Measurements of wind speed and plume rise with a rapid-scanning Lidar

A series of 30-min means of plume rise and dispersion parameters were measured at Fawley power station on Southampton Water between May and December 1989 using a rapid-scanning Lidar. Where possible, plume parameters were determined at three distances, typically 250, 750 and 1500 m, from the stack. Simultaneous measurements of temperature profiles were made using model aircraft and of wind speed and direction using a cup anemometer and wind vane at a height of 44 m on a transmission tower. By matching time series of plume heights at different distances, absolute measurements of wind speed at plume height could be made. These measurements gave a more reliable estimate of plume rise than did surface wind speeds. It was found that, for travel distances out to 1.5 km, the Briggs formula gave a robust prediction of plume heights with C₁ = 1.38±0.07 (95% confidence limits). At Fawley, the standard error in the predicted plume height at 500 m was then 21.0 m, or 19% of the 30-min mean plume rise. For plume-level winds of less than 20 m s⁻¹, analysis of the dependence of plume height on distance, wind speed and power-station load gave a virtual source height of 195.2±10.3 m (95% confidence limits). This is identical with the physical stack height of 198.1 m.     

A large-eddy simulation of a line source in a convective atmospheric boundary layer—II. Dynamics of a buoyant line source

We consider a large-eddy simulation of a buoyant line source in a convective boundary layer. The motion of the line source as a function of time is influenced by two contributions: internal buoyancy (plume rise) and ambient turbulence. The advantage of large-eddy modelling with respect to laboratory and atmospheric experiments is that the simulations allow us to distinguish between these two contributions. For the part due to internal buoyancy we formulate an integral model for plume rise. A new feature in this model is the fact that plume looping, which is characteristic for plume dispersion in a convective boundary layer, promotes entrainment and therefore reduces plume rise. The contribution by ambient turbulence to plume motion is modelled in terms of the standard deviation of vertical velocity fluctuations. The results of these models are consistent with our large-eddy simulations.     

Concentration fluctuation profiles from a water channel simulation of a ground-level release

Measurements of concentration fluctuation profiles were made in a plume of saline tracer from a ground level source in a water channel simulation of a neutrally stable rpugh surface atmospheric boundary layer. Vertical profiles of mean concentration showed good agreement with gradient diffusion theory relations between the mean velocity power law and concentration profile exponents. The structure and development of vertical and crosswind profiles of mean, variance, intermittency and conditional intensity of non-zero fluctuations were satisfactorily represented using an isotropic meandering plume model combined with a clipped normal concentration probability distribution. Near the edges of the plume, the clipped normal pdf overestimated the fraction of non zero concentration periods.     

华北地区气溶胶数浓度和尺度分布的航测研究 ——以石家庄为例

2009年秋季利用河北省人工影响天气办公室机载气溶胶粒子探头(PCASP-100X)和前向散射滴谱探头(FSSP-100-ER)在石家庄市上空进行了多次气溶胶观测.选取2009年9~10月间的7架次雾天、1架次小雨天及1架次密卷云天观测资料,重点研究雾天气溶胶粒子数浓度和直径的垂直、水平分布特征及粒子谱分布,并与密卷云天和小雨天的探测资料进行对比分析.结果表明:石家庄地区气溶胶粒子数浓度较高,近地面最大值达11910个/cm3.气溶胶粒子数浓度主要受天气条件影响,逆温层是影响粒子垂直输送的主要因素,在逆温层下粒子累积形成粒子数浓度的高值区,逆温层以上气溶胶粒子数浓度迅速减少,雾天和密卷云天粒子数浓度随高度多呈负指数分布;雾天多伴有逆温层和较大空气湿度,有利于气溶胶粒子累积,数浓度一般可达104个/cm3以上,容易形成低能见度污染天气;气溶胶粒子数浓度在无降水日有累积效应,降雨对气溶胶粒子有明显清除作用;粒子数浓度和粒子直径在水平方向上呈不均匀分布,随着高度增加粒子数浓度和直径的水平绝对偏差减小,相对偏差往往增大;不同天气下尺度谱型类似,多呈单峰分布,在0.11μm左右处出现峰值,但在雾天、密卷云天、小雨天气下的气溶胶粒子峰值依次变小,并且随高度增加,尺度谱峰值数密度值降低,谱变窄.     

