PM_2.5浓度与边界层通风量的相关系数为-0.61,清洁时段的平均边界层通风量（2538m²/s）约为污染时段（1136m²/s）的2.2倍,使用边界层通风量能更好表征大气污染的程度.     

基于地基遥感资料的厦门市污染边界层特征分析

城市大气边界层是影响城市环境气象的重要研究对象,本研究利用新型地基遥感数据针对城市颗粒物污染过程开展边界层特征分析,旨在利用风廓线雷达和微波辐射计等高时空分辨率的遥感数据探讨边界层内大气运动、温湿条件的变化与近地面污染累积的关系.结果表明:厦门地区颗粒物污染过程中,边界层内弱风层厚度较地面风速而言更能够代表边界层内扩散条件的变化,可以更好地表征和预测近地面污染的变化;在局地累积的污染过程中,边界层内存在较厚的弱风层,同时2 km以下的风场有明显的风向转变特征,导致边界层内不存在有效的传输和扩散,另外,污染时边界层垂直温差可以在一定程度上反映干季的垂直扩散条件,0～3 km温差与PM_(2.5)浓度有着密切的联系;冷空气过程有将上游污染物向本地区输送的可能,城市边界层在东北大风的条件下伴随着显著的垂直下沉运动,有利于上空污染向下扩散.多源地基遥感数据联合分析能够进一步解释城市边界层内气象条件对于城市大气污染变化的影响,集合各设备的探测优势开展城市宜居和污染气象条件研究具有较高的科学性和可行性.     

沈阳城市化进程对大气边界层影响研究

利用沈阳气象站2000-2010年高空观测数据,统计分析了各年探空温度和风速曲线,还依据统计得到的中性层结风速廓线资料,利用莫宁-奥布霍夫相似理论计算了下垫面的空气动力学参数,综合研究了沈阳城市化进程对大气边界层的影响。结果表明:(1)随着城市化进程的发展,地面平均温度呈逐年升高的趋势,但升温幅度很小;高层温度也有增加的趋势,增温幅度很小。(2)垂直温度递减率有增加的趋势,这表示城市化程度的发展对边界层的影响也是显著的。(3)由于下垫面城市化程度的提高,在不同高度上风速都有不同程度的减小的趋势。(4)摩擦速度逐年增加,对风速的消减作用逐渐增强;粗糙度逐年增高和零平面位移逐年增大,可见沈阳下垫面城市化的程度逐年增加。     

Wind field and dispersion in a built-up area—A comparison between field measurements and wind tunnel data

The dispersion of accidentally released gases from sources near the ground in built-up areas is determined by the complex flow conditions around the buildings. Wind tunnel experiments must be performed to obtain detailed information on the diffusion of pollutants. In order to show that the wind tunnel results are transferable to nature, parallel measurements in a wind tunnel and for prototype conditions of wind direction, wind velocity, and gas dispersion have been carried out in an industrial plant. The results show excellent agreement of model and prototype for properly scaled conditions.     

Two-dimensional numerical simulation of thermal structure of urban polluted atmosphere (effects of aerosol characteristics)

A two-dimensional numerical simulation is carried out on the unsteady heat transfer in the urban polluted boundary layer containing aerosols. The effects of aerosols upon the thermal structure over the region including an urban area are studied in full consideration of radiative heat transfer. The results indicate the strong interaction among the distributions of air temperature, wind velocity and aerosol concentration in connection with the scattering and absorbing characteristics of aerosols. When the scattering of solar radiation by aerosols is predominant, the air temperature in urban area drops greatly, and the convergent flow to the urban area becomes weak, causing the aerosol concentration in urban areas to become high. When the absorption of solar radiation is predominant, the convergent flow to the urban area is not weakened. Air temperature drops near the Earth's surface, but the change in the upper air temperature is small.     

The effect of wind velocity,air temperature and humidity on NH3 and SO2 transfer into bean leaves (phaseolus vulgaris L.)