On plume meandering under stable stratification

Under stable stratification and light winds large horizontal wind direction fluctuations have been observed quite often leading to meandering of pollutants plume downwind of elevated point sources. Due to this plume meandering long term concentration levels can be reduced by a factor of 4 or more, compared to straight plume conditions. Some possible mechanisms causing plume meandering under stable conditions are discussed, including gravity waves and vortices with horizontal or vertical axis.     

山体对烟羽弥散影响的一种数值模拟方法

本文对山地和丘陵地区中烟羽浓度扩散分布的计算提出一种方法,该方法引用浓度方程的分析解,通过对山地绕流数值计算速度势和流函数,可较简易地求得烟羽浓度分布。作为算例,文中对中条山某工厂烟囟排放的SO2,预测了它在各种风速时被输运扩敢的浓度分布。      

四川盆地冬季两次典型大气污染过程对比分析

为探究四川盆地冬季污染天气过程气溶胶分布和垂直气象场特征,利用MODIS MCD19A2大气气溶胶光学厚度数据、实况格点融合分析数据、环境空气质量监测数据以及探空气象观测数据,对四川盆地2017年12月19日—2018年1月3日以及2018年1月11—24日两次污染天气过程的气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)空间分布以及气象条件进行分析.结果表明:①四川盆地冬季两次污染天气过程中,成都市一直为AOD高值区.②霾天气过程(2018年1月11—23日)中,四川盆地AOD高值区分布区域更广,高低空环流形势稳定,混合层高度偏低,近地层逆温和高湿环境均有利于霾天气的形成与持续.③沙尘天气过程(2017年12月29日—2018年1月1日)中,四川盆地AOD值呈“南高北低”的空间分布特征;冷空气携带沙尘气溶胶自北向南影响四川盆地,对混合层高度有小幅抬升作用,空气质量得到轻微改善;但混合层高度始终偏低,干冷空气使近地层相对湿度下降,本地气溶胶粒子数减少,但沙尘气溶胶粒子数增加,伴随近地层逆温稳定维持,有利于沙尘天气的形成与持续.研究显示,冬季四川盆地混合层高度偏低、近地层逆温稳定维持,均不利于气溶胶粒子垂直扩散,导致四川盆地易出现污染天气.      

船舶烟气海水脱硫吸收塔工艺研究与设计

针对船舶烟气中SO2的处理工艺,根据烟气流量、烟气中SO2含量,从塔径、填料层类型和高度、液体喷嘴数量、除雾装置4个方面进行了相关参数设计和计算,最终给出了在现有烟气流量和含硫量条件下的船舶用海水脱硫吸收塔的具体参数.同时考虑烟气中含硫量的变化,并保证能够完全脱除烟气中的SO2,设置四排液体喷嘴,通过有限元分析软件FLUENT,根据出口处含硫量、塔内压力分布和流速分布优化了不同含硫量条件下喷嘴的启停方式.     

北京城区夏季静稳天气下大气边界层与大气污染的关系

利用ALS300激光雷达系统测量的信号,根据Fernald方法反演的气溶胶消光系数的最大突变即最大递减率的高度确定大气边界层高度. 结果表明:在夏季静稳天气下,大气边界层平均高度为600 m,其中晴天为1 000 m,雾天为700 m,阴雨天在200~300 m之间. 静稳天气下的大气边界层不容易被有效突破,故不利于大气污染物扩散. 大气边界层高度对污染物浓度影响显著,没有降雨时,大气边界层降低(400 m),大气污染加重,在城区宝联站监测的ρ(PM_2.5)近200 μg/m3,在大气本底站——上甸子站近150 μg/m3;如果伴有降水,大气边界层高度升至600 m,大气污染则减轻,2个站点观测的ρ(PM_2.5)均降至50 μg/m3以下. 静稳天气下的大气污染呈现区域性特点.      

A large-eddy simulation of a line source in a convective atmospheric boundary layer—I. Dispersion characteristics

The dispersion of a passive line source in the convective atmospheric boundary layer is calculated with a large-eddy simulation. The results of the calculation are presented in the form of dispersion parameters. The total dispersion parameter is made up of two contributions: meandering and relative diffusion. Both contributions are calculated as a function of diffusion time and of source height. The results for vertical dispersion show that initially the contribution by meandering is large. Furthermore, the meandering component becomes larger as source height increases. These results can be interpreted in terms of the well-known looping plume in the convective boundary layer. The horizontal dispersion parameter is also influenced by meandering. However, in this case the lowest source has the largest meandering component. Finally, we consider the velocity statistics and demonstrate that they are consistent with the dispersion parameters.     

Simulation of dispersion in moderately complex terrain—Part C. A dispersion model for operational use

An operational dispersion model for use in areas with complex terrain is presented. The model uses mean and turbulence quantities simulated with the fluid dynamic model presented in Part A. A large number of wind and turbulence fields are simulated with the fluid dynamic model. These simulations are put into a database and can be used in the calculations of dispersion with the operational model. To get relevant meteorological data for the model a Doppler sodar and a 10 m high mast with a temperature profile and wind and wind direction at one level are used. The model calculates a trajectory for the plume centerline from the simulated wind field, and approximates the concentration field with a bi-Gaussian distribution. For convective conditions the mixing height and the surface heat flux, used as input for the model, are being determined from the sodar measurements through relations related to the temperature structure parameter C_T² and the standard deviation of the vertical velocity. The horizontal and vertical standard deviations for the plume are determined by using the simulated turbulence quantities from the dynamic model and Eulerian velocity spectra. Simulations with the model is compared with dispersion measurements performed in an area in the southern Sweden, the Vänersborg-Trollhättan region. The geographical area is characterized by topographical features on the meso-γ-scale, i.e. 2–20 km. Thus there are forested hills, a relatively flat agricultural area and an extended lake area within the model domain. The terrain height relief is typically 80 m. The simulations show, in general, good agreement with the measured data both for unstable and stable stratifications.     

An infrared method for plume rise visualization and measurement

An infrared video camera and recording system were used to record near source plume rise from a low turbine stack at an oil gathering center at Prudhoe Bay, AK. The system provided real-time, continuous visualization of the plume using a color monitor while the images were recorded with a standard video tape recorder. Following the field study, single frame images were digitized using a micro-computer video system. As part of the digitization, the plume centerline was determined as well as an isotherm of the plume outline. In this application, one frame from each 2-min period in the record was digitized. The results were used to calculate the variability in plume centerline during each hour. During strong winds with blowing snow, the mean plume rise for the hour at 15 m downwind was 6±2 m. The observed plume rise from the turbine stack was greater than that calculated using momentum-only or buoyancy-only plume rise models and only slightly larger than that estimated from combined momentum-buoyancy plume rise models.     

高斯烟团模型在石化类项目大气环境风险评价中的应用

利用高斯烟团模式对某石化项目进行风险识别与分析,并对主要计算参数进行选取和设定,重点介绍了源强确定的思路,进而对项目中120万t/a延迟焦化装置的脱硫装置发生特大灾害性事故状态下的硫化氢泄漏进行模拟,最后确定安全距离为下方向250 m。介绍了高斯烟团模型适用性以及其解决问题的总体思路和步骤,对今后确定事故状态下装置的安全距离以及高斯烟团模型的应用有一定的参考价值。     

A synoptic analysis of the meteorological conditions affecting dispersion of pollutants emitted from tall stacks in the coastal plain of Israel