The influence of wind velocity, air temperature and vapour pressure deficit of the air (VPD) on NH₃ and SO₂ transfer into bean leaves (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was examined using a leaf chamber. The measurements suggested a transition in the properties of the leaf boundary layer at a wind velocity of 0.3–0.4 ms⁻¹ which corresponds to aRe_crit value of about 2000. At higher wind velocities the leaf boundary layer resistance (r_b) was 1.5–2 times lower than can be calculated from the theory. Nevertheless, the assessed relationships betweenr_b and wind velocity appeared to be similar to the theoretical derived relationship forr_b. The NH₃ flux and in particular the SO₂ flux into the leaf strongly increased at a VPD decline. The increase of the NH₃ flux could be attributed to an increase of the stomatal conductance (g_s). However, the increase of the SO₂ flux could only partly be explained by an increase ofg_s. An apparent additional uptake was also observed for the NH₃ uptake at a low temperature and VPD. The SO₂ flux was also influenced by air temperature which could be explained by a temperature effect ong_s. The results suggest that calculation of the NH₃ and SO₂ flux using data ofg_s gives a serious understimation of the real flux of these gases into leaves at a low temperature and VPD.     

Wind tunnel experiment of gas diffusion in stably stratified flow over a complex terrain

Wind tunnel experiments were conducted to investigate air flow and gas diffusion in neutrally and stably stratified flows over complex terrain, using a terrain model of Steptoe Butte in the U.S.A.The terrain model was made with an aluminium cast and cooled by using transistor thermo-modules in order to simulate a stably stratified flow over the complex terrain. The wind tunnel results for gas concentration were superposed by a computer using probability distributions for wind direction, wind velocity and atmospheric stability observed at Steptoe Butte, in order to compare the wind tunnel results with field data.Application of the superposition method provided better agreement with field data than the usual method without the superposition.     

2011年10月珠江三角洲一次区域性空气污染过程特征分析

2011年10月18—25日珠江三角洲地区出现了一次区域性空气污染过程,重污染区域集中在西部,后期向中部转移,PM₁₀为首要污染物.针对本次空气污染过程的研究发现,此次珠江三角洲地区空气污染过程主要受大尺度冷高压活动的影响,一直为下沉气流所控制,500 m以下近地层风速很小,边界层高度较低,存在贴地逆温层,非常不利于污染物的输送和扩散.PM₁₀浓度与风速、能见度呈显著的负相关关系,与温度相关性不显著;且与风速和温度的相关性存在滞后性.稳定天气形势、大范围下沉气流、近地层静小风和贴地逆温是导致这次区域性空气污染过程的气象原因,PM₁₀浓度增加导致珠江三角洲能见度下降.     

佛山地区干季边界层垂直风温结构对空气质量的影响

利用佛山地区2013年12月大气边界层观测试验得到的垂直风温资料和相应逐日AQI资料、逐时PM_(2.5)浓度资料,研究了佛山地区大气边界层垂直风温结构对空气质量的影响.结果表明:佛山地区干季持续存在的逆温结构是导致PM_(2.5)污染较重的重要原因.干季污染日近60%的最低逆温层高度低于1000 m,而非污染日低于1000 m的最低逆温层仅占36%,污染日佛山贴地逆温频率高达31.2%.逆温层出现高度较低,将污染物压缩积累在贴地层大气中导致污染较重.在大陆冷高压控制下,佛山地区的边界层结构演化非常典型,最大边界层高度和最大边界层通风量表现出了显著相关,污染日日平均边界层高度始终维持在较低的水平,多数时候不足500 m,最大边界层高度则大部分小于1000 m,日平均边界层通风量主要分布在500~1500 m~2·s~(-1)之间,在极端情况下甚至不足300 m~2·s~(-1),最大边界层通风量大部分处于1500~5000 m~2·s~(-1)之间,导致污染物始终聚集在较低的大气边界层内,使得PM_(2.5)浓度长时间维持在较高的污染水平.佛山地区风场存在显著的3层结构,较小的底层风速意味着大气的输送和扩散能力较弱,高度较低的中层使得污染物进一步被压缩累积在大气底层,垂直风场的不稳定性使得污染日佛山地区局地回流活跃,回流(RF)指数极小值多分布在0.2~0.4之间,污染日RF指数普遍小于非污染日,垂直风场的有效输送能力被显著削弱.     