The meteorological conditions affecting dispersion of pollutants emitted from tall stacks in the coastal plain of Israel were analysed according to a synoptic approach. The SO₂ highest concentrations (episodes) measured around the largest power plant were first screened in order to characterize the associated synoptic configurations. Almost all the episodes were found to fall into three synoptic categories, all occurring during the warm season. According to the synoptic classification, the main elements influencing dispersion of pollutants were then analysed: the wind and temperature profiles and estimations of the plume rise and its partial penetration into the stable layer aloft. The following conclusions were reached: (a) horizontal wind shear is absent in the appropriate atmospheric layer; (b) for the shallow Persian trough synoptic category, in which the SO₂ episodes are the most frequent (55% of the total number), the CBL is shallow (450 m) and over two-thirds of the plume volume is expected to penetrate into the stable layer; (c) for the deep Persian trough synoptic category, which is the second most frequent among the episodes (22% of the total number), plume rise would be unobstructed in the deep CBL (900 m). A prediction index defined as the ratio of the frequency of each synoptic category among the SO₂ episodes to its annual frequency was developed. The marked differences obtained in the index values were tentatively explained by the different thermal stratification in the coastal CBL for each synoptic category. The synoptic classification was thus shown to be an efficient tool for predicting spells of SO₂ high concentrations.     

石家庄地区雾霾天气下云滴和云凝结核的分布特征

2009年5~10月在石家庄地区对雾霾天气下的近地面到高空的云雾滴和云凝结核(CCN)进行了7架次飞机探测.利用PMS云粒子测量仪器、机载温湿仪和连续气流纵向热梯度云凝结核仪获得的云雾粒子和云凝结核(CCN)探测资料,分析了层积云(Sc)和高积云(Ac)中云粒子浓度、液态含水量、粒子算术平均直径和粒子有效平均直径的垂直分布特征;分析了CCN垂直和水平分布特征以及谱分布.结果表明雾霾天气状况下,云滴数浓度在102个/cm3量级上.高云粒子粒径总体大于低云粒子.云含水量平均值范围为0.03~0.14g/m3;地面到600 m高度内, CCN值的平均值为3034cm-3(过饱和度S=0.3%).对CCN的活化谱进行拟合表明石家庄属于典型大陆性核谱,云对CCN有消耗作用,逆温层的存在使得该区CCN浓度累积增加.     

熏烟对空气质量预测的影响

熏烟污染包括逆温消散型熏烟和岸边型熏烟.研究了2种熏烟气象条件下210 m的高架源,80 m的中架源,20 m的低架源的影响程度和范围. 结果表明:高、中、低架源均会发生逆温消散型熏烟,其熏烟落地距离分别在48,16和5 km处,熏烟落地浓度比在同距离处一般气象条件下的落地浓度可高出3倍以上;一般来说,只有高架源才会发生岸边型熏烟,离岸边3 km内的高架源,熏烟落地浓度比在同距离处一般气象条件下的落地浓度最大可高出7倍以上.      

Observations and numerical simulation of the evolution of the tropical planetary boundary layer during total solar eclipses

Two convective boundary layer experiments were concluded in the tropics during total solar eclipses, one at Raichur, India on 16 February 1980 and the other at Tanjung Kodok, Java, Indonesia on 11 June 1983. Period of totality was about 3 min at Raichur and 5 min at Java. With the partial phase of the eclipse extending over a combined period of about 2-h before and after totality, there was sufficient time in these experiments for the atmospheric boundary layer to react to changes in solar radiation. Results from the Indian experiment indicated significant changes in the atmospheric stability during the eclipse with slightly stable conditions present after the second contact. Java observations showed similar results but with smaller effects. Changes in stability also caused changes in turbulence structure. In this paper, we present the observations made during these two experiments, as well as the results of numerical simulations using a one-dimensional, second-order closure PBL model. In terms of location, the Raichur site with approximately homogeneous conditions was better suited for the model simulations than Tanjung Kodok, which was located about 1 km downwind from the ocean.     

怠速条件下汽车排气污染物在排气尾流中扩散特性的实验研究

通过实验的方法对怠速条件下汽车排气污染物在排气尾流中的扩散特性进行了研究.测定了怠速条件下汽车排气尾流中的污染物体积分数及其分布,并比较分析了3种不同类型汽车的污染物排放体积分数及其变化.实验结果表明,怠速时汽车排气尾流中的污染物体积分数按照近似指数函数的趋势迅速降低到接近大气背景值;不同类型汽车排气尾流中的污染物体积分数的差别非常明显;排气方向对汽车排放污染物的扩散及其分布具有重要的影响.研究工作可以为怠速工况下汽车排气污染物对周围环境的影响评价提供更多的有用信息.     

Buoyancy and turbulence-driven atmospheric circulation over urban areas

In the buoyancy and turbulence-driven atmospheric circulations (BTDAC) that occur over urban areas where the approach means wind speeds are very low (less than turbulent fluctuations and typically < 3 m/sec), the surface temperatures are significantly higher than those in the external rural areas, and the atmosphere above the mixing layer is stably stratified. In this paper, the mechanisms of BTDAC formation are studied through laboratory experiments and modelling, with additional low-level inflow from external rural areas and a divergent outflow in the opposite direction in the upper part of the mixed layer. Strong turbulent plumes in the central region mix the flow between lower and higher levels up to the inversion height. There are shear-driven turbulent eddies and weaker buoyant plumes around the periphery of the urban area. As the approach flow is very weak, the recirculating streamlines within the dome restrict the ventilation, and the dispersion of pollution emitted from sources below the inversion height leading to a rise in the mean concentration. Low-level air entrained from rural areas can, however, improve ventilation and lower this concentration. This trend can also be improved if the recirculating structure of the BTDAC flow pattern over urban areas breaks down as a result of the surface temperature distribution not being symmetrical, or as the approach wind speed increases to a level comparable with the mean velocity of circulation, or (except near the equator) the urban area is large enough that the Coriolis acceleration is significant.     

Building wake dispersion at an Arctic industrial site: Field tracer observations and plume model evaluations

Ten multi-hour atmospheric dispersion SF₆ tracer experiments were conducted during October and November of 1987 near a large oil gathering facility in the Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, oilfield reservation. The purpose of this study was to investigate dispersion under arctic conditions and in situations where building-generated airflow disturbances dominate downwind distributions of ground level pollutant concentrations. This was accomplished with a network of micrometeorological instruments, portable syringe tracer samplers, continuous tracer analyzers, and infrared visualization of near source plume behavior.Atmospheric stability and wind speed profiles at this arctic site are influenced by the smooth (surface roughness = 0.03 cm), snow covered tundra surface which receives negligible levels of solar isolation in winter. The dispersion of pollutants emitted from sources within the oil gathering facility, however, is dominated by the influence of nearby buildings when high winds generate elevated ground level concentrations. An order of magnitude increase in maximum ground level concentration was observed as wind speeds increased from 5 to 8 m s⁻¹ and another order of magnitude increase was observed as winds increased from 8 to 16 m s⁻¹. Variation in maximum concentrations was also observed with changes in wind direction. Vertical plume diffusion (σ_z) near the buildings was a factor of 2–3 greater than that observed in open terrain and was dependent on both wind speed and the projected building width and location of nearby buildings. Wind tunnel tracer distributions for east winds agree with field observations but also indicate that a significant increase in plume downwash occurs with other wind directions. Concentration distributions were calculated using several versions of the Industrial Source Complex (ISC) model. Model estimates of ground level concentrations were within a factor of three depending on wind direction. The model predictions are extremely sensitive to the ratio of plume height to vertical plume diffusion which is significantly influenced by a complex aerodynamic wake in the field.