风障减少尘埃飞起的风洞模拟研究

在环境风洞中对具有相同孔率但孔径不同的11种风障模型(金属网)的流场特性及网后煤堆模型的起尘特性进行模拟实验?结果表明,风障(网)的屏蔽作用取决于网的孔率;孔径雷诺数Re*存在着临界值(该实验为1200),当Re*小于临界值时,网后附近气流的湍流运动受到抑制,此时煤堆模型的起尘率随Re*的减小而减小,且对来流的湍流结构很敏感,当Re*大于临界值时,起尘率基本上不再随Re*变化而变化?      

一种基于燃烧器的热风洞控制系统设计与验证

目的 研究一种基于燃烧器的热风洞控制系统,重点对其空气流量及温度控制开展研究。方法 对于暂冲式气源,压力持续下降容易导致流量不稳定,而流量对温度控制存在耦合关系,因此提出基于解耦的双回路PID控制策略。针对大流量气路调节阀动态特性差的问题,提出带辅助气路的双路协调控制策略。通过AMESim和MATLAB联合仿真,建立热风洞试验系统的模型,分析热风洞控制系统的动态特性。基于cRIO平台构建控制器,对热风洞开展实际的控制试验。结果 空气流量稳态误差不大于2%,温度波动不大于1%,稳定时间>25 s,达到了热风洞设计和使用要求。结论 空气流量、燃油流量等因素均对出口温度有较大影响,采用空气流量和温度的综合控制策略,能够实现空气流量控制及在不同空气流量下的温度控制,并维持较长时间的稳定状态。     

高空偏北风背景下北京地区高污染形成的环境气象机制研究

在北京地区,有一类高污染产生在850 h Pa以上为偏北风的背景下.利用气象观测资料、NCEP再分析资料和地面PM2.5浓度监测结果分析了环境气象条件在这类污染过程形成中的作用.结果表明,在污染物浓度逐渐升高的过程中,环境大气并不总是处在层结稳定状态,有利于污染物累积的气象条件来自垂直运动和散度在垂直方向上的"分层"结构.从地面到对流层中层,垂直速度呈上升-下沉-上升的分布,而且散度呈辐合-辐散-辐合的结构.近地层的辐合导致周边的污染物向本地汇集,上升运动则将它们送向空中.但是,叠置在其上空的、长时间维持的下沉气流层却阻止了污染物继续向上运动,从而导致近地面层的污染浓度不断升高.垂直运动出现"分层"是由于高空偏北风并没有侵入到边界层内,近地层仍然维持偏南风或小风,冷空气太弱或者没有冷空气活动是高空偏北风不能到达近地层的主要原因.而下沉气流层的形成则与其上空的空气辐合有关,该辐合层源自偏北气流中的风速脉动.因此,环境大气动力作用是高空偏北气流型空气污染过程形成的关键机制.关注对流层中下层温度24 h变化、垂直速度和散度的垂直分布将有助于提高此类高污染过程的诊断分析和预报能力.     

A new wind tunnel technique for investigating gas diffusion behind a structure

We predicted the diffusion of exhaust gas without thermal buoyancy from the top of a structure in down-wash under the influence of a structure by means of wind tunnel. We reproduced a wind directional fluctuation σ_A of about 10° in a wind tunnel.The present experimental method and experimental results are introduced here. Wind directional fluctuation was simulated by means of turntable equipment which rotated the model according to probability of wind direction in the field. In measuring concentration, NH₃ as tracer gas was used and a sampling method was adopted. The tracer gas was continuously sampled while rotating the model. As a result the sampled gas concentration was integrated with the weight according to the probability of each wind direction.We compared results of this wind tunnel experiment with the field test and the reliability of this prediction method was confirmed.     

环境实验室温度均匀性的数值分析研究

目的研究送风参数及围护结构对飞机结构及机构环境条件下功能性和耐久性实验室温度均匀性的影响。方法采用CFD方法对实验室的气流组织进行数值模拟,根据气流组织评价标准对工作区的温度均匀性进行分析。结果送风温差越大、送风速度越小温度场均匀性越差,保温层较厚时,温差过大将导致工作区温度分布达不到设计要求。结论相同温差下,减少送风口数量并提高单个送风口的送风速度有助于提高温度均匀性